Evidence on ergogenic action of glucocorticoids as a doping agent risk

Systemic administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) during competition. Few studies have examined the effects of GCs on exercise performance, but increasing evidence has shown that short-term GC intake enhances performance in animals and humans. However, there are many health risks associated with GC use. Based on the available evidence, as presented in this article, I conclude that GCs are doping agents and should remain on the WADA's list of banned products. Because of the complexity of GCs, however, determining the boundaries between their medical use and abuse (eg, in sports) is a constant challenge for the WADA.     

Reflections on radiography

This paper is an attempt to address some of the contemporary issues which the modern practitioner faces in both the present and possible future health care practice.the concept of reflective practice is gaining momentum within the Professions Allied to Medicine (PAMS). However, whilst some professionals are welcoming this concept with open arms, others are not. Health professionals will be required to meet new and difficult challenges on both a personal and professional level if they are to carry their profession forward to the year 2000 and beyond! Reflection may be a tool to help them meet the challenge of the new millennium.     

Blood doping : infusions, erythropoietin and artificial blood

As science marches on, athletes and coaches march close behind. Researchers have long been interested in how red cell mass and blood volume affect exercise capacity. Interest in blood doping soared after the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s suggested that transfusing red cells could speed endurance performance. Diverse athletes of the time were accused of blood doping. In the late 1980s, recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) began to supplant transfusion for doping. EPO use is a suspect in nearly 20 deaths in 4 years in European cyclists. In the 1998 Tour de France, a team was ejected for using EPO and six other teams quit the race. The beat goes on; in recent years, diverse endurance and sprint athletes have been caught or accused of using EPO. Tests to detect EPO are improving but are not yet foolproof. As EPO tests improve, blood transfusion is back in vogue and some athletes may have infused artificial blood. Tests for detecting artificial blood also exist, but it seems it will take widespread, year-round, unannounced, out-of-competition testing and stern penalties to deter blood doping.     

关于建立救援心理学学科的探讨

1救援心理学学科建立的背景 人类历史是与灾难抗争的历史。面对广泛长久且危害严重的灾难,人类为了生存不得不与之抗争,这就是灾难救援。灾难救援主要有：工程救援、医学救援和心理救援三个方面。     

Effect of doping control on weightlifting performance

The results of participants in Junior World Championships of weight lifting were compared between the years 1978 and 1981 and also between 1981 and 1984. In contrast to a significant improvement of athletic performance which occurred between 1978 and 1981, no significant change was seen between 1981 and 1984. It is suggested that this lack of improvement may be attributed to the more effective doping control imposed in the last few years.     

Reflections on Operation Homecoming

A former Air Force flight nurse shares her personal experience from her memoirs of when she participated in the celebrated event, Operation Homecoming. In 1973, her unit, the 10th Aeromedical Evacuation Group, Travis Air Force Base, CA, was tasked to retrieve the American prisoners of war from North Vietnam and return them safely to the United States via C-141 aeromedical evacuation airlift. This is a personal account of her participation, observations, and the lessons she learned.