c-Jun氨基末端激酶在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用

Objective To evaluate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury ( ALI) in rats.Methods Eighty male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 20 each) : control group (group C) ; ALI group; LPS + SP600125 (JNK inhibitor)group (group S) and LPS+ DMSO (the solvent) group (group DMSO) . ALI was induced by intravenous LPS 5mg/kg. In S and DMSO groups, SP600125 30 mg/kg and DMSO 0.2 ml were injected intravenously after LPS administration respectively. Ten animals were sacrificed by exsanguinafions at 4 h after LPS administration in each group. The broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was colleted. The TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in BALF were measured. The lungs were removed for microscopic examination and determination of W/D lung weight ratio. The other 10 animals in each group were observed for 48 h survival rate. Results Intravenous LPS significantly increased TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in BALF and W/D lung weight ratio, decreased 48 h survival rate and induced histologic damage. Intravenous SP600125 30 mg/kg significantly attenuated the above-mentioned LPS-induced changes. Conclusion Activation of JNK is involved in the development of endotoxin-induced ALI in rats.     

c-Jun氨基末端激酶在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用

目的 评价c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用.方法 雄性成年SD大鼠80只,体重250～300 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组(n=20):对照组(C组)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组)、SP600125组(S组)和二甲基亚砜组(D组).ALI组、S组和D组尾静脉注射LPS 5 mg/kg,C组尾静脉注射等容量生理盐水;S组和D组给予LPS后,分别尾静脉注射JNK抑制剂SP600125 30 mg/kg或二甲基亚砜0.2 ml.于给予LPS后4 h时,各组处死10只大鼠,回收支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)并取肺组织,采用ELISA法检测BALF中TNF-α和IL-1β的浓度,计算肺组织湿重/干重比(W/D比),观察肺组织病理学结果,并进行肺损伤评分.各组其余10只大鼠观察至给予LPS后48 h,记录大鼠生存情况.结果 与C组比较,其余各组BALF中TNF-α和IL-1β的浓度、肺组织W/D比和肺损伤评分升高,生存率降低(P<0.05或0.01);与ALI组比较,S组BALF中TNF-α和IL-1度、肺组织W/D比和肺损伤评分降低,生存率升高(P<0.01),D组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 JNK的活化参与了大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的发生发展.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury ( ALI) in rats.Methods Eighty male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 20 each) : control group (group C) ; ALI group; LPS + SP600125 (JNK inhibitor)group (group S) and LPS+ DMSO (the solvent) group (group DMSO) . ALI was induced by intravenous LPS 5mg/kg. In S and DMSO groups, SP600125 30 mg/kg and DMSO 0.2 ml were injected intravenously after LPS administration respectively. Ten animals were sacrificed by exsanguinafions at 4 h after LPS administration in each group. The broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was colleted. The TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in BALF were measured. The lungs were removed for microscopic examination and determination of W/D lung weight ratio. The other 10 animals in each group were observed for 48 h survival rate. Results Intravenous LPS significantly increased TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in BALF and W/D lung weight ratio, decreased 48 h survival rate and induced histologic damage. Intravenous SP600125 30 mg/kg significantly attenuated the above-mentioned LPS-induced changes. Conclusion Activation of JNK is involved in the development of endotoxin-induced ALI in rats.     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) pretreatment on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 8 each) : CP1-3 group, ALI group and control group (group C). Group CP1-3 received CP 1, 2 and 3 g/kg by intragastric gavage every 12 h for 6 times respectively, and then received LPS 5 mg/kg iv through the femoral vein 2 h after the last administration. Croup ALI received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. Group C received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP and LPS, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. The animals were killed 6 h after injection of LPS. The lungs were removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, pulmonary permeability index (PPI), WBC and PMN counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) , and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF, and microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C, W/D lung weight ratio, PPI, WBC and PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly increased in group ALI and CP1-3 ( P < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant differences were found in the indices mentioned above between group CP1 and group ALI ( P > 0.05) . The indices mentioned above were significantly lower in group CP2,3 than in group ALI ( P < 0.05) . PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly lower in group CP3 than in group CP2 ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Cordyceps polysaccharide pretreatment can attenuate LPS-induced ALI in a dose-dependent manner through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats.     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) pretreatment on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 8 each) : CP1-3 group, ALI group and control group (group C). Group CP1-3 received CP 1, 2 and 3 g/kg by intragastric gavage every 12 h for 6 times respectively, and then received LPS 5 mg/kg iv through the femoral vein 2 h after the last administration. Croup ALI received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. Group C received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP and LPS, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. The animals were killed 6 h after injection of LPS. The lungs were removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, pulmonary permeability index (PPI), WBC and PMN counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) , and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF, and microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C, W/D lung weight ratio, PPI, WBC and PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly increased in group ALI and CP1-3 ( P < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant differences were found in the indices mentioned above between group CP1 and group ALI ( P > 0.05) . The indices mentioned above were significantly lower in group CP2,3 than in group ALI ( P < 0.05) . PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly lower in group CP3 than in group CP2 ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Cordyceps polysaccharide pretreatment can attenuate LPS-induced ALI in a dose-dependent manner through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats.     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) pretreatment on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 8 each) : CP1-3 group, ALI group and control group (group C). Group CP1-3 received CP 1, 2 and 3 g/kg by intragastric gavage every 12 h for 6 times respectively, and then received LPS 5 mg/kg iv through the femoral vein 2 h after the last administration. Croup ALI received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. Group C received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP and LPS, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. The animals were killed 6 h after injection of LPS. The lungs were removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, pulmonary permeability index (PPI), WBC and PMN counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) , and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF, and microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C, W/D lung weight ratio, PPI, WBC and PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly increased in group ALI and CP1-3 ( P < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant differences were found in the indices mentioned above between group CP1 and group ALI ( P > 0.05) . The indices mentioned above were significantly lower in group CP2,3 than in group ALI ( P < 0.05) . PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly lower in group CP3 than in group CP2 ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Cordyceps polysaccharide pretreatment can attenuate LPS-induced ALI in a dose-dependent manner through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats.     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) pretreatment on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 8 each) : CP1-3 group, ALI group and control group (group C). Group CP1-3 received CP 1, 2 and 3 g/kg by intragastric gavage every 12 h for 6 times respectively, and then received LPS 5 mg/kg iv through the femoral vein 2 h after the last administration. Croup ALI received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. Group C received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP and LPS, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. The animals were killed 6 h after injection of LPS. The lungs were removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, pulmonary permeability index (PPI), WBC and PMN counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) , and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF, and microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C, W/D lung weight ratio, PPI, WBC and PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly increased in group ALI and CP1-3 ( P < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant differences were found in the indices mentioned above between group CP1 and group ALI ( P > 0.05) . The indices mentioned above were significantly lower in group CP2,3 than in group ALI ( P < 0.05) . PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly lower in group CP3 than in group CP2 ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Cordyceps polysaccharide pretreatment can attenuate LPS-induced ALI in a dose-dependent manner through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats.     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) pretreatment on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 8 each) : CP1-3 group, ALI group and control group (group C). Group CP1-3 received CP 1, 2 and 3 g/kg by intragastric gavage every 12 h for 6 times respectively, and then received LPS 5 mg/kg iv through the femoral vein 2 h after the last administration. Croup ALI received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. Group C received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP and LPS, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. The animals were killed 6 h after injection of LPS. The lungs were removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, pulmonary permeability index (PPI), WBC and PMN counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) , and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF, and microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C, W/D lung weight ratio, PPI, WBC and PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly increased in group ALI and CP1-3 ( P < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant differences were found in the indices mentioned above between group CP1 and group ALI ( P > 0.05) . The indices mentioned above were significantly lower in group CP2,3 than in group ALI ( P < 0.05) . PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly lower in group CP3 than in group CP2 ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Cordyceps polysaccharide pretreatment can attenuate LPS-induced ALI in a dose-dependent manner through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats.     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) pretreatment on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 8 each) : CP1-3 group, ALI group and control group (group C). Group CP1-3 received CP 1, 2 and 3 g/kg by intragastric gavage every 12 h for 6 times respectively, and then received LPS 5 mg/kg iv through the femoral vein 2 h after the last administration. Croup ALI received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. Group C received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP and LPS, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. The animals were killed 6 h after injection of LPS. The lungs were removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, pulmonary permeability index (PPI), WBC and PMN counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) , and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF, and microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C, W/D lung weight ratio, PPI, WBC and PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly increased in group ALI and CP1-3 ( P < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant differences were found in the indices mentioned above between group CP1 and group ALI ( P > 0.05) . The indices mentioned above were significantly lower in group CP2,3 than in group ALI ( P < 0.05) . PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly lower in group CP3 than in group CP2 ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Cordyceps polysaccharide pretreatment can attenuate LPS-induced ALI in a dose-dependent manner through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats.     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) pretreatment on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 8 each) : CP1-3 group, ALI group and control group (group C). Group CP1-3 received CP 1, 2 and 3 g/kg by intragastric gavage every 12 h for 6 times respectively, and then received LPS 5 mg/kg iv through the femoral vein 2 h after the last administration. Croup ALI received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. Group C received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP and LPS, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. The animals were killed 6 h after injection of LPS. The lungs were removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, pulmonary permeability index (PPI), WBC and PMN counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) , and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF, and microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C, W/D lung weight ratio, PPI, WBC and PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly increased in group ALI and CP1-3 ( P < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant differences were found in the indices mentioned above between group CP1 and group ALI ( P > 0.05) . The indices mentioned above were significantly lower in group CP2,3 than in group ALI ( P < 0.05) . PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly lower in group CP3 than in group CP2 ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Cordyceps polysaccharide pretreatment can attenuate LPS-induced ALI in a dose-dependent manner through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats.     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) pretreatment on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Forty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 8 each) : CP1-3 group, ALI group and control group (group C). Group CP1-3 received CP 1, 2 and 3 g/kg by intragastric gavage every 12 h for 6 times respectively, and then received LPS 5 mg/kg iv through the femoral vein 2 h after the last administration. Croup ALI received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. Group C received normal saline 1 ml/100 g instead of CP and LPS, and the rest methods were the same as those described in group CP. The animals were killed 6 h after injection of LPS. The lungs were removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, pulmonary permeability index (PPI), WBC and PMN counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) , and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF, and microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C, W/D lung weight ratio, PPI, WBC and PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly increased in group ALI and CP1-3 ( P < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant differences were found in the indices mentioned above between group CP1 and group ALI ( P > 0.05) . The indices mentioned above were significantly lower in group CP2,3 than in group ALI ( P < 0.05) . PMN counts in BALF, lung pathological scores and levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and BALF were significantly lower in group CP3 than in group CP2 ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Cordyceps polysaccharide pretreatment can attenuate LPS-induced ALI in a dose-dependent manner through inhibition of inflammatory response in rats.     

目前国内普通外科临床科研中存在的主要问题

自1978年恢复研究生招生工作以来,同其他临床医学学科一样,普通外科的临床科研工作取得了长足进步,获得了一些有创造性的科研成果,为推动我国普通外科事业的发展作出了较大的贡献。近年,我国普通外科领域的科研论文数量增长较快,但不可否认的是,目前我国普通外科研究领域仍存在     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Changes in neuroendocrine elements in bronchial mucosa in chronic lung disease in adults.

BACKGROUND--It is not clear whether there is any association between metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium and changes in the distribution of neuroendocrine cells. This study examined, by immunohistological techniques, the distribution of neuroendocrine cells and juxtamucoscal nerve fibres in bronchial biopsies showing metaplastic changes. METHODS--Bronchial biopsies from 12 subjects with epithelial metaplasia associated with bronchiectasis and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis were examined by conventional light microscopy and immunohistological techniques for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), chromogranin A and B (CAB), serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), calcitonin (CT), and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP). RESULTS--Regions of non-metaplastic epithelium contained numerous PGP and serotonin immunoreactive cells. Sub-populations of these cells displayed CAB, CGRP, CT, and GRP immunoreactivity. Metaplastic epithelium contained only a few weakly stained PGP, serotonin, CAB, GRP, CT and CGRP immunoreactive cells in six cases. Metaplastic epithelium was characterised by a high number of CAB-containing cells in six cases and in these biopsies prominent PGP-containing nerve bundles were seen in the subepithelial layer beneath the metaplastic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS--The distribution patterns of neuroendocrine cells and neuronal elements vary between areas of normal and metaplastic epithelium and within areas of metaplastic epithelium. Neuronal hyperplasia was associated with an increase in the number of CAB-containing cells within the metaplastic epithelium.     

Disparities in Amputations in Minorities

Background  

As a result of the impact of health disparities on the healthcare system such as their influence on arenas significant to healthcare distribution, including cost, quality, and access, identification and resolution of health disparities is a primary national agenda item. Resolution of disparities in amputation is an area of opportunity that warrants further consideration.