豆状核与丘脑枕三维空间形态和位置的研究

目的 为了增加和填补豆状核与丘脑枕三维空间形态和位置的解剖学，并为提高脑本定向手术史中靶点定位的准确性提供定位数据。方法 将成人６１只整脑制成２ｍｍ厚的三维连续切片，并在脑片是直接进行观测。结果 调查了１２２个豆状核与丘脑枕的前后径、左右径、上下径，体积及“靶心”坐标植；通过还原、理建，绘出三维切面的空间投影轮廓图。结论 明确了二核团在脑内空间的整体构型，其结果可指导脑立体定向手术。     

丘脑枕三维空间的形态和位置

为了调查并获得丘脑枕的解剖学资料,并为脑的立体定向手术提供定位数据,本文调查了成人４１只整脑８２个丘脑枕的空间形态和位置。碱维切面上作２毫米厚的连续切生,获得丘脑枕的前后经、左右径、上下径,体积及“靶心”坐标值;通过还原、重建,给出三维切面的空间投影轮廓图。本文确定了核团在脑内空间的整体构型;还将获得的结果与脑立体定向手术的关系进行了探讨。     

豆状核与丘脑三维空间形态和位置的研究

目的：为了增加和填补豆状核与丘脑三维空间形态和位置的解剖学资料，并为提高脑立体定向手术中靶点定位的准确性提供定位数据。方法：将成人６１只整脑制成２mm厚的三维连续切片，并在各脑片上直接进行观测。结果：调查了１２２个豆状核与天脑的前后径、左右径、上下径，体积及“靶心”坐标植；通过还原、重建，绘出三维切面的空间投影轮廓图。结论：明确了两核团在脑内空间的整体构型，其结果可指导脑立体定向手术。     

猫丘脑中央外侧核内丘脑皮质投射神经元的形态与分布

应用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪法在光镜水平研究了猫丘脑中央外侧核向前乙状回，前上薛氏回前端揣射的神经元的形态与分布。结果表明：中央外侧核向大脑皮质的投身为同侧投射，中央外侧核向前乙状回投射的神经元集中于核的尾段，少部分位于中段，偏内侧分布，大中，小，型投射神经元均有，以中，小型为主。     

枕动脉和枕部肌层的解剖学观察

目的 逐层显露枕部肌层及枕动脉的解剖结构,为临床医师进行后颅窝开颅手术提供参考,以减少血管及神经损伤。方法 对10例尸头标本进行由浅入深的解剖,观察各重要结构的关系并拍照记录,测量枕动脉和枕部肌层相关参数。结果枕动脉起源于二腹肌后腹的颈外动脉处,进入二腹肌后腹深面后穿过头最长肌,在二腹肌沟内侧的枕动脉沟向上向内侧横行于头夹肌和头半棘肌之间。枕动脉距枕外隆突的距离为（28.17±2.87）mm,在此范围内可以安全地游离出枕动脉。枕部肌层解剖由浅入深分别为胸锁乳突肌、斜方肌、头夹肌、头半棘肌、头后小直肌,以及构成枕下三角的头后大直肌、上斜肌、下斜肌。枕下三角是椎动脉及枕下静脉丛的重要标志。结论 熟悉颅颈交界区解剖及相关数据,可以有效避免手术过程中损伤枕动脉及枕部肌肉,减少手术并发症,提高手术安全性。     

枕颈部三维运动范围的测量

目的：研究枕颈部正常的三维运动范围，为枕颈部不稳分析和治疗提供生物力学基础。方法：运用脊柱三维运动测量分析系统，对１１具成人新鲜枕颈部标本的三维运动范围进行测试。结果：寰枕关节的前屈、后伸、左／右侧屈、左／右轴向旋转运动范围分别是：１１．７°、９．６°、２．８°／２．７°、６．９°／５．４°；寰枢关节分别为：８．９°、５．９°、３．４°／４．２°、３７．５°／３８．７°；寰枢关节中性区为２７．４°，占主运动范围的７１．７％；枕颈部与脊柱其它部位相比，主运动时伴有更明显的藕合运动，屈伸、侧屈时伴有比主运动范围更大的藕合旋转运动，分别为１０．５°、１４．３°。结论：脊柱三维测试分析系统不仅能对枕颈部的三维运动范围进行精确的测量，且能反映枕颈部三维运动的特点。     

丘脑室旁核形态和功能研究进展

丘脑室旁核（PVT）为丘脑中线核团的重要组成部分,是多种行为的中继传导核团及整合中心,参与动物觉醒、摄食、成瘾、奖赏、恐惧记忆等多种行为的调节。PVT内主要分布着表达囊泡谷氨酸转运体-2（VGluT2）的谷氨酸能兴奋性神经元,却无γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）能抑制性神经元。基于PVT的复杂功能与其内神经元相对单一的兴奋性属性,有必要对PVT内兴奋性神经元进行分类。在本综述中,我们主要对PVT的形态及电生理特点、传入和传出联系、前后两段的形态和功能差异进行总结,并以纤维联系和神经化学性质作为分类标准对PVT的兴奋性神经元进行分类,以便为阐明PVT的复杂功能提供帮助。     

家兔颈髓脊髓丘脑束起始细胞的定位

为确定家兔脊髓丘脑束的起始细胞，向２０只家兔的一侧背侧丘脑内注射辣根过氧化物酶，以标记脊髓中的起始细胞。动物存活三天，然后 取脑和脊髓，作５０μｍ冰冻切片，用ＴＭＢ法做成色反应，以研究标记细胞的分布。标记的脊髓丘脑束超始细胞分布于灰质Ⅲ￣Ⅷ层及外侧颈核。     

Telencephalic origin of pulvinar neurons in the fetal human brain

Summary Our previous autoradiographic study of fetal human brain fragments exposed supravitally to thymidine-H³ had suggested that the primitive ependyma of the third ventricle ceases neuron production at a time when the pulvinar is only slightly developed. We sought a source of additional pulvinar neurons by examining serial horizontal sections through brains of 5- to 40-week fetuses. In the nearby telencephalon lies the ganglionic eminence, composed of germinal and immature cells coating the fetal corpus striatum and bulging into the lateral ventricle. It contains numerous proliferating cells to the end of gestation. Young cells appear to stream from it, cross beneath the sulcus terminalis to enter the diencephalon, and form a hitherto-undescribed layer, the corpus gangliothalamicus. This structure is found consistently just under the external surface of the developing pulvinar of fetuses from the 18th to the 34th weeks of gestation. A 22-week specimen freshly prepared by the rapid Golgi method shows a progression of cell forms from simple elongate bipolar cells in the part of the corpus gangliothalamicus closest to the telencephalon, through a series of gradations to multipolar young neurons in the most medial and deep parts of the structure, where it merges into the pulvinar proper. We conclude that many of the neurons of the pulvinar, a very large component of the human thalamus, arise in the telencephalon and migrate to the diencephalon during the fifth to eight lunar months of gestation.Supported by research grant 5 RO1-NB07053-02 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health     

Saccade-related and visual activities in the pulvinar nuclei of the behaving rhesus monkey

Summary We studied three subdivisions of the pulvinar: a retinotopically organized inferior area (PI), a retinotopically mapped region of the lateral pulvinar (PL), and a separate, visually responsive component of the lateral pulvinar (Pdm). Single neurons were recorded in these regions from awake, trained rhesus monkeys, and we correlated the discharge patterns of the cells with eye movements. About 60% of the neurons discharged after saccadic eye movements in an illuminated environment and had either excitatory, inhibitory, or biphasic (inhibitory-excitatory) response patterns. These responses were most often transient in nature. Neurons with excitatory activity had a mean onset latency of 72 ms after the termination of the eye movement. Latencies for cells with inhibitory responses averaged 58 ms. In sharp contrast, the cells with biphasic response patterns became active before the termination of the eye movement. A unique set of these neurons termed saccade cells, were active with visually guided eye movements in the light, with the same eye movements made to a briefly pulsed target in the dark, and for similar eye movements made spontaneously in total darkness. The activity was present with the appropriate saccade, independent of the beginning eye position. Biphasic response patterns were typical of these saccade cells. Saccade cells were most common in Pdm and PI. About half of the saccade cells also had some visual response that was independent of eye movement. A second group of cells was active with saccadic eye movements in the light but not in the dark. Some of these cells had clear visual responses that could account for their activity following eye movements; others had no clear visual receptive field. Because of these and other physiological data, we propose that the saccade cells found in Pdm may function in a system dealing with visual spatial attention, while those found in PI may have a role in dealing with the visual consequences of eye movements.     

丘脑的计算机三维重建及其临床意义

目的：用计算机重建丘脑的空间形态与位置,为脑的立体定向手术解剖学基础,方法：对５０只整脑１００个丘脑作２ｍｍ厚的的连续水平切面,运用表面重建法对丘脑进行计算机三维重建;首先对各切面二维 像进行配准与校正,再采用专家辩认核团、基于廓匹配的轮廓接、非线性有理Ｂ样条插值等方法手段,精确地重建了丘脑。结果：重建后的丘脑立体图像顺滑、自然、逼真,可任意缩放、旋转、切割。结论：     

An investigation of collateral projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and other subcortical structures to cortical areas V1 and V4 in the macaque monkey: A double label retrograde tracer study

Summary Previous anterograde studies in the macaque monkey have shown that, in addition to the projection to striate cortex (V1), the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG) has a sparse, horizontally segregated projection to layers IV and V of prestriate cortex (V4). However, the distribution and degree of axon collateralization of DLG cells which give rise to these projections are unknown. This study was designed to answer these questions. The DLG (along with the pulvinar and other subcortical regions) was examined for the presence of single- or doublelabeled cells after injections of two different (fluorescent or HRP) retrograde tracers into corresponding retinotopic points in visual cortical areas V1 and V4. In the DLG, it was found that cells projecting to V4, which reside in or near the tectorecipient interlaminar zones of the DLG, do not project to V1 and thus represent a separate population of cells. The organization of the macaque geniculo-prestriate projection thus seems quite different from that of carnivores. Both single- and double-labeled cells were found in other subcortical areas, e.g., single-labeled cells were found in the claustrum, hypothalamus and lateral pulvinar, and a double-labeled cell population was found in the inferior pulvinar.Abbreviations BSC Brachium of the superior colliculus - Cd Caudate nucleus - Cl Claustrum - DLG Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus - GP Globus pallidus - Hce1 Medial hypothalamic cholinesterase group of Mesulam et al. (1983) - Hce2 Lateral hypothalamic cholinesterase group of Mesulam et al. (1983) - Hip Hippocampus - ot optic tract - PI Inferior pulvinar - PL Lateral pulvinar - PM Medial pulvinar - Put Putamen - Ret Reticular nucleus of thalamus - Thal Thalamus - v ventricle     

Localization and detection of visual stimuli in monkeys with pulvinar lesions

Summary Since the pulvinar receives a major ascending projection of the superior colliculus, pulvinar lesions might produce behavioral impairments resembling those that follow colliculus lesions. To test this possibility, we examined the effect of pulvinar lesions in monkeys on the localization and detection of brief light flashes, a task in which monkeys with colliculus lesions are severely impaired. Some of the pulvinar-lesioned monkeys showed localization impairments similar to those in monkeys with colliculus lesions. However, histological analyses of the lesions suggested that these deficits were related not to the pulvinar damage per se, but rather to interruption of corticotectal fibers that pass through the pulvinar. We conclude that the pulvinar is not critical for the ability to locate and detect brief visual stimuli.Supported by research grants MH 26489 from the National Institute of Mental Health and EY02254 from the National Eye Institute     

Orbital position and eye movement influences on visual responses in the pulvinar nuclei of the behaving macaque

Summary We studied the influences of eye movements on the visual responses of neurons in two retinotopically organized areas of the pulvinar of the macaque. Cells were recorded from awake, trained monkeys, and visual responses were characterized immediately before and after the animals made saccadic eye movements. A significant proportion of the cells were more responsive to stimuli around the time of eye movements than they were at other intervals. Other cells had response reduction. For some neurons, the change in excitability was associated with orbital position and not the eye movement. For other cells the change was present with eye movements of similar amplitude and direction but with different starting and ending positions. Here it appears that the eye movement is the important parameter. Other cells had effects related to both eye position and eye movements. In all cells tested, the changes in excitability were present when the experiments were conducted in the dark as well as in the light. This suggests that the mechanism of the effect is related to the eye position or eye movement and not visual-visual interactions. For about half of the neurons with modulations, the response showed facilitation for stimuli presented in the most responsive region of the receptive field but not for those at the edge of the field. For the other cells there was facilitation throughout the field. Thus, a gradient of modulation in the receptive field may vary among cells. These experiments demonstrate modulations of visual responses in the pulvinar by eye movements. Such effects may be part of the visual-behavioral improvements at the end of eye movements and/or contribute to spatial constancy.     

人丘脑及相关重要结构的断面解剖学研究

目的 为丘脑及其相关重要结构的影像诊断提供形态学依据和相关测值。 方法 采用30例正常成人头颅标本（男17例,女13例）,取平行于眦耳线平面制成片厚5 mm的连续横断面。各选取丘脑及其相关重要结构所在的3个连续断面,对其进行观测,数据经标准化处理后进行相关统计处理。 结果 丘脑面积、横径和矢径在性差和侧差方面未见显著性差异。丘脑面积与尾状核头面积、以及与尾状核头横径呈负相关（P＜0.05）,丘脑横径与尾状核头面积、矢径呈负相关（P＜0.05）;丘脑长与端脑长、丘脑宽与端脑宽分别呈正相关（P＜0.05）,左丘脑长与脑型呈负相关（P＜0.05）,左丘脑型与脑型呈正相关（P＜　0.05）,丘脑夹角与脑型呈正相关（P＜0.05）,丘脑长与右三角区至前角间距存在相关关系（P＜0.05）。 结论 丘脑形态学是否存在性差与侧差需要进一步探讨,丘脑参数与其相关重要结构参数存在线性关系,相关测值变化可为丘脑形态学变化提供信息。     

Corticothalamic connections of the superior temporal sulcus in rhesus monkeys

Summary The corticothalamic connections of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) were studied by means of the autoradiographic technique. The results indicate that corticothalamic connections of the STS in general reciprocate thalamocortical connections. The cortex of the upper bank of the STS-multimodal areas TPO and PGa-projects to four major thalamic targets: the pulvinar complex, the mediodorsal nucleus, the limitanssuprageniculate nucleus, as well as intralaminar nuclei. Within the pulvinar complex, the main projections of the upper bank of the STS are directed to the medial pulvinar (PM) nucleus. Rostral upper bank regions tend to project caudally and medially within the PM nucleus, caudal upper bank regions, more laterally and ventrally. The mid-portion of the upper bank tends to occupy the central sector of the PM nucleus. There are also relatively minor projections from upper bank regions to the lateral pulvinar (PL) and oral pulvinar (PO) nuclei. In contrast to the upper bank, the projections from the lower bank are directed primarily to the pulvinar complex, with only minor projections to intralaminar nuclei. The rostral portion of the lower bank projects mainly to caudal and medial regions of the PM nucleus, whereas the caudal lower bank projects predominantly to the lateral PM nucleus, and also to the PL, PO, and inferior pulvinar (PI) nuclei. The mid-portion of the lower bank projects mainly to central and lateral portions of the PM nucleus, and also to the PI and PL nuclei. The rostral depth of the STS projects mainly to the PM nucleus, with only minor connections to the PO, PI, and PL nuclei. The midportion of multimodal area TPO of the upper bank, areas TPO₂ and TPO₃, projects preferentially to the central sector of the PM nucleus. It is possible that this STS-thalamic connectivity has a role in behavior that is dependent upon more than one sensory modality.Abbreviations AM anterior medial nucleus - AS arcuate sulcus - AV anterior ventral nucleus - BSC brachium of the superior colliculus - Cd caudate nucleus - Cif nucleus centralis inferior - Cim nucleus centralis intermedialis - CL central lateral nucleus - CM centromedian nucleus - CM-Pf centromedian-parafascicular nucleus - Cs nucleus centralis superior - CS central sulcus - CSL nucleus centralis lateralis superior - GLd dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus - GM medial geniculate nucleus - Hb habenula - IOS inferior occipital sulcus - IPS intraparietal sulcus - LD lateral dorsal nucleus - LF lateral fissure - Li limitans nucleus - LP lateral posterior nucleus - LS lunate sulcus - MD mediodorsal nucleus - Pa paraventricular nucleus - Pen paracentral nucleus - Pf parafascicular nucleus - PI inferior pulvinar nucleus - PL lateral pulvinar nucleus - PM medial pulvinar nucleus - PO oral pulvinar nucleus - PS principal sulcus - Pt parataenial nucleus - R reticular nucleus - Re reuniens nucleus - SG suprageniculate nucleus - STN subthalamic nucleus - STS superior temporal sulcus - THI habenulo-interpeduncular tract - VLc nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis - VLm nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars medialis - VLo nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis - VLps nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars postrema - VPI ventroposteroinferior nucleus - VPLc nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars caudalis - VPLo nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis - VPM ventroposteromedial nucleus - VPMpc ventroposteromedial nucleus, parvocellular portion - X nucleus X     

Comparison of the effects of superior colliculus and pulvinar lesions on visual search and tachistoscopic pattern discrimination in monkeys

Summary In order to investigate whether pulvinar lesions produce behavioral impairments similar to those that follow superior colliculus lesions, monkeys were tested on a visual search task before and after receiving radiofrequency lesions of either the superior colliculus or pulvinar. The animals searched for a small target pattern within an array of varying numbers of irrelevant patterns. After receiving colliculus lesions, the animals showed marked postoperative increases in either search time, percent errors, or both. By contrast, pulvinar lesions had little or no effect on visual search performance. Similarly, in learning to search for a target they had not previously seen, animals with colliculus lesions were impaired relative to unoperated controls, whereas pulvinar-lesioned animals did not differ from controls. In an attempt to confirm the finding that pulvinar lesions impair tachistoscopic pattern discrimination, we determined exposure-duration thresholds of pulvinar- and colliculus-lesioned monkeys for performance of a pattern discrimination. The thresholds of the colliculus-lesioned monkeys were elevated 20-fold relative to controls. By contrast, thresholds of the pulvinar-lesioned monkeys were normal. We conclude that the pulvinar is not critical for the attentional processes in which the superior colliculus participates.