高流量吸氧在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者中的临床价值

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并呼吸衰竭接受有创机械通气患者采用两种序贯脱机方式(无创正压通气与无创正压通气联合高流量吸氧组)的临床疗效。方法将48例60岁以上COPD急性加重期给予有创机械通气的患者,随机分为A组(无创正压通气序贯组)25例和B组(无创正压通气联合高流量吸氧序贯组)23例。两组均给予常规基础治疗。每日对两组患者进行SBT试验联合科室治疗小组根据临床经验评估撤机。撤机后A组给予无创正压通气序贯治疗,B组给予无创正压通气联合高流量吸氧序贯治疗。记录患者一般资料和临床资料(年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分、基础疾病数量、SOFA评分),两组序贯治疗方式在拔管后4、8、12、24、48 h患者的生命体征及血气指标(心率、呼吸、收缩压、氧分压、二氧化碳分压),预后指标(有创正压通气使用时间、48 h内再插管率、48 h后再插管率、ICU住院时间、28 d和90 d病死率)。结果两组患者人口学和临床资料,有创机械通气使用时间,48 h内、48 h后再插管率,28 d及90 d病死率P值0.05,没有统计学差异。B组ICU住院时间低于A组,P值0.05,有统计学差异。结论无创正压通气联合高流量吸氧序贯治疗,缩短了ICU住院时间。     

高流量吸氧与无创通气在急性呼吸衰竭患者中的应用比较

目的对比高流量吸氧及无创通气在急性呼吸衰竭患者中的应用。方法选取30例急性呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为高流量吸氧组和无创通气组。对比两组患者治疗前及治疗后2h的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、呼吸频率(RR)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、氧饱和度(SpO_2),同时就患者呼吸困难程度及舒适度进行评分。结果无创通气及高流量吸氧2h后,患者HR、MAP、RR均明显低于治疗前,PaO_2及SpO_2明显高于治疗前。无创通气组PaO_2明显高于高流量吸氧组,而高流量组呼吸困难评分及舒适度量表明显优于无创通气组。结论高流量吸氧与无创通气短期内均可明显改善急性呼吸衰竭患者的氧合,高流量吸氧患者的舒适性及耐受性均优于无创通气,可作为急性呼吸衰竭除无创通气外的一种选择。     

肺复张联合有创-无创序贯性机械通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者中的应用效果

目的分析肺复张联合有创-无创序贯性机械通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者中的应用效果。方法选取2016—2017年安徽中医药大学附属滁州中西医结合医院、苏州大学附属第三医院和济宁市第一人民医院收治的ARDS患者78例,按照治疗方法分为对照组36例和观察组42例。对照组患者给予对症支持治疗及有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上于有创机械通气治疗期间行肺复张。比较两组患者有创机械通气时间、总机械通气时间及ICU入住时间,治疗前及治疗24 h后动脉血气分析指标[包括动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、氧合指数]、呼吸频率(RR)、呼吸力学指标[包括气道峰压(PIP)、肺静态顺应性(Cstat)及气道平台压(Pplat)],治疗期间并发症发生率及治疗后28 d病死率。结果 (1)观察组患者有创机械通气时间、总机械通气时间及ICU入住时间均短于对照组(P0.05)。(2)两组患者治疗前及治疗24 h后PaCO_2、氧合指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)两组患者治疗前RR、PIP、Cstat、Pplat及治疗24 h后RR、Pplat比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者治疗24 h后PIP低于对照组,Cstat高于对照组(P0.05)。(4)观察组患者治疗期间呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率及治疗后28 d病死率低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗期间气胸发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肺复张联合有创-无创序贯性机械通气能有效缩短ARDS患者机械通气时间、ICU入住时间,改善患者呼吸力学指标,降低VAP发生率及短期病死率。     

有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗老年急性心源性肺水肿的临床研究

目的探讨有创无创序贯通气治疗老年急性心源性肺水肿的技术可行性并评价其效果。方法22例患者分为两组:序贯治疗组,12例患者,常规治疗的基础上,以同步间歇通气+压力支持通气(SIMV+PSV)方式行机械通气,待肺水肿好转后拔除气管插管,改双水平气道正压(BiPAP)支持通气并撤机;对照组,10例患者,以SIMV+PSV方式撤机。对照分析两组病例的通气、氧合指标、有创机械通气时间和总的机械通气时间。结果序贯治疗组和对照组患者有创机械通气时间分别是(2.1±0.8)d和(7.1±3.7)d,总机械通气时间分别是(3.8±0.8)d和(7.1±3.7)d,呼吸机相关肺炎1例和5例,院内死亡例数分别是2例和3例。结论老年急性心源性肺水肿患者,肺水肿好转后早期拔管,改用经鼻面罩双水平气道正压通气缩短机械通气时间,减少呼吸机相关肺炎的发生。     

胸外伤后急性肺损伤的无创机械通气治疗效果观察

目的探讨应用多功能呼吸机无创通气治疗胸部外伤所致急性肺损伤ALI。方法对我院45例胸部外伤导致ALI患者进行前瞻性对照研究。观察无创通气组动脉血氧分压、氧合指数、呼吸频率及辅助呼吸肌动用评分,并对两组病死率、呼吸机并发症发生率、机械通气治疗时间及住院时间进行统计学分析。结果无创通气组动脉血氧分压、氧合指数较通气前均有明显改善（P〈0.05）,呼吸频率及辅助呼吸肌动用评分在通气后12 h及撤机后较通气前下降（P〈0.05）;无创通气组机械通气并发症发生率、机械通气治疗时间及住院时间优于有创通气组（P〈0.05）。结论无创机械通气是治疗胸部外伤所致急性肺损伤特别是恶化至急性呼吸窘迫综合征的有效方法。     

无创机械通气在ARDS治疗中的应用

目的探讨无创机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的临床疗效。方法对20例ARDS患者采用无创机械通气,根据治疗效果分为成功组和失败组。记录两组病人治疗前后心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、血氧饱和度(SaO2)。结果无创机械通气成功组11例均为ARDS早期患者,治疗2h后PaO2/FiO2、HR、PaO2、SaO2、RR都有明显好转。无创机械通气治疗失败组全为呼吸窘迫较严重的ARDS患者,治疗2h后PaO2/FiO2、HR、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、RR无明显变化。结论无创机械通气对部分ARDS患者有良好的通气支持作用,尤其是ARDS的早期阶段。     

有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗COPD合并急性呼吸衰竭

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并发急性呼吸衰竭病人从有创通气过渡到无创通气最佳时机和效果。方法将40例COPD并发急性呼吸衰竭且实施有创机械通气的病人,待肺部感染明显控制时,随机分为两组,各20例。序贯组拔除气管插管,改用经鼻面罩压力支持通气＋呼气末正压（PSV＋PEEP）通气,以后渐减PSV水平直至脱离呼吸机;对照组继续按常规行有创机械通气,以SIMV＋PSV方式撤机。动态观察并比较两组通气及氧合指标、有创和总机械通气时间、住院天数、呼吸机相关肺炎的发生情况。结果序贯组与对照组治疗前各项指标比较差异无显著性。序贯组有创机械通气时间、总机械通气时间、住院天数较对照组明显缩短,差异有显著性（P〈0．05或0．01）;呼吸机相关肺炎发生率低于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论对并发明显支气管、肺部感染行有创机械通气病人,以肺部感染明显控制为时机早期拔管,改用经鼻面罩无创通气可以显著改善治疗效果。     

序贯通气治疗肺心病合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效

目的探讨慢性肺心病急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼衰的患者应用有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗的优点。方法以肺部感染控制窗为切入点建立有创-无创序贯机械通气方法。比较58例序贯组和对照组有创通气时间、机械通气总时间、1 w以内再插管率、ICU(RICU)入住时间、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率和序贯组治疗前后动脉血气指标、呼吸频率、心率、血压的变化。结果序贯组有创通气时间、再插管率,ICU(RICU)入住时间、VAP发生率显著低于常规通气组(P<0.05);序贯组治疗前后动脉血pH、PaO2均明显提高,PaCO2则显著降低(P<0.01),序贯组无创通气治疗后的pH、PaO2、PaCO2、心率、收缩压无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论采用有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性肺心病急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼衰较常规有创通气方式更优越。     

有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者控制窗的选择

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者病情危重,发展迅速,病死率高,目前主要治疗方法是早期给予有效的呼吸功能支持,改善氧合,纠正低氧血症。正确进行有创-无创序贯性机械通气可以提高ARDS患者的治愈率,同时降低长时间进行有创机械通气所带来的呼吸机相关性肺部疾病,但目前尚未有明确、公认的有创-无创序贯性机械通气切换窗点,本文就近年来有关ARDS患者机械通气治疗控制窗点的研究情况进行综述,旨为临床应用提供参考。     

经鼻高流量氧疗用于机械通气撤机序贯治疗的效果评价

目的:探究经鼻高流量氧疗仪用于机械通气撤机序贯治疗的效果评价。方法:研究对象选取我院2016年3月到2017年12月期间,收治的有创机械通气撤机序贯治疗的患者62例,采取随机数字法分为经鼻高流量氧疗(HFNC)组和无创正压通气(NPPV)组各31例。比较两组患者序贯治疗12、24、48 h后的痰液性状及动脉血气指标,比较两组患者序贯治疗时间,再插管率,RICU住院时间及总住院时间,记录进行序贯治疗7 d内发生鼻面部压疮情况。结果:HFNC组各时间点患者痰液性状均明显优于NPPV组(均P0.05),动脉血氧饱和度(SaO_2)、PaO_2均明显高于NPPV组(均P0.05);PaCO_2与NPPV组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);序贯治疗时间明显低于NPPV组的序贯治疗时间(P0.05);再插管率明显低于NPPV组(P0.05);RICU住院时间及总住院时间明显少于NPPV组(P0.05);HFNC组无鼻面部压疮发生,NPPV组序贯治疗7 d内发生3例I度鼻面部压疮,两组对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经鼻高流量氧疗与无创正压通气相比,可以明显改善痰液性状,提高动脉血氧饱和度及动脉血氧分压,缩短序贯治疗时间,降低再插管率,缩短RICU住院时间及总住院时间,减少鼻面部压疮发生率,值得在临床推广。     

Chronic eosinophilic pneumonitis due to the inhalation of aerosolized face lotion: A case report

Rationale:Inhalation of toxic agents can induce eosinophilic pneumonia. However, only a few case reports demonstrate that exposure to materials can induce chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP). Here, we describe a rare case of CEP with mild alveolar hemorrhage due to the inhalation of aerosols from face lotion. This is the first report of eosinophilic pneumonia caused by face lotion exposure.Patient concerns:A 39-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with cough and dyspnea for 2 months, which coincided when she started to use a new aerosolized face lotion. Laboratory findings showed high blood eosinophil levels, and chest computed tomography (CT) scans revealed bilateral peripheral consolidation and ground-glass opacity mainly in the left upper lobe. She underwent flexible bronchoscopy. Eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were slightly elevated, and the gross appearance of BALF was bloody. The histological examination of the transbronchial lung biopsy showed infiltration of eosinophils and macrophages in alveolar septa with edema and without vasculitis and granuloma formation; a small number of hemosiderin-laden macrophages were also observed. An inhalation challenge test involving the face lotion was performed. Six hours after the test, the blood test showed an increased white blood cell (WBC) count, and chest radiography showed slight exacerbation. Forced vital capacity decreased the following day.Diagnosis:According to histological analysis and positive result of an inhalation challenge test, she was diagnosed with CEP with mild alveolar hemorrhage due to inhalation of aerosols from the face lotion.Interventions and outcomes:She gradually improved without medication after stopping the use of face lotion.Lessons:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CEP with mild alveolar hemorrhage due to the inhalation of face lotion. Various inhaled agents, such as face lotion, can induce CEP in rare cases.     

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia may progress to lung fibrosis as characterized radiologically

Background and objective: In some patients, desquamative interstitial pneumonia may progress to lung fibrosis. The aim of this study was to assess the long‐term radiological follow‐up results in patients with desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Methods: Among 75 patients suspected of having desquamative interstitial pneumonia, 31 who fulfilled the criteria were included in this study. Clinical characteristics at presentation, responses to treatment and long‐term follow‐up were evaluated. Results: The 31 patients were predominantly males (94%), and the mean age was 55 years; 93% (28/30) had a history of smoking. The clinical findings included high serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and immunoglobulin G. Bronchoalveolar lavage (26 patients, 84% of cases) frequently showed an increased percentage of eosinophils (mean 17%). Computed tomography (CT) or high resolution (HR) CT at presentation showed ground glass opacities and/or consolidation in all patients, with one third of patients also showing thin‐walled cysts within the ground glass opacities. There was no honeycombing on CT or HRCT scans at presentation. Corticosteroid therapy was effective early in the course of the disease; long‐term follow‐up (mean 99 months) of 31 patients showed only one death due to progression of the disease, but long‐term follow‐up of 14 patients (mean 125 months) by HRCT showed the development of new thin‐walled cysts and honeycombing in five and lung cancer in four patients, respectively. Conclusions: In a proportion of patients, desquamative interstitial pneumonia may progress to lung fibrosis with honeycombing on HRCT, despite therapy.     

比较社区获得性肺炎严重程度的评判指数

社区获得性肺炎在人群中的发病率较高,对社区获得性肺炎严重程度的准确评估有助于临床医生决定有关治疗方面的问题.本文就国内外多种评估社区获得性肺炎严重程度的方法 发及应用作一综述.     

Hamman‐Rich syndrome revisited: how to avoid misdiagnosis

Please cite this paper as: Fujita et al. (2012) Hamman‐Rich syndrome revisited: How to avoid misdiagnosis. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2012.00353.x.     

Pneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae in children: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment

The term "atypical" pneumonia has been used to differentiate infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella, and other related organisms from pneumonia caused by classic bacteria, the prototype being Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, recent studies demonstrated that the clinical presentation of pneumonia due to atypical pathogens cannot readily be differentiated from those caused by "typical" bacteria. This is further complicated by the observation that coinfections with atypical pathogens and other bacteria are frequent. Nonetheless, the term "atypical" can be useful, as these organisms share a number of characteristics that separate them from "typical" bacteria. They are either obligate or facultative intracellular parasites that cannot be isolated using routine microbiologic methods. The most commonly used method of diagnosis of these infections is serology, which has significant limitations. Although C. pneumoniae is now recognized worldwide as a common cause of respiratory infections in adults and children, major gaps remain in our knowledge of the biology of this organism and how it causes disease, in major part due to the lack of readily available, standardized diagnostic methods.     

Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule to distinguish bacterial from viral pneumonia in children

BACKGROUND: Distinguishing bacterial from viral pneumonia on admission to the hospital could guide the decision of whether or not to use antibiotics. We developed and validated a clinical prediction rule to distinguish bacterial from viral pneumonia in hospitalized children. METHODS: We enrolled consecutive children, aged 1 month to 5 years, admitted to two tertiary children's hospitals in whom a bacterial or viral etiology for pneumonia was identified. Data from 175 children at one hospital were used to develop a clinical prediction rule or Bacterial Pneumonia Score (BPS). Data from 136 children at the second hospital were used to validate it. Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses and multivariable logistic regression, significant clinical and laboratory predictors, along with the radiographic score for each participant, were included as factors in the BPS. The main outcome measure was the sensitivity and specificity of the BPS for bacterial pneumonia. RESULTS: The BPS (possible range: -3 to 15; auROCc = 0.996, 95%CI: 0.99-1.0) was developed by attributing 3 points for axillary temperature > or = 39.0 degrees C, 2 points for age > or equal to 9 months, 2 points for absolute neutrophil count > or = [corrected] 8,000 cells/mm3, 1 point for bands > or = 5%, and -3 to 7 points for the chest X-ray findings. A BPS > or = 4 predicted bacterial pneumonia with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 93.8%, positive predictive value of 75.8%, and negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The BPS accurately identifies hospitalized children's risk of bacterial pneumonia, helping clinicians determine those not likely to benefit from antibiotic therapy.