胆囊运动的内分泌和神经调控

胆囊运动受内分泌和神经机制的调控，作用于胆囊并产生调控效应的激素有两类：一类为促动力激素，包括胆囊收缩素、胃泌素、胰抑素、胃动素、蛙皮缩胆囊肽、神经肽Ｙ、Ｐ物质等；另一类为胆囊运动抑制剂，包括血管活性肠肽、生长抑素、胰多肽、肽ＹＹ等。许多胃肠肽在不同情况下，既有激素样作用，也可作为神经递质或神经调节剂，通过神经和体液调节，达到胆囊运动的平衡     

胃肠激素与肝胆生理及疾病

一、胃肠激素和胆系生理 引起胆囊平滑肌收缩的胃肠激素有胆囊收缩素(CCK)、胃泌素、胃动素、蛙皮素、神经降压素(NT)和P物质(SP),以CCK的作用最强;抑制胆囊运动的有血管活性肠肽(VIP)、生长抑素(SS)、胰多肽(PP)、胰高糖素和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)等;胰泌素能加强CCK的胆系生理作用,但本身单用无此作用。     

中华蟾蜍消化道内分泌细胞的分布与形态

目的:对中华蟾蜍消化道5种内分泌细胞的分布与形态进行研究.方法:对中华蟾蜍消化道各段取材,应用免疫组织化学SP法结合生物统计学分析.结果:生长抑素细胞在消化道各段均有分布,以胃幽门部密度最高,空肠和胃贲门部其次.回肠和直肠中密度最低.胃泌素细胞主要分布于胃和肠道各段,胃幽门部和空肠密度较高,食道中无分布.胰高血糖素细胞主要分布于胃,以胃幽门部密度最高.肠道只在十二指肠处偶见.胰多肽细胞在消化道各段均未见分布.血管活性肠肽细胞主要分布于胃体、胃幽门部、回肠和直肠,以直肠中密度最高.结论:中华蟾蜍内分泌细胞的分布型与其摄食习性是相适应的.     

哺乳动物雨蛙肽样多肽—GRP的分子生物学

哺乳动物有两种类型的雨蛙肽样多肽(Bombesin-like peptides):促胃酸激素释放肽(gastrin-releasing peptide,GRP)和Raratensin样多肽,GRP遍布哺乳动物中枢神经系统、周围神经系统及胃肠(GI)道、肺。在这些部位GRP起到神经递质、自分泌激素及生长因子的作用。GRP首次由M(?)Donald等于1979年从猪胃分离,因其增进促胃     

胎儿胃粘膜内分泌细胞免疫组分的定量研究

应用免疫组化方法对５６例胎儿、５例新生儿、５例成人尸体解剖正常胃标本的内分泌细胞进行定量观察。第一抗体包括－嗜铬粒蛋白Ａ、胃泌素、胃体抑素、五羟色胺、降钙素、绒毛膜促性腺激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、胰多肽、胰高血糖素、蛙皮素。     

胎儿胃粘膜内分泌细胞免疫组化的定量研究

应用免疫组化方法对56例胎儿、5例新生儿、5例成人尸体解剖正常胃标本的内分泌细胞进行定量观察.第一抗体包括一嗜铬粒蛋白A、胃泌素、胃体抑素、五羟色胺、降钙素、绒毛膜促性腺激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、胰多肽、胰高血糖素、蛙皮素.应用图像分析系统对各类内分泌细胞进行定量测量.结果发现人胎儿胃内分泌细胞每平方厘米计数高于成人,尤其D细胞明显高于成人组(P<0.01).G细胞、D细胞、EC细胞、P细胞及CT阳性细胞分布与成人相似.在胎儿胃中还可见到成人胃中很少见到的绒毛膜促性腺激素、胰多肽、胰高血糖素阳性细胞.     

胎儿子宫内膜内分泌细胞的免疫组化观察

目的：观察胎儿子宫内膜内分泌细胞的发育规律、形态特征及含物，探讨其生物学意义。方法：12～39w胎儿子宫内膜20例，采用嗜铬素A免疫组化染色标记内分泌细胞；血清素，生长抑素及胃泌素释放肽的免疫组化染色，观察胎儿子宫内膜内分泌细胞的内含物。结果：最早在16w子宫膜内膜上皮出现CgA阳性细胞，分布在子宫上皮及腺上皮，以靠近基底处较多。各胎龄组子宫内膜均未见血清素、生长抑素及胃泌素释放肽阳性细胞。结论：胎儿子宫内膜与成人子宫内膜的内分泌细胞在分布、数量和类型上存在差异。内分泌细胞在胚胎早期出现，提示内分泌细胞对子宫内膜的发育具有特殊意义。     

胃泌素及其相关胃肠激素的研究进展

胃泌素是胃酸分泌的主要调节激素 ,也对胃粘膜具有一种生长因子功能。胃泌素的分泌可由胃泌素释放肽介导的途径所引起 ,胃泌素通过对胃泌素 /胆囊收缩素 B受体的作用刺激相应细胞的分泌活动。胃泌素还刺激细胞分泌生长抑素 ,组胺、生长抑素、甲状腺释放激素、内皮素 1等之间具有交互性作用。     

胃肠激素对胃酸分泌的调节

胃肠激素在胃酸分泌调节中发挥重要作用。其中对胃酸分泌有刺激作用的有胃泌素、蛙皮素、内源性鸦片样物质、Ｖａｌｏｓｉｎ等；具有双重作用的有胆囊收缩素、血管活性肠肽等；具有抑制胃酸分泌作用的有生长抑素、神经降压素、表皮生长因子、甘丙肽、抑胃肽等     

IAPP免疫反应细胞在成年大鼠胃肠胰系统的分布与形态学研究

用免疫组织化学和免疫电镜双标记法研究了胰淀粉样多肽免疫反应细胞在正常大鼠胃肠胰系统的分布、定位和形态特征，并观察了ＩＡＰＰ与胰岛素在胰腺的共存。结果表明，大鼠胰腺和胃道各段均见有ＩＡＰＰ免疫反应细胞。在胰腺，ＩＡＰＰ与胰岛素共存于胰岛的Ｂ细胞内，也共存在散在于外分泌部的胰岛素免疫反应细胞内。胃肠道粘膜内ＩＡＰＰ免疫反应细胞主要存在于上皮和固有膜，它们的数量以胃和十二指肠较多，结肠较少。本研究首次发     

Immunocytochemical studies on the islet and the gut of the arctic lamprey, Lampetra japonica

The endocrine cells and nerves in the islet and the gut of the arctic lamprey Lampetra japonica were examined immunocytochemically by using antisera against brain-gut peptides and amine. The cellular composition of the islets as reported by previous researchers in European species of the lamprey was confirmed in the present study. The islet consisted exclusively of insulin immunoreactive cells in the larvae (ammocoetes), whereas in the adult somatostatin immunoreactive cells were added to the insulin immunoreactive cells; the gut epithelium in the adult was now devoid of somatostatin cells. In the gut of the lamprey, the endocrine cells--which were flask-shaped with a cytoplasmic process extended to the lumen--were classified into three types in the larvae, but were represented by a single type in the adult. In the larval lamprey, the first type was immunoreactive for somatostatin, the second one for gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK) and the third cell type was immunoreactive for glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and FMRFamide, simultaneously. In the gut of the adult lamprey, the single type of endocrine cell reacted simultaneously to C-terminal specific anti-glucagon serum, N-terminal specific anti-glucagon serum, anti-bovine PP serum, anti-neuropeptide Y serum and anti-FMRFamide serum. These cells occurred most frequently in the upper intestine, their distribution decreasing from the middle to the lower intestine. Two types of peptide containing nerves were identified in the islet and the gut of the larval and adult lamprey. The first type of neurons (perikarya and fibers) was immunoreactive for serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and was located in the mucous and muscular layer of the intestine and in the islet. The second type of neurons contained both serotonin- and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)-like immunoreactivities and was scattered exclusively in the muscular layer of the gut. In larval and adult lampreys, a few serotonin/CGRP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and beaded fibers were found in the connective tissue around the islet cell cords. These nerve fibers were sometimes closely apposed to the blood capillaries and to the islet cells. These findings indicate that a neuroendocrine correlation comparable with that in mammals may have been established in the islet of this most primitive vertebrate.     

Immunohistochemical studies of endocrine cells in heterotopic pancreas

Summary Twenty-one specimens of heterotopic pancreas were investigated using the indirect immunoperoxidase method for insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin. Ten specimens showed ducts, acini and islets, seven showed ducts and acini, and four showed a ductal component alone. Pyloric gland-like mucous glands were occasionally identified in association with the ductal component. In eight of ten lesions containing islets, the islets were round and had a clearly defined outline with many glucagon cells and either none or a modest number of PP cells (dorsal type). In the remaining two lesions, the islets showed varying sizes and irregular outline with many PP cells and a few or no glucagon cells (ventral type). In either type of islets, insulin and somatostatin were detected, but gastrin cells were absent. Some isolated endocrine cells were also present among the acinar and ductal components. Their occurrence in ducts was more frequent in lesions or areas mainly composed of the ductal compoment than in those with less prominent ductal tissue. In eight lesions a few gastrin cells were found in the ductal component which showed goblet cell metaplasia and pyloric gland metaplasia. An intimate relationship between goblet cell metaplasia and appearance of G cells is noteworthy.     

胚胎及新生期大鼠胃肠道胰岛淀粉样多肽与生长抑素的免疫组织化学定位

为探讨胚胎期及新生期大鼠胃肠道的胰岛淀粉样多肽（ＩＡＰＰ）与其他生物活性物质的关系，用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法，在相邻切片上分别显示第１５～２１ｄ大鼠胚胎及新生大鼠胃肠道的ＩＡＰＰ免疫反应性（ＩＲ）细胞和生长抑素（ＳＳ）ＩＲ细胞，观察了ＩＡＰＰ与ＳＳ在胚胎及新生大鼠胃肠道的定位分布。结果表明：第１５ｄ胚胎，胃肠道内未见ＩＡＰＰ－和ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞。第１７ｄ胚胎，ＩＡＰＰ－与ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞均很少，免疫染色较弱，着色较浅，免疫反应性细胞散布于分化未完全的肠上皮细胞间。胚胎１９ｄ，ＩＡＰＰ－和ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞出现于胃和小肠，以十二指肠为多。胚胎第２１ｄ及新生期，胃肠道各段均可见到ＩＡＰＰ－和ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞。经邻片比较证明，胚胎第１９ｄ始至新生期，十二指肠和空肠中部分ＩＡＰＰ－ＩＲ细胞与部分ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞的定位相同，表明ＩＡＰＰ与ＳＳ在十二指肠和空肠Ｄ细胞中有共存。胃、回肠、结肠和直肠未见到ＩＡＰＰ与ＳＳ有细胞内共存的现象。本文对上述结果的意义进行了讨论     

Immunostaining of gastric cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation: Reg IV‐positive neuroendocrine cells are associated with gastrin,serotonin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin

We previously reported that Reg IV is associated with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in gastric cancers. The aim was to examine which NE hormone products are related to Reg IV‐positive NE cells and their roles in gastric cancers. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemical analysis in a tissue microarray (TMA) of a consecutive series of 630 cases with ten different antibodies, including chromogranin A, synaptophysin and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) as NE differentiation markers, and gastrin, serotonin, calcitonin, gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin and glucagon as NE hormones. In 630 cases, we identified 205 (33%) with NE differentiation and 147 (23%) positive for Reg IV. Reg IV‐positive cases showed NE differentiation more frequently than Reg IV‐negative cases (P < 0.0001). In 205 cases with NE differentiation, Reg IV‐positive cases expressed serotonin (P= 0.0032) and somatostatin (P= 0.036) more frequently than Reg IV‐negative cases. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed co‐expression of Reg IV with gastrin, serotonin and PP. These results indicate that Reg IV might be a mediating factor of several NE hormones.     

Ontogeny, postnatal development and ageing of endocrine pancreas in Bubalus bubalis

The ontogenesis, postnatal development and ageing of the endocrine pancreas in mammals have not been extensively studied. In order to improve understanding of this organ, we studied the buffalo pancreas during fetal and postnatal development. Glucagon, insulin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells (i.c.) were first seen in 2-mo-old embryos. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) i.c. were observed during the 3rd month of gestation. The early embryo pancreas was almost totally composed of endocrine tissue. The endocrine portion only slightly increased in mass with animal growth, whereas the exocrine portion noticeably increased in mass during the late fetal and postnatal periods. In adults, therefore, the exocrine portion was more evident than the endocrine portion. Three types of islet were observed in fetal and young buffalos: small, large and PP-islets. The small islets were composed of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and PP i.c. The large islets were primarily composed of insulin i.c. and a few glucagon, somatostatin and PP i.c. The PP islets were mostly composed of PP i.c. with a few somatostatin, insulin and glucagon i.c. The number of large islets greatly diminished by adulthood. Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and PP i.c. were also seen scattered in the exocrine parenchyma and along the duct epithelium. In the duct epithelium, these cells were either single or grouped, and they sometimes formed a protrusion projecting towards the connective tissue. These morphological features were primarily observed in fetuses and young buffalos.     

丽斑麻蜥消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学研究

目的 研究丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)消化道内5.羟色胺(5-HT)、生长抑素(SS)、胃泌素(Gas)、胰高血糖素(Gh)、胰多肽(PP)和P物质(SP)6种内分泌细胞的形态结构和分布规律. 方法采用免疫组织化学ABC法. 结果 5 -HT细胞较其他5种内分泌细胞的分布更为广泛,整个消化道中(即从食管到直肠)都有分布,在空肠的分布密度最高.SS细胞在食管和直肠未检测到,胃体部分布密度最高.Gas细胞和PP细胞仅分布于胃幽门和小肠,其分布密度高峰均在十二指肠.Gln细胞分布于幽门、十二指肠和空肠,并且幽门处的分布密度明显高于其他两个部位.在整个消化道中未检测到SP细胞. 结论 5种可检测到的内分泌细胞以圆形和锥体形为主,分布于消化道黏膜上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间及上皮细胞基部,其分布型的特点可能与动物的食性及生活环境有关.     

Histopathology,hormone products,and clinicopathological profile of endocrine tumors of the upper small intestine: A study of 44 cases

Forty-two duodenal and 3 upper jejunum tumors from 44 patients were investigated. All tumors were tested immunohistochemically for gastroenteropancreatic hormones and general endocrine cell markers. Twenty-eight of the 45 tumors (62%) proved to be gastrin cell tumors, with (12 cases) or without (16 cases) associated Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was part of type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome in 3 cases. Twenty-three of the 28 gastrin cell tumors (82%) were from proximal duodenum, 2 were from the second part of the duodenum, and 3 were from the upper jejunum. Seven cases were somatostatin cell tumors, 6 of which were from the ampullary region; 5 cases were associated with biliary tract disease and 2 with associated cutaneous neurofibromatosis. Four ganglioneuromatous paragangliomas, from the ampullary region or nearby duodenum, showed somatostatin cells, coupled with pancreatic polypeptide cells in 2 cases. Two serotonin-producing argentaffin carcinoids were also identified. In addition to the main cell type, 30 tumors showed one or more, usually minor, cell populations producing somatostatin, serotonin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, neurotensin, or the alpha chain of human chorionic gonadotropin. Only 3 tumors lacked hormone immunoreactivity. Some correlation has been noted between histological structure and hormone content of tumor cells, with prevalence of broad gyriform trabeculae and vascular pseudorosettes among gastrin cell tumors, tubuloacinar patterns among somatostatin cell tumors, thin parallel trabeculae among PP cell growths, and a solid nest pattern among argentaffin carcinoids. Deep infiltration of the intestinal wall was observed in 22 tumors, 6 of which also had metastases to local lymph nodes. All metastatic cases were among ZES tumors or ampullary somatostatin cell tumors. Ganglioneuromatous paragangliomas and nonfunctioning gastrin cell tumors had essentially benign behavior, even when involving deep strata of the intestinal wall. Post operative follow-up study of 36 cases, including all metastatic tumors, showed no evidence of tumor-related death or progressive tumor disease.     

Endocrine liver tumour differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma

A liver tumour, initially diagnosed by light microscopy as a hepatocellular carcinoma, was later shown to be endocrine by argyrophilia and electron microscopy. It was tested by immunohistochemistry for insulin, glucagon, gastrin, VIP, pancreatic polypeptide, glicentin, C-peptide and somatostatin. A few cells were shown to contain somatostatin, but the secretion product in most of the cells was not identified. The patient is well, without any sign of endocrine disturbances, 18 months after the operation.     

5种肽激素在黄鳝消化道内分泌细胞中的分布特点

目的 探索黄鳝消化道黏膜中5种内分泌细胞的定位及分布。方法 采用免疫细胞化学技术的链霉亲合素一生物素过氧化物酶复合物(SABC)法。结果 在黄鳝消化道黏膜中至少分布着5种免疫活性内泌细胞，它们是：胃泌素(Gastin，Gas)、生长抑素(Somatostatin，Som)、五羟色胺(5-Hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)、胰岛(Insulin，Ins)和神经丝蛋白一免疫活性内分泌细胞(Neurofilament—immunoreactlve cell，NF)。其中Gas和Sore细胞分布食道复层扁平上皮与杯状细胞之间：贲门处有少量Gas细胞分布，胃底上皮和胃腺中有大量的Sore细胞分布，Ins、NF和5-HT细胞则分别分布在幽门上皮和幽门腺管上。黄鳝的肠中则未见到上述任何一种免疫活性阳性应。另外，胰高血糖素在黄鳝消化道任何部位均未见到免疫活性阳性反应。以上各免疫活性内分泌细胞均为深色，形状不规则，胞突较短而粗，胞核呈空泡状，常夹于食道和胃上皮之间或分布于腺上皮之间，将胞突伸向胃腔腺腔。结论 作为最低等脊椎动物，黄鳝的消化道具有复杂的内分泌功能。     

Identification and localization of gastrointestinal hormones in the skin of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana during periods of activity and hibernation

Amphibian skin and its secretions contain a wide variety of biogenic amines and biologically active peptides, some of which are either identical or highly homologous to gastrointestinal hormones (GHs) of higher vertebrates. This study investigated the distribution density and immunoreactive (IR) intensity of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), gastrin (GAS), somatostatin (SS), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and glucagon (GLU) IR cells in the skin of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana during periods of activity and hibernation. The results indicated that the six types of GHs were all present in the bullfrog skin and were most predominant in the epidermis and mucous glands. In dorsal skin, the density of the GHs-IR cells in mucous glands was higher than that in epidermis except for GAS-IR cells. In ventral skin, the density of 5-HT, PP and NPY-IR cells in mucous glands was also higher than that in the epidermis. During hibernation, the density of the six types of GHs-IR cells and the IR intensity of GAS, SS, NPY and GLU-IR cells in the epidermis of dorsal skin increased significantly. The IR intensity of SS, PP and NPY-IR cells in granular glands of ventral skin also increased significantly during hibernation. These results suggested that multiple types of GHs-IR cells present in the skin of R. catesbeiana, may play important roles in the regulation of the physiological functions of skin. Also, adaptive changes in the density and IR intensity of GHs-IR cells occurred during hibernation.