肩峰骨赘的X线诊断

目的 :观察中老年人肩峰骨赘的发病情况。方法 :采用肩峰前后切线位X线摄片方法观察 3 66位中老年人共 73 2个肩 ,肩峰骨赘发病情况。根据骨赘大小及形态特征将骨赘分为 0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度。按年龄及左右肩与骨赘的分度进行分组统计 ,对骨赘分度分布情况做秩和检验及骨赘分度情况的x2 检验。结果 :右肩骨赘发病率及增生程度明显高于左肩 ,统计学上有高度显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。 66～ 75岁年龄组骨赘发病率及增生程度明显高于 56～ 65岁年龄组 ,统计学上有高度显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :肩峰骨赘与使用程度及年龄密切相关 ,肩峰前后切线位X线摄片可清楚显示这一病理变化     

肩胛骨X线片在肩峰下撞击综合征诊断中的应用

目的探讨肩胛骨正侧位X线片中肩峰形态在肩峰下撞击综合征诊断中的意义。方法本研究应用肩胛骨正侧位X线片对以肩部疼痛为主诉、Neer撞击试验阳性的64例75肩进行分析,其中的59例69肩同时行利多卡因试验。结果Ⅰ型肩峰10肩,占总肩数的13.3%;Ⅱ型肩峰17肩,占22.7%;Ⅲ型肩峰48肩,占64.0%。Ⅰ型肩峰中利多卡因试验4肩,阳性率为44.4%(4/9);Ⅱ型肩峰8肩,阳性率53.3%(8/15);Ⅲ型肩峰38肩,阳性率84.4%(38/45)。经卡方检验,Ⅲ型肩峰组与其他两组的利多卡因试验阳性率差异均有显著性,Ⅰ型肩峰组与Ⅱ型肩峰组的利多卡因试验阳性率差异无显著性。结论(1)肩胛骨X线摄片对诊断肩峰下撞击综合征具有病因学特殊意义;(2)Ⅲ型肩峰者罹患肩峰下撞击综合征的可能性较Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型肩峰者明显增高;(3)作为诊断肩峰下撞击综合征的两种重要手段,X线摄片和利多卡因试验具有高度一致性。     

撞击肩综合征的诊断治疗42例临床浅探

目的 :通过摄取肩痛患者双肩肩峰切线位片 ,发现肩峰下异常骨赘增生。探讨撞击肩综合征的诊断与治疗方法。方法 :对 34 4例肩痛患者行肩关节运动功能检查 ,摄双肩关节正位及肩峰切线 X片。对其中 42例肩关节活动受限 ,X片表现出肩峰下异常骨赘增生者行前肩峰成形术 ,切除增生骨赘及喙肩韧带 ,使肩峰下间隙扩大。结果 :42例患者术中发现肩峰下骨赘增生与 X片一致。32例疼痛消失 ,患肩外展≥ 90°角 ;8例肩痛减轻 ;2例无效。结论 :采用肩峰切线位片能够发现肩峰下异常骨赘增生 ,对撞击综合征的诊断及治疗方法的选择提供了明确的依据 ,方法简单实用 ,临床疗效好     

三维测量分析肩峰前缘骨赘对肩峰形态的影响

目的通过三维测量接受肩关节镜手术患者术前、术后肩峰前缘骨赘及肩峰形态，分析肩峰前缘骨赘在不同肩峰类型及肩袖损伤程度组间的差异，探讨肩峰前缘骨赘变化与年龄、肩峰形态及肩关节疾病的关系。 方法选取上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院2016年10月至2018年5月进行肩关节镜手术患者129例。所有患者在关节镜下行肩峰成形术，手术前、后常规拍摄标准肩关节前后位、标准冈上肌出口位X线片及肩关节CT薄层平扫，经三维重建后在肩关节三维模型上测量手术前、后肩峰前缘骨赘距离（acromial spur distance，ASD）、肩峰倾斜角（acromial slope angle，ASA）及肩峰弧高度（acromial curvature height，ACH）。 结果术前ASD平均为（4.14±1.89） mm，ASA平均为24.73°±2.19°，ACH平均为（3.71±0.48） mm。研究对象年龄平均为（61.03±7.15）岁。Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型肩峰组间的年龄逐渐增大，呈显著正相关。ASD与年龄存在显著的正相关关系，P=0.014。ASD在Ⅲ型肩峰组及肩袖完全损伤组较其他组显著增大，差异有统计学意义。不同肩峰类型及肩袖损伤程度组间ASA及ACH没有差异。肩关节镜术后ASD显著减小，P<0.001。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肩峰组手术前、后ASA及ACH没有差异，而在Ⅲ型肩峰组则表现出显著的差异，P值分别为0.012及0.038。术后6个月Constant肩关节功能评分平均为（92.21±4.11）分，美国加州大学肩关节功能评分平均为（30.96±2.54）分，与术后ASD变化无相关性（P=0.427）。 结论数字化三维建立模型评估肩峰形态能提高测量的精度和广度。年龄仍然是预测肩峰形态及前缘骨赘的一个重要指标。ASD增大在Ⅲ型钩状肩峰中发生率较高并能改变肩峰原有形态，造成肩峰ASA及ACH增大，引起肩峰撞击及肩袖损伤风险增大。在Ⅲ型肩峰患者镜下手术时应常规行肩峰成形术并特别注意肩峰前缘骨赘的位置以确保恢复肩峰正常形态，而对于Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型肩峰患者镜下应酌情选择行肩峰成形术。     

肩峰指数、关节盂倾斜度与肩关节镜手术后功能恢复的关系

目的探讨肩峰指数、关节盂倾斜度与肩关节镜手术后功能恢复的关系。方法选取2016年9月至2018年9月在北京中医药大学东方医院和北京中医药大学东直门医院骨科行肩关节镜手术的50例患者作为研究对象,其中男27例,女23例;年龄30～75岁,平均年龄(55.70±13.04)岁;左肩21例,右肩29例。术前及术后12个月均接受X线摄片、MRI及CT检查,并采用肩关节Constant-Murley评分及加州大学洛杉矶分校(University of California Los Angeles,UCLA)评分,评估患者肩关节功能情况。采用Pearson检验分析影像学检查相关指标,分析肩关节盂形态学参数分别与Constant-Murley、UCLA评分的相关关系。结果术后12个月的肩峰指数、肩峰角、喙肩韧带厚度、肩锁关节骨赘高度及肩关节盂高度、宽度、倾斜角均显著小于术前(P0.05),肩肱间距及肩关节盂扭转角明显大于术前(P0.05)。术后12个月Constant-Murley及UCLA评分均显著高于术前(P0.05)。肩峰指数、肩峰角、喙肩韧带厚度、肩锁关节骨赘高度及肩关节盂高度、宽度、倾斜角分别与Constant-Murley、UCLA评分呈负相关(P0.05),肩肱间距及肩关节盂扭转角分别与Constant-Murley、UCLA评分呈正相关(P0.05)。结论肩峰指数、关节盂倾斜度均与Constant-Murley、UCLA评分密切相关,可作为反映肩关节镜手术后功能恢复的有效指标。     

锁骨钩钢板固定术后肩峰切割2例

正病例1:患者,女,47岁。摔伤致右肩锁关节完全脱位,伤后2 d行肩锁关节切开复位锁骨钩钢板固定术。术后第1天X线片见锁骨远端脱位纠正(见图1A)。术后6周患者诉肩部仍有疼痛,复查X线片及CT,显示锁骨钩切割肩峰,肩锁关节半脱位(见图1B)。与患者沟通后行钢板取出术,症状缓解。病例2:患者,男,70岁。外伤致左锁骨远端骨折,伤后5 d行切开复位锁骨远端锁定钢板内固定术。术后第2天因用力不当导致患肩疼痛,摄X线片见     

肩关节立位X线测量及其临床意义

目的　探讨肩关节悬挂结构损伤的简便诊断方法。方法　对 10 1例正常人和 2 6例肩关节脱位患者立位肩关节X线正位片的测量结果进行比较。结果　两组在盂高、盂肱间隙值上差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,K截距、肩肱间隙、K截距 /盂高 (KN/GH)差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1、P <0 0 5、P <0 0 1)。另外 ,两组肩肱间隙的变异系数分别为 15 0 15 %、198 46 % ,而KN/GH的变异系数分别为18 76 %、13 2 1%。结论　KN/GH稳定而精确 ,肩关节立位X线正位片上很容易测量。当此值 >0 6 ,应高度怀疑有悬挂结构损伤     

肩峰撞击征合并肩袖损伤的关节镜下治疗

目的分析关节镜下肩峰减压成形术及肩袖修复的临床效果。方法自2005年初始,我院对11例肩峰撞击征并肩袖损伤行关节镜下肩峰减压成形术,部分行肩袖修复术,其中男5例,女6例,年龄21～57岁,平均40岁,8例无外伤史,3例有外伤史。患者均有肩关节疼痛、肌肉萎缩、活动受限、上举困难、疼痛反射弧阳性、撞击注射试验阳性,Neer征阳性;5例有患侧卧位痛。X线提示肱骨大结节骨赘9例和肩峰骨刺2例,A—H间隙距离变小,小于1．0cm8例、小于0．5cm3例。MRI扫描均示肩袖结构T1为强信号,如关节积液T2相强信号。关节镜检查可见肩袖大撕裂（30～50mm）4例,中撕裂（10～30mm）5例,小撕裂（小于10mm）2例。行关节镜下肩峰下减压成形术,其中8例行缝合锚钉肩袖修复术。分别在术前及最终随访时采用美国肩肘外科医师（American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons,ASES）和Constant—Murley评分进行功能评估。结果术后随访22．5个月（13～34个月）。患者手术前平均ASES评分为62．4分（47～76分）,VAS评分平均为5．8分（3～8分）,Constant—Murley评分为66．7分（42～79分）,平均外展35．5°（30°～50°）,平均外旋为28．4°（0°～45°）;终末随访时平均ASES评分为94．6分（79～100分）,其中VAS评分为0．6分（0～2分）,Constant—Murley评分为93．6分（77～100分）,肩关节外展160°（80°～180°）,平均外旋30．2°（20°～55°）。8例患者冈上、下肌萎缩恢复,ASES评分优良率为81．8％,Constant—Murley评分优良率为90．9％。术后各项评分均存在显著性差异（ASES：P〈0．001,t一12．324;VAS：P〈0．001,t=14．765;外展：P〈0．001,t=15．236;外旋：P〈0．01,t=7．967;Constant—Murley：P〈0.001,t=16．647）。结论a）肩峰撞击征、肩袖损伤是关节镜手术的适应证;b）对肩袖单纯修复是不够的,必须同时解决撞击因素;c）不宜将肩峰切除过多,以免发生骨折;d）尽管镜下手术技术难度较大,但镜下视野广、创伤小、术后及早进行功能锻炼,功能可以得到很好恢复,故镜下进行肩袖损伤、肩峰成形等手术应值得提倡。     

单侧及双侧穿刺治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的对比研究

目的 探讨单、双侧穿刺治疗脊柱压缩性骨折的疗效差异.方法 采用经皮穿刺后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折(OVCF)30例,记录VAS评分、椎体Cobb角、椎体前缘高度变化、手术时间及X线暴露时间,比较组间差异.结果 患者手术前后VAS、Cobb角、椎体前缘高度恢复有显著性意义.组间无差异.两组手术时间及X线暴露时间有差异.结论 PKP在治疗OVCF上效果良好,单双侧穿刺在VAS评分、Cobb角、椎体前缘高度恢复无显著性差异,但手术时间及X线暴露时间有差异.     

第1跖骨头内侧骨赘测量及其临床意义

目的探讨足拇外翻畸形与第1跖骨头内侧骨赘的关系。方法实验组选取2009年1月至2013年6月因足拇外翻畸形行手术治疗患者118例,其中男性15例,女性103例,年龄28~85岁,平均58.2岁。所有患者均在术前和术后12周摄足部正位X线片。对照组选取因足部其他疾病摄足部正位X线片的118例患者,其中男性15例,女性103例,年龄27~81岁,平均年龄56.3岁。测量实验组术前、术后12周及对照组足拇外翻角、跖骨间角、第1跖骨头内侧骨赘突出程度。结果实验组术前足拇外翻角、跖骨间角、第1跖骨头内侧骨赘突出分别为38.4°±12.3°、15.5°±6.3°、(3.8±2.3)mm,术后12周足拇外翻角、跖骨间角、第1跖骨头内侧骨赘突出分别为14.4°±6.3°、8.4°±5.3°、(1.4±1.4)mm。对照组足拇外翻角、跖骨间角、第1跖骨头内侧骨赘突出分别为10.5°±4.3°、6.7°±2.3°、(3.5±2.5)mm。实验组手术前后第1跖骨头内侧骨赘突出程度有统计学差异(P<0.05)。实验组术前与对照组第1跖骨头内侧骨赘突出程度无统计学差异(P>0.05)。实验组足拇外翻角、跖骨间角与第1跖骨头内侧骨赘增生不相关(P>0.05)。结论足拇外翻畸形内侧突出可能由于软组织增生、跖骨内侧偏斜及跖趾关节半脱位所致,因此足拇外翻畸形手术治疗需进行跖骨截骨和重建。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.