肝再生调节的研究进展

肝脏具有强大的再生能力,在肝损伤(如外科切除、化学性或病毒性损伤等)后,肝脏通过实质细胞和非实质细胞的增殖分化修复组织.肝再生是一个复杂的细胞增殖过程,其调控机制非常复杂.大量的基因参与调控这一复杂的过程,其中部分基因调控再生的过程,同时也存在部分基因调控再生肝脏的大小.此文就肝再生过程及其调控机制简要综述.     

A型滑膜细胞与类风湿关节炎血管新生

类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种常见的多系统性炎症性自身免疫性疾病.RA最主要病理特征是关节滑膜血管新生和对关节破坏力极强的血管翳形成.血管的新生是个复杂的过程,多种细胞及其所分泌的细胞因子参与了此过程.近来大量的研究表明,A型滑膜细胞即滑膜巨噬细胞在RA病理过程中起着非常重要的作用,其参与了炎症和血管新生的整个过程.A型滑膜细胞表达黏附分子、趋化因子受体和多种表面抗原物质,还能分泌产生大量的细胞因子、生长因子和其它化学活性物质.它们在RA滑膜病理过程中起着关键性作用.因此,A型滑膜细胞可能将成为RA治疗很好的靶点.     

高血压脑出血治疗过程中发生脑静脉窦血栓形成一例

高血压脑出血(HICH)治疗过程中发生脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)较为罕见.作者回顾性分析和总结了1例HICH治疗过程中出现CVST病例,提示临床医师HICH治疗过程中患者不明原因的意识障碍加重,需警惕CVST.HICH治疗过程中,甘露醇和止血药物使用不当可能是发生CVST的病因,抗凝治疗可作为有效治疗方案.     

心脏震荡伤

心脏震荡伤属于钝性心脏损伤,但其发病过程及临床特点又完全不同于一般的心脏钝性挫伤.心脏震荡伤多是在运动过程中发生,发病过程短暂,病死率很高.本文就心脏震荡伤的概念、临床特点、发病机制、治疗和预防等进行综述.     

肝纤维化内科治疗的研究

肝纤维化是各种慢性肝病向肝硬化发展的中间病理过程.此过程是一动态过程,是可逆性的.目前许多学者研究发现给予药物治疗、基因治疗、干细胞移植等方法 能有效预防肝纤维化的发生、延缓肝纤维化的进展或使肝纤维化逆转.     

青少年运动过程中血压变化与BMI的关系

研究证实,运动过程中出现血压过高与肥胖及高血压病的发生有密切关系.2006年5月～2007年4月,我们对青少年运动过程中的血压变化与体质量指数（BMI）的关系进行了观察.现报告如下.     

细胞凋亡的形态特征与分子机制研究进展

细胞凋亡是细胞的主动死亡过程,此过程涉及一系列基因的激活表达和调控.凋亡是为了适应生存环境的主动死亡过程,并不是病理条件下的损伤.核酸内切酶反应是凋亡分子(APO)的重要步骤.目前,人们对细胞凋亡的发生机制及其与疾病的关系有了比较全面清晰的认识,这对重新认识疾病的发生机制具有划时代的意义.     

复发性急性胰腺炎36例临床分析

AP在临床上是一种常见而复杂的疾病.其病因有胆源性、酒精性、高脂血症等;病理演进过程有MAP、SAP、爆发型胰腺炎.AP发作有反复性,疾病病程与胰腺炎病理过程演变不呈正相关.所以,认真分析总结各种类型AP的临床发病过程、发病特点,对提高AP认识及治疗有十分重要的意义.本文总结36例复发性AP发病过程并进行临床分析.     

自噬与卒中

自噬是广泛存在于真核细胞的一种生命现象,其贯穿于细胞的正常生长、发育和生理病理学过程.近年来的研究表明,自噬参与了卒中后的病理学过程,并且影响神经细胞的生存和死亡.文章对自噬的分类、形成过程、分子机制、检测及其与卒中的关系做了综述,旨在为卒中的临床治疗提供新的方向.     

上皮间质转化与肝纤维化的研究进展

上皮间质转化是一个复杂的病理生理过程,目前认为他在肝纤维化过程中起着重要的作用.现有研究表明肝上皮细胞(肝细胞、胆管上皮细胞、肝祖细胞)可以通过上皮间质转化而促进肝纤维化.该过程主要通过转化生长因子-β1信号通路调节,并涉及多种细胞因子的参与.本文就上皮间质转化与肝纤维化的关系作一综述.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.