隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的临床应用。方法自1998年6月～2000年12月,对8例小腿下1/3、踝关节周围及足软组织缺损的患者,行隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复术,其中3例皮瓣的血管筋膜蒂上保留1.5cm宽的皮桥,作为切开隧道的顶部,这样可避免皮瓣蒂经皮下隧道时血管受压。皮瓣面积最大15cm×9cm,最小6cm×5cm,平均9cm×6.3cm。结果7例全部成活,1例部分坏死,随访6个月～2年,皮瓣质地满意。结论隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损,取材方便,血供可靠,不牺牲主要动脉,即使下肢受区皮肤血运条件差的患者也可成活。     

隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

[目的]探讨隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部、踝部及小腿下1/3软组织缺损的可行性。[方法]自1999年6月~2003年6月,对足部、踝部、小腿下1/3软组织缺损者应用隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复6例。面积最大12 cm×7 cm,最小5 cm×3 cm,平均8 cm×5.5 cm。[结果]皮瓣全部成活。随访10个月~3年,皮瓣质地较好。[结论]隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣是修复足部、踝部及小腿下1/3软组织缺损的良好方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂行岛状皮瓣临床应用

目的　探讨腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用效果。方法　应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背及足跟皮肤软组织缺损 10例 ,皮瓣切取范围 4cm× 6cm～ 8cm× 12cm。结果　 9例皮瓣完全成活 ,1例皮瓣远端部分坏死 ,经换药后愈合。经 3～ 2 6个月随访 ,皮瓣外形良好 ,3例感觉部分恢复。结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供丰富 ,不牺牲重要血管神经 ,手术操作简单 ,可以较好地修复足跟、足背皮肤软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的　应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复同侧小腿下段及足踝部软组织损伤的临床效果。方法　应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复同侧小腿下段及足踝部软组织损伤 19例 ,皮瓣面积最大 15cm× 13cm ,最小 5cm× 4cm。其中将小隐静脉与受区静脉吻合 9例 ,未吻合但在其蒂部结扎 6例 ,未吻合也未结扎 4例。结果　大部皮瓣成活 ,小隐静脉吻合者皮瓣全部成活 ,未吻合但在其蒂部结扎者部分坏死 1例 ,未吻合也未结扎者均短期内间内肿胀淤血且大部分坏死 1例。结论　腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的可靠方法 ,术中若能将小隐静脉与修复区静脉吻合其效果更佳。     

逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的报道逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复足踝关节周围软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果。方法对48例足踝关节周围皮肤软组织缺损的患者采用逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复,单纯逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣39例,肌皮瓣9例;其中胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂神经营养血管皮瓣29例,胫后动脉穿支血管蒂营养血管皮瓣19例,软组织缺损大小12 cm×9 cm~4 cm×3 cm,皮瓣面积13 cm×9.5cm~6 cm×5 cm。结果 43例皮瓣完全存活,5例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经积极换药、清创植皮修复。皮瓣术后轻度肿胀,无感染及淤血,皮瓣蒂部无臃肿。术后随访6~18个月,皮瓣质地优良,肢体外形与功能恢复满意,供区植皮术后恢复保护性感觉。结论胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠,质地优良,是修复足踝关节周围软组织缺损的良好选择。     

足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损的皮瓣修复临床分析

目的:比较足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损应用不同类型皮瓣(小腿主干血管逆行皮瓣、皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣和游离皮瓣)修复的临床效果。方法:57例足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损的患者清创后,应用不同类型的皮瓣进行修复,并比较其成活面积、观察其疗效。其中,小腿主干血管逆行皮瓣14例,面积:7～9cm×11～20cm,平均:8cm×16cm,采用胫后动脉逆行皮瓣3例,腓动脉逆行皮瓣11例;皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣26例,面积:7～9cm×9～15cm,平均:8cm×11cm,采用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣23例,隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣3例;游离皮瓣17例,面积:9.5～15cm×12～28cm,平均:12cm×25cm,采用股前外侧皮瓣13例,隐动脉皮瓣3例,胸背动脉皮瓣1例。结果:57例皮瓣中,完全坏死2例,部分坏死7例,其余全部成活。坏死者全部涉及前足皮肤缺损,其中,主干血管逆行皮瓣完全坏死1例,部分坏死2例;皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣远端部分坏死5例;游离皮瓣完全坏死1例。统计学分析:皮瓣面积按类型比较(ANOVA),P=0.000,差异有非常显著性意义;皮瓣成活率按类型比较(Kruskal-Wallis Test),P=0.455,差异无显著性意义。经3～18个月随访,所有成活皮瓣血运、外形、质地、功能均满意。结论:大部分足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损可选用皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣进行修复,但如果涉及前足,特别是缺损较大时,选择游离皮瓣更为适宜。     

应用皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复组织缺损24例

目的 探讨应用皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复组织缺损的临床效果.方法 根据创面的部位、大小及功能需要,应用桡神经浅支营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复虎口开大术创面3例、手背皮肤软组织缺损2例,切取皮瓣面积4 cm × 6 cm～5 cm×7 cm;应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复胫前区、足踝部创面14例,切取皮瓣面积6 cm×6 cm～8 cm×13 cm;应用隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面5例,切取皮瓣面积5 cm×6 cm～7cm×10 cm.结果 20例皮瓣完全成活,3例皮瓣远端边缘少许坏死,经换药愈合.1例坏死.术后随访1个月～2年,皮瓣质地良好,外观及功能良好.结论 皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣具有血供可靠、不损伤主干血管、操作简便等诸多优点,病例选择恰当可收到良好的临床效果.     

小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复踝周创面

目的探讨小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复踝周创面的方法。方法2006年3月至2008年2月,对13例踝周皮肤软组织缺损创面应用小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣进行修复,其中隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣3例,腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣10例。皮瓣切取面积为5．0cm×6．0cm～10．5cm×8．0cm。结果术后13例皮瓣,11例全部成活;1例远端部分坏死,经换药后痊愈;1例大部分坏死,患者拒绝再手术。随访5～15个月,皮瓣质地柔软、弹性好,外形满意,颜色接近正常,踝关节活动正常,患者对皮瓣外形及功能满意。供区植皮全部成活,外形满意。结论小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复踝周皮肤软组织缺损创面的一种理想手术方法。     

小隐静脉-腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣的应用

目的探讨用小隐静脉-腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢远端软组织缺损的效果.方法用小隐静脉-腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复踝周、足跟、足底及足背皮肤软组织缺损26 例,皮瓣面积为6 cm×5 cm～22 cm×10 cm,筋膜蒂长6～13 cm.结果随访时间6～46个月,皮瓣全部成活.皮瓣与周围皮肤颜色一致、质地柔软,外观及功能满意.结论小隐静脉-腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,不损伤主干血管,切取容易,是修复踝周、足跟、足底及足背皮肤软组织缺损的理想皮瓣.     

带蒂皮瓣治疗小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及其疗效评价。方法1997年6月至2005年12月,43例小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的患者,男38例,女5例;年龄7～63岁,平均35岁;皮瓣面积4cm×3cm～25cm×15cm。采用9种带蒂的肌皮瓣和筋膜皮瓣进行治疗:(1)腓肠肌内、外侧头肌皮瓣带蒂转移修复小腿中上1/3合并膝关节前及内侧皮肤软组织缺损2例;(2)小腿前内侧交腿皮瓣修复小腿中段胫前皮肤软组织缺损2例;(3)带隐神经小腿内侧交腿皮瓣修复前足足底缺损1例;(4)带胫后动脉小腿内侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背部皮肤软组织缺损1例;(5)小腿内侧远端蒂筋膜皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3胫前皮肤软组织缺损2例;(6)腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3、踝部及足跟皮肤软组织缺损17例;(7)隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3、踝部及足背皮肤软组织缺损14例;(8)外踝上动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背皮肤软组织缺损2例。(9)足内侧远端带蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣修复第一跖骨头处皮肤软组织缺损2例。结果43例皮瓣中有37例术后全部成活,创面一期愈合,1例皮瓣浅层坏死,5例皮瓣远端边缘少许坏死,经短期换药后愈合。所有病例均得到随访,皮瓣全部良好。结论治疗小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损应严格掌握手术适应证,合理选择皮瓣种类。腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣是较理想的修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的材料。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.