HIV transmission through breastfeeding: a study in Malawi.

CONTEXT: Understanding the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through breastfeeding is essential for advising HIV-infected mothers and formulating public health policy recommendations. OBJECTIVE: To measure the frequency, timing, and risk factors of HIV transmission through breast milk. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study conducted between 1994 and 1997, with follow-up of infants through 24 months of age. SETTING: Postnatal clinic of tertiary care hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 672 infants (HIV-negative at birth) born to HIV-infected women who had not received antiretroviral drugs during or after pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of HIV in breastfed infants by age and maternal and infant risk factors for HIV transmission, using proportional hazard models to derive risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Forty-seven children became HIV-infected while breastfeeding but none after breastfeeding had stopped. The cumulative infection rate while breastfeeding, from month 1 to the end of months 5, 11,17, and 23, was 3.5%, 7.0%, 8.9%, and 10.3%, respectively. Incidence per month was 0.7% during age 1 to 5 months, 0.6% during age 6 to 11 months, and 0.3% during age 12 to 17 months (P = .01 for trend). The only factors significantly associated with low risk of postnatal HIV transmission in a multivariate model were high maternal parity (RR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09-0.56) and older maternal age (RR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the risk of HIV infection is highest in the early months of breastfeeding, which should be considered in formulating breastfeeding policy recommendations.     

HIV经输血传播的防范与献血跟踪策略

目的探索预防窗口期献血者导致输血传播HIV的方法.方法分析HIV感染窗口期的特点;论证献血跟踪策略（即血站采血后并不立即发出,而是将血液储存起来,并跟踪献血者自献血之日起到1个窗口期之后的1次HIV检验结果,只有跟踪结果阴性才能确认所采血液合格,否则不能发出.）的优越性.结果无法通过革新检测技术来消除HIV感染窗口期;病毒灭活技术也不能完全避免HIV经输血传播;献血跟踪策略的实施需要依赖血液长期保存技术、献血者的理解支持和法规政策的许可,而且会花费更多的检测费用和血液存储成本.但是,这一策略的实施,不仅可以掐断HIV经输血传播的渠道,还可以杜绝HCV、HBV等病原体经输血传播.结论献血跟踪策略是预防窗口期献血者导致输血传播HIV的有效方法,必然会赢得献血者和政策制定部门的支持.     

The criminalisation of HIV transmission

Since Bennett, Draper, and Frith published a paper in this journal in 2000 considering the possible criminalisation of HIV transmission, an important legal development has taken place. February 2001 saw the first successful United Kingdom prosecution for the sexual transmission of disease for over a century, when Stephen Kelly was convicted in Glasgow of recklessly injuring his former girlfriend by infecting her with HIV. Whether English criminal law (as opposed to Scots law) can apply criminal penalties in such a case, however, still remains uncertain. This paper, in addition to providing some background to the Kelly case, briefly explores the current possibilities for prosecution under English law. It then proceeds to outline and comment on the issues relevant to criminalisation, responding in part to points made by Bennett, Draper, and Frith and also by Bird and Leigh Brown in a recent article in the British Medical Journal.     

江苏省经异性性行为感染HIV病例感染方式及经商业异性性途径感染HIV病例确证阳性前后性行为调查分析

摘要：目的 分析江苏省经异性性行为感染HIV病例性行为感染方式及经商业异性性行为感染病例确证阳性前后性行为特征。方法 选取2014年1-6月报告经异性性行为感染HIV病例,询问具体感染方式,调查商业异性性传播病例确证前后性行为信息。结果 调查对象以商业异性性传播为主,占57.21%,但女性主要为婚内传播。经商业异性行为感染病例同时存在固定和临时性行为,三种性行为的比例由确证前100.0%、14.35%和17.72%降至确证后7.59%、5.06%和2.95%,但未坚持使用安全套、性伴不告知和不知晓性伴感染状态等传播风险仍然存在。调查对象的感染及感染后的传播均主要发生在本省内。结论 除继续推行现有的干预措施外,还应进一步缩短发现到治疗的时间以及推进“配偶强制告知”政策的落实。