阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征呼出气冷凝液8-异前列烷的昼夜变化及其意义

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者呼出气冷凝液(exhaled breath condensate,EBC)8-异前列烷(8-isoprostane,8-isoPG)的昼夜变化及其意义.方法 采用德国JAEGER公司的呼出气收集器.收集40例OSAHS患者和30名正常对照者睡眠监测前后的EBC,同时采集睡眠监测后的血清,采用酶联免疫技术测定EBC及血清中8-isoPG的含量,并与睡眠监测指标进行相关性分析.结果 OSAHS组EBC中8-isoPG睡眠监测前为(13.08±1.42)ng/L、睡眠临测后为(14.93±1.39)ng/L(P<0.01).正常对照组EBC中8-isoPG睡眠监测前为(11.06±0.72)ng/L、睡眠监测后为(10.97±0.70)ng/L(P>0.05).OSAHS组睡眠监测后EBC及血清中8-isoPG比正常对照组升高,P<0.01.OSAHS患者睡眠监测后EBC 8-isoPG与血清8-isoPG呈正相关(r=0.685,P<0.01),与AHI呈正相关(r=0.650,P<0.05),与睡眠中最低血氧饱和度、基础血氧饱和度和平均血氧饱和度呈负相关(r=-0.406,-0.439,-0.454,P值均<0.05).结论 OSAHS患者存在夜间氧化应激反应增强,OSAHS患者早晨EBC中8-isoPG可以作为评价患者氧化应激状态和估计病情严重程度的较好指标.     

EBC中8-isoPG测定在不同肺部疾病中的临床意义

目的研究ARDS、OSAHS和AECOPD患者的EBC中8-isoPG浓度变化及临床意义。对象和方法选择江苏省南通大学第二附属医院的ARDS、OSAHS和AECOPD患者,收集ARDS患者入院第一天、OSAHS患者晨起、AECOPD患者以及健康对照组的EBC;采用ELISA法检测EBC中的8-isoPG浓度。结果 1.ARDS组、OSAHS组、AECOPD组和健康对照组EBC中8-isoPG浓度为[(52.19±11.51 ng/L)、(14.93±1.39 ng/L)、(6.74±3.38 ng/L)、(3.21±0.97 ng/L)];2.ARDS、OSAHS、AECO-PD患者EBC中8-isoPG均高于健康对照组,三者EBC中8-isoPG浓度顺序排列为:ARDS组>OSAHS组>AECOPD组(P<0.01)。结论 EBC中8-isoPG可以反应多种肺部疾病的炎症及氧化应激程度。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼出气冷凝液中检测一氧化氮、8-异前列腺素的临床意义

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者呼出气冷凝液（EBC）中一氧化氮（NO）、8-异前列腺素（8-isoPG）的变化及其临床意义。方法收集COPD急性发作期（AECOPD）、缓解期患者和正常对照组的EBC,用硝酸还原法检测NO的浓度,酶免疫法检测8-isoPG的浓度。结果①AECOPD组（19例）患者EBC中NO和8-isoPG的浓度显著高于正常对照组（12例）,NO测定值分别为（80．83±40．15）μmol／L和（36．95±22．47）μmol／L,8-isoPG测定值分别为（13．56±11．11）ng／L和（5．87±3．39）ng／L,P〈0．05;②10例COPD急性发作期患者EBC中NO和8-isoPG的浓度显著高于缓解期,NO测定值分别为（91．09±34．30）μmol／L和（29．65±11．76）μmol／L,8-isoPG测定值分别为（17．60±12．44）ng／L和（5．23±6．20）ng／L,P〈0．05;③AECOPD组NO测定值与FEV1呈负相关（r=0．565,P〈0．05）,与血白细胞计数呈正相关（r=0．746,P〈0．01）。结论COPD患者急性发作期气道炎症反应和氧化应激增强。     

机械通气患者呼出气冷凝液pH值测定的临床意义

目的研究机械通气患者呼出气冷凝液(Exhaled breath condensate,EBC)pH值的临床意义。方法纳入31例ICU中行机械通气患者,按预后分为生存和死亡组,在病程第1、第5天使用改进的EcoScreen冷凝器收集EBC标本。分析两组患者EBC-pH的差异及其与临床指标的相关性。结果机械通气患者EBC-p H较正常降低,死亡组患者EBC-pH在第1天与第5天均低于生存组。EBC-p H值与PaO_2/FiO_2正相关(r=0.319,P0.05)。结论机械通气患者EBC-p H的降低与肺脏氧合功能障碍相关,持续较低的EBCp H可能提示预后不良。     

COPD患者呼出气冷凝液中8-异前列腺素的检测及其意义

目的研究COPD患者呼出气冷凝液（EBC）中8-异前列腺素（8-isoPG）浓度的改变及临床意义。方法收集COPD患者（39例）急性发作期和缓解期以及正常对照组（32例）的EBC,用酶标记法检测EBC中8-isoPG,同时检测AECOPD患者的第一秒呼气容量（FEV1）、最大呼气流速（PEF）、pH值、PaCO2、PaO2及血白细胞总数。结果①COPD患者急性发作期8-isoPG为6.44±3.68 ng/L,高于缓解期（4.04±1.25 ng/L）及正常对照组（3.31±0.91 ng/L）,P〈0.05;②COPD患者8-isoPG浓度与痰量呈正相关,r=0.217,P〈0.05。结论 COPD的急性发作期,8-isoPG升高反映了氧化应激增强。     

AECOPD机械通气时呼出气冷凝液H_2O_2和TNF-α水平的监测及意义

目的探讨重症监护病房(ICU)慢阻肺急性加重期(AECOPD)机械通气患者气道炎症反应与预后的关系。方法 69例AECOPD机械通气患者按预后分为存活组(36例)和死亡组(33例),采用自行设计的呼出气冷凝液(EBC)收集器收集机械通气1、3、5和7 d呼气端的EBC,用化学荧光法测定EBC中过氧化氢(H2O2)浓度,用放射免疫分析法测定EBC中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量。结果 1存活组EBC中H2O2和TNF-α含量逐渐下降,机械通气3、5、7 d较1 d明显降低H2O2(μmol/L):0.12±0.04、0.08±0.02、0.03±0.01比0.22±0.14,TNF-α(ng/L):15.14±3.11、12.24±2.37、9.76±1.89比18.54±2.59,均P0.05。2死亡组EBC中H2O2:和TNF-α含量逐渐升高,机械通气第五天、第7天EBC中H2O2浓度较1 d明显升高(0.38±0.11、0.44±0.12比0.24±0.03,均P0.05);机械通气3、5和7 d TNF-α含量较1 d明显升高(18.3±2.56、21.3±2.34、29.7±3.21比15.52±3.14,均P0.05);7 d时EBC中H2O2和TNF-α含量较3 d、5 d明显升高(均P0.05)。3存活组和死亡组机械通气患者EBC中H2O2浓度和TNF-α含量与急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统(APACHEⅡ、Ⅲ)评分均无相关性(均P0.05)。结论 EBC中H2O2水平和TNF-α含量的高低与预后有关,故可作为AECOPD机械通气患者气道炎症反应的重要监测指标,并可作为评估其治疗和预后的重要监测指标。     

哮喘患者呼出气冷凝液中TNF-α、8-isoPG检测的临床意义

目的了解哮喘患者呼出气冷凝液（EBC）中TNF-α、8-isoPG的含量,并观察激素治疗对其水平的影响。方法选择轻、中度哮喘患者38例和健康对照组25例,其中轻度哮喘组20例、中度哮喘组18例。轻度哮喘组予以吸入激素治疗一个月。采用ELISA双抗体夹心法测定EBC中TNF-α、8-isoPG的含量。结果哮喘组EBC中TNF-α、8-isoPG的含量显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论哮喘患者EBC中TNF-α、8-isoPG的含量增高与哮喘严重程度有关,可作为检测哮喘气道炎症反应和氧化应激的客观指标。吸入糖皮质激素治疗后TNF-α、8-isoPG含量无显著变化,提示糖皮质激素不能完全有效控制哮喘患者气道炎症反应和氧化应激损伤。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气患者呼出气冷凝液中过氧化氢和白介素6水平变化及其临床意义研究

目的探讨急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气患者呼出气冷凝液(EBC)中过氧化氢(H2O2)和白介素6(IL-6)水平变化及其临床意义。方法选取2012年9月—2013年12月贵阳医学院附属医院内科重症监护病房(MICU)收治的ARDS患者42例,均经气管插管或气管切开进行机械通气治疗。按患者入住MICU两周后转归分为存活组22例和死亡组20例,比较两组患者机械通气后1、3、5、7 d急性生理学及慢性健康状况(APACHE)Ⅱ评分、APACHEⅢ评分及EBC中H2O2、IL-6水平,分析两组患者机械通气后1、3、5、7 d APACHEⅡ评分、APACHEⅢ评分与EBC中H2O2、IL-6水平的相关性。结果 (1)存活组患者机械通气后3、5、7 d EBC中H2O2和IL-6水平低于机械通气后1 d,死亡组患者机械通气后7 d EBC中H2O2和IL-6水平高于机械通气后1、3、5 d(P0.05)。(2)机械通气后1 d两组患者APACHEⅡ和APACHEⅢ评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);机械通气后3、5、7 d死亡组患者APACHEⅡ和APACHEⅢ评分高于存活组(P0.05)。(3)械通气后1、3 d两组患者EBC中H2O2和IL-6水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);机械通气后5、7 d死亡组患者EBC中H2O2和IL-6水平均高于存活组(P0.05)。(4)存活组患者机械通气后不同时间点EBC中H2O2和IL-6水平与APACHEⅡ和APACHEⅢ评分间无直线相关关系(P0.05);死亡组患者机械通气后5、7 d EBC中H2O2水平与APACHEⅡ和APACHEⅢ评分呈正相关,EBC中IL-6水平与APACHEⅡ和APACHEⅢ评分呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 ARDS机械通气患者EBC中H2O2和IL-6水平均升高,且与病情严重程度相关,其可作为气道炎性反应的监测指标,结合APACHE评分可为评估患者预后提供参考。     

低潮气量低呼气末正压治疗急性肺创伤术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效观察

目的 :探讨急性肺创伤术后并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)患者的机械通气对策 ;方法 :将6 1例急性肺创伤术后并发ARDS患者随机分为A、B两组 ,A组 31例 ,采用传统机械通气模式 (VT10～ 13.5ml/kg ,PEEP 10～ 18cmH2 O) ;B组 30例 ,采用低潮气量、低呼气末正压 (VT7～ 8ml/kg ,PEEP 5～ 10cmH2 O)、许可性高碳酸血症通气 (动脉血PaCO2 10 .18± 1.14kPa ,pH 7.30±0 .0 5 )对策。通过调节同步间歇指令通气频率使两组患者的分钟通气量保持对等 (9～ 12L/min) ,对两组患者进行疗效比较。结果 :A组病死率和机械通气所致并发症发生率均明显高于B组 (P<0 .0 5或 <0 .0 1)。结论 :低VT、低PEEP机械通气对策可明显降低急性肺创伤术后并发ARDS患者的病死率。     

呼出气冷凝液中氮氧化物在评价2型糖尿病肺损害中的作用

目的 观察2型糖尿病患者呼出气冷凝液(EBC)中氮氧化物的改变,为诊断2型糖尿病肺损害提供新方法.方法 试验共纳入36例2型糖尿病患者和31名健康者,用Rtube收集器收集EBC,用分光光度法检测EBC中氮氧化物(NO2-、NO3-、总NO2-/NO3-),同时记录肺功能.结果 2型糖尿病患者EBC中NO2-、总NO...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.