趋化因子与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是以慢性气流受限为特征的缓慢进展、渐进加重的肺部疾病。气道慢性炎症,特别是中小气道炎症是其主要病变特征。COPD气道慢性炎症是由复杂的炎性细胞及其分泌的细胞因子相互诱导、相互调节而发生发展的,最终导致气道结构的重构和气流阻塞的形成,在COPD发病中起着十分重要的作用。而炎性细胞趋肺的过程又有赖于多种趋化因子的参与方可完成。很多学者认为趋化因子在COPD患者气道炎症中起了关键性的作用。近年来,随着对COPD气道炎症特点研究的逐渐深入,趋化因子日益成为COPD研究的热点之一。本文就趋化因子在C…     

趋化因子与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是以慢性气流受限为特征的缓慢进展、渐进加重的肺部疾病。气道慢性炎症，特别是中小气道炎症是其主要病变特征。COPD气道慢性炎症是由复杂的炎性细胞及其分泌的细胞因子相互诱导、相互调节而发生发展的，最终导致气道结构的重构和气流阻塞的形成，在COPD发病中起着十分重要的作用。而炎性细胞趋肺的过程又有赖于多种趋化因子的参与方可完成。很多学者认为趋化因子在COPD患者气道炎症中起了关键性的作用。近年来，随着对COPD气道炎症特点研究的逐渐深入，趋化因子日益成为COPD研究的热点之一。本文就趋化因子在COPD发病中的作用机制及其临床应用价值作简要综述。     

吸烟、肿瘤坏死因子及其受体与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)发病率高.发病机制不清.外界环境的刺激导致气道和血管损伤与修复的失平衡可能与COPD的发生相关.其中吸烟致细胞因子、炎症细胞及炎症介质增多,气道和肺实质慢性炎症,导致气道损伤和重构.最终导致气流受限,在肺气肿的形成中起主要作用.肿瘤坏死因子a是重要的炎症因子,通过其主要受体肿瘤坏死因子受体1参与COPD的形成,在COPD的发生、发展中起重要作用.     

炎性因子在慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道炎症中的作用

COPD是一种以气道慢性炎症为特征之一的慢性呼吸系统疾病,气道炎性反应在COPD占有重要作用。炎性细胞因子是机体内最重要的一类细胞因子,多种炎性细胞因子参与气道炎症的病理生理机制,对肺组织和支气管产生损害,并发肺外效应。在COPD的自然病程中存在炎性细胞因子网络系统,调控COPD的气道炎症的发生发展。     

肺泡巨噬细胞及其相关细胞因子与慢性阻塞性肺疾病相互关系研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的特点是肺脏在内、外界环境中各种有害因子的刺激下表现出的异常炎症反应,吸烟是COPD的主要危险因素.巨噬细胞在COPD炎症反应和慢性支气管炎的发病中起着关键作用,在气道、肺实质、支气管肺泡灌洗液以及痰液中数量明显增多,此外,在气道中巨噬细胞数量与COPD严重程度存在一定的相关性.在COPD疾病进展中,巨噬细胞产生并释放炎症介质,细胞因子如IL-8、IL-6、TNF-α以及MMP-9、MMP-12等促进炎症的发生、发展最终破坏肺组织引起不可逆性气流受限.     

IL-21与COPD发病机制的研究进展

IL-21是近年来发现的一种细胞因子,主要由活化的 CD4+T 细胞产生,在 Th17细胞中大量分泌,IL-21与其受体结合后,参与免疫应答与炎症反应.COPD是一种由吸烟所诱发的 T 细胞介导的炎症及自身免疫性的疾病.COPD的发病机制复杂,其中免疫失衡在 COPD发生发展中起着重要作用,多种细胞因子的变化与 COPD有关,IL-21就是其中的一种.本文就 IL-21与 COPD 的气道炎症、肺气肿、肺动脉高压的发病机制的研究作一综述.     

T细胞及其细胞因子与慢性阻塞性疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是引起人类发病和死亡的主要原因之一。大量的研究表明,在COPD患者的气道、肺实质和肺血管中均存在着慢性炎症、T细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜酸粒细胞参与炎症过程,但这些细胞在COPD发病中的确切作用仍不十分清楚。本文就T细胞及其细胞因子在COPD中的变化作用以及吸烟对T细胞及其细胞因子的影响做一综述。     

巨噬细胞在慢性阻塞性肺疾病的作用机制

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种以气道不完全可逆性阻塞为特征的慢性炎症,占人类死亡原因第四位的疾病,并且其发病率及死亡率近年来有增加的趋势[1]。COPD的发病机制尚不完全清楚,目前认为与吸烟、职业性接触有害颗粒及气体、α1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏、感染等因素有关[2]。COPD的病变特征为气道、肺实质、肺血管的慢性炎症,中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜酸粒细胞等炎症细胞均参与了COPD慢性炎症的发生发展过程。本文主要就巨噬细胞在COPD发病中的作用机制作一综述。1巨噬细胞及其细胞因子在肺组织损伤中的作用机制许多研究发现巨噬细…     

CC趋化因子及其受体与炎症性肠病

趋化因子是机体内一群能使白细胞发生趋化运动的小分子细胞因子，其中的CC趋化因子主要趋化和激活单核细胞和某些T细胞亚群，与炎症和免疫反应密切相关。炎症性肠病（IBD）是一种肠道慢性炎症性疾病，免疫反应异常为其重要特征。本文主要探讨CC趋化因子及其受体（CCR）与IBD发病机制的关系，以及两者在IBD诊断和治疗中的应用进展。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的细胞与分子机制研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)以不完全可逆的气流受限为特征,它在世界范围内的高发病率和病死率是导致巨大经济和社会负担的主要原因.COPD肺部慢性炎症由炎症细胞及其分泌的细胞因子和趋化因子等相互作用而发生发展的,并可触发先天性和获得性免疫反应,进一步加重炎症反应.本文就炎症细胞及细胞因子在COPD形成机制中的作用,以及先天性和获得性免疫机制在COPD肺部炎症的作用作一综述,以期提高对本病发病机制的认识.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.