稳定期重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病吸烟与不吸烟患者运动心肺功能的对比研究

目的 通过比较吸烟组、戒烟组及未吸烟组稳定期重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的相关肺功能指标及心肺运动试验结果,探讨吸烟对COPD患者运动心肺功能的影响.方法 将121例处于稳定期的重度COPD男性患者分为三组:吸烟组(n=47例),戒烟组(戒烟时间≥6月,n=46例)及未吸烟组(n =28例),并分别进行常规肺功能检测(pulmonary function test,PFT)及心肺运动试验(cardiopulmonary exercise testing,CPET),测定相关肺通气功能参数、心肺运动功能参数,并将三组间数据进行方差分析.结果 ①三组的PFT测定结果显示,FEV1、FEV1％ pred、FEV1/FVC、TLC、DLCO三组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而吸烟组的IC值[(1.43±0.5)L]显著低于戒烟组[(1.51±0.6)L]与未吸烟组[(1.64±0.6)L](P＜0.05),吸烟组的RV、RV/TLC[(4.43±1.5)L,(57.2±9.8)％]显著低于戒烟组[(4.1±1.3)L,(54.3±7.6)％]与未吸烟组[(3.4±1.2)L,(51.5±7.9)％](P＜0.05);②CPET测定结果显示,三组间peak Load差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),吸烟组的(V)O2/kg、peak(V)E、dO2/dW1、peak O2 pulse、VD/VT[(15.4±4.6)ml·min-1·kg-1,(33.1±7.6) L/min,(8.1±0.8)ml· min-1·watt-1·(8.0±2.4)ml/beat,(39.4±7.0)％]与戒烟组[(17.2±4.8)ml·min-1·kg-1,(34.3±79.1)L/min,(8.7±0.7)ml·min-1·Watt-1,(9.8±2.7)ml/beat,(35.1±6.7)％]、未吸烟组[(18.7±4.0) ml· min-1 ·kg-1,(38.6±7.7)L/min,(9.1±1.5) ml·min-1·watt-1,(10.8±2.7)ml/beat,(32.4±6.1)％]比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);吸烟组的peak(V)O2、peak(V)O2％ pred、lowest(V)E/(V) CO2[(876.6±384.3)ml/min,(54.3±15.6)％,(32.5±3.2)]与戒烟组[(1 086.9±305.1) ml/min,(63.4±18.4)％.(30.3±3.4)]、未吸烟组[(1 299.5±284.8) ml/min,(71.1±17.6)％,(28.8±2.9)]间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);③吸烟指数与IC、TLC、peak(V)O2、peak(V)O2/Kg、peak(V)E呈负相关(P＜0.01);与peak(V)O2、peak (V)E、lowest(V)E/(V) CO2、VD/VT呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 吸烟能明显影响COPD患者运动心肺功能,降低运动耐量,且其影响程度与吸烟量的多少相关.戒烟对于COPD患者仍有较大意义.     

急性刺激性气体中毒后运动耐量及通气有效性的研究

目的 通过比较急性刺激性气体中毒临床治愈的患者与健康人的肺功能指标及心肺运动试验(cardiopulmonary exercise testing,CPET)结果,研究急性刺激性气体中毒后心肺功能情况.方法 收集14例急性刺激性气体中毒临床治愈患者作为中毒组,另选取14例健康志愿者作为对照组,对两组受试者进行静态常规肺功能检测(pulmonary function test,PFT)、动脉血气分析及CPET.结果 ①中毒组与对照组的CPET相关指标Peak (V)O2、Peak (V)O2/Kg、Peak (V)E及Lowest (V)E/(V) CO2比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组的PeakLoad、VD/VT及PeakPETCO2比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01);两组的Peak (V)O2 ％pred、Peak O2 pulse及BR比较,差异无统计学意义.②中毒组与对照组的一般情况及血气分析主要参数比较,差异均无统计学意义.③中毒组与对照组的PFT相关指标FEV1/FVC、FEV1、FEV1％ pred、RV/TLC、DL CO％ pred及FVC％ pred比较,差异均无统计学意义.结论 急性刺激性气体中毒后运动耐量降低,通气有效性降低.应加强职业性急性刺激性气体中毒的预防与治疗,最大程度上减少劳动力损失.     

性别差异对中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动耐力的影响

目的 比较中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者运动耐力的性别差异.方法 本研究对151例中、重度COPD患者的肺功能(PFT)和功率递增心肺运动试验(CPET)结果进行了分析.将患者分为Ⅱ级COPD组和Ⅲ级COPD组.并选择43例年龄、性别、身高、体质量相匹配的正常人作为对照组.本研究测定第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、峰值运动功率(Peak Load)、峰值摄氧量(Peak (V)O2)、峰值心率(Peak HR)、峰值氧脉搏(Peak(V)O2/HR)、最大分钟通气量(M(V)E)、气促指数(M(V)E/MVV)等指标.本研究分别在不同COPD分级和性别之间分析比较了上述指标的差异.结果 Ⅱ级COPD组和Ⅲ级COPD组的女性患者的Peak (V)O2实/预％和Peak (V)O2/HR实/预％较同组男性更高(P值均＜0.05).Ⅲ级COPD男性患者的运动耐力较Ⅱ级有明显降低(P＜0.0001),然而,Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级COPD女性患者之间运动耐力差异无统计学意义(P=0.246).结论 在中、重度COPD患者中,男性运动耐力下降较女性更为严重,吸烟可能是造成这一差异的重要因素.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴肺动脉高压对运动中气体交换的影响

目的:通过比较中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关肺动脉高压(COPD-PH),与慢性阻塞性肺疾病无肺动脉高压(COPD-non PH),在运动中气体交换及运动耐量的差异,旨在为COPD-PH临床诊断、鉴别诊断、评估提供一定参考价值。方法:对54例处于稳定期的中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者依据肺动脉收缩压(PASP)分为两组,比较两组间血气分析、常规肺功能(PFT)、心肺运动试验(CPET)。结果:血气分析:COPD-PH的动脉氧分压(Pa O2)明显低于COPD-non PH(P0.01)。PFT:COPD-PH的第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、第一秒用力呼气量占预计值的百分比(FEV1%pred)及一氧化碳弥散量(DLco)均低于COPD-non PH(P0.05)。CPET:COPD-PH的峰值功率(Peak Load)、峰值摄氧量(Peak VO2)、峰值公斤摄氧量(Peak VO2/kg)、峰值分钟通气量(Peak VE)、Peak VE%pred及峰值氧脉搏(Peak O2pulse)均明显低于COPD-non PH(P0.01)。COPD-PH的峰值摄氧量占预计值的百分比(Peak VO2%pred)低于COPD-non PH(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析:PASP与DLco、Pa O2、Peak Load、Peak VO2及Peak O2pulse均呈负相关(P0.01)。结论:COPD-PH会导致患者肺换气功能明显受损、运动耐力明显下降,其降低程度与PASP存在相关性。对COPD行CPET,有助于早期发现COPD-PH。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动高峰时肺内气体交换对运动能力的影响

目的 探讨COPD患者在运动高峰时肺内气体交换对最大运动能力的影响.方法 对42例男性稳定期COPD患者及26例健康男性进行功率递增至症状自限的踏车运动,同步实时测定摄氧量和二氧化碳产生量,在运动高峰时抽取桡动脉血,测定并计算PaO2、PaCO2、死腔容积与潮气容积比值(VD/VT)和P(A-a)O2.分别对两组资料进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的资料以x-±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,最大摄氧量与运动高峰时的血气参数进行相关因素分析.结果 COPD组的最大摄氧量[(16±4)ml·kg-1·min-1]明显低于对照组[(19±6)ml·kg-1·min-1];PaCO2[(43±3)mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa]、VD/VT(0.35±0.11)和P(A-a)O2[(33±11)mm Hg]均明显高于对照组[(40±5)mm Hg、0.27±0.08和(15±7)mm Hg];最大摄氧量与VD/VT呈显著负相关(r=-0.734,P＜0.01).结论 VD/VT增加导致通气效率降低,这是引起COPD患者运动能力减低的一个重要原因.     

肺移植对5例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能的影响

目的研究单肺移植手术治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)对呼吸生理及肺功能的影响。方法5例患者均为Ⅳ级COPD男性患者,年龄51～63岁。术前2周测定患者用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC、最大通气量(MVV)、残气容积(RV)、肺总量(TLC)、残总比(RV/TLC)、深吸气量(IC)、胸腔气体容积(TGV)、呼气峰流量(PEF)、总气道阻力(Rawtotal)、肺一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)、每升肺泡容积肺一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO/V·A)、6分钟行走距离(6MWD)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、肺泡气动脉血氧分压差[P(Aa)O2]、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及平均肺动脉压(mPAP)等参数。术后2个月再行上述测定。结果5例患者术前2周、术后2个月检测的参数为MVV(23.6±5.8)、(71.6±21.8)L,FEV1(0.68±0.21)、(1.85±0.46)L,FEV1/FVC(37.4±8.3)、(75.6±13.9)%,PaO2(60.0±9.1)、(86.2±2.9)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),SaO2(90.0±4.6)%、(96.8±0.5)%及mPAP(31.2±5.5)、(16.6±1.8)mmHg,均有显著改善(P均<0.05);3例患者IC[(1.16±0.26)、(1.83±0.35)L]、TGV[(6.52±0.27)、(4.52±0.29)L]、RV[(5.12±0.39)、(3.20±0.32)L]、RV/TLC[(71.0±5.6)、(51.3±2.5)%]及Rawtotal[(6.62±0.99)、(2.48±0.87)cmH2O·L-1·s-1]改善显著(P均<0.05);4例患者PEF[(1.65±0.40)、(3.92±1.63)L/s]、DLCO[(8.5±3.0)、(21.0±6.2)ml·min-1·mmHg-1]及6MWD[(46.8±14.7)、(246.8±51.9)m]也显著增加(P均<0.05);FVC[(1.85±0.40)、(2.45±0.49)L]、TLC[(7.19±0.15)、(6.26±0.73)L]、DLCO/V·A[(2.90±1.50)、(5.41±0.87)L·min-1·mmHg-1]、P(Aa)O2[(37.6±16.3)、(17.8±6.3)mmHg]及PaCO2[(44.6±7.7)、(37.4±3.4)mmHg]有所改善,但差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论COPD患者肺移植术后肺通气、气道阻力、残气、弥散、运动耐力及气体交换功能均明显改善。     

雷米普利与硝苯地平对老年高血压性心脏病患者心功能、炎性因子的影响

目的:探讨雷米普利片与硝苯地平控释片对老年高血压性心脏病患者心功能、炎性因子的影响及其疗效。方法:选择186例老年高血压性心脏病患者,随机均分为雷米普利组、硝苯地平组、联合治疗组(雷米普利+硝苯地平),各62例,观察各组治疗8周后的疗效。结果:与治疗前比较,三组治疗后LVEF、心脏指数(CI)、左室舒张早期/晚期峰值流速(E/A)、6min步行距离(6MWD)均显著增加,BNP、CRP、白细胞介素(IL)-1、IL-6水平均显著下降(P均0.01);且与雷米普利、硝苯地平组比较,联合治疗组治疗后LVEF [(43.44±5.75)%、(43.41±5.73)%比(49.89±5.84)%]、CI [(2.23±0.64)L·min-1·m-2、(2.28±0.69)L·min-1·m-2比(2.87±0.71)L·min-1·m-2]、E/A [(0.87±0.31)、(0.90±0.32)比(1.21±0.39)]、6MWD [(233.44±38.95)m、(236.45±39.13)m比(299.77±45.77)m]显著增加,血浆BNP [(199.67±27.86)ng/L、(194.55±25.46)ng/L比(124.67±29.45)ng/L]、CRP [(10.32±3.18)mg/L、(10.21±2.89)mg/L比(8.35±2.12)mg/L]、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α[(45.52±14.56)pg/ml、(45.45±13.78)pg/ml比(37.86±10.35)pg/ml]、IL-1 [(6.34±2.54)pg/ml、(6.31±2.31)pg/ml比(3.42±1.89)pg/ml]、IL-6 [(6.71±2.23)pg/ml、(6.68±2.11)pg/ml比(4.11±1.75)pg/ml]水平均显著降低(P均=0.001)。临床治疗整体疗效显著优于雷米普利组(Z=3.747,P=0.001)和硝苯地平组(Z=3.838,P=0.001)。结论:雷米普利与硝苯地平联合应用能提高对老年高血压性心脏病患者疗效,改善心功能,降低炎性因子水平。     

心肺运动试验摄氧量恢复延迟对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者预后的影响

目的探讨心肺运动试验(CPET)摄氧量恢复延迟(VO₂RD)对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后心电图运动试验阴性患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析北京大学第三医院2018年1月至2019年9月在PCI术后半年内行CPET且心电图运动试验阴性患者1268例,收集患者的临床资料、冠状动脉造影及介入操作资料、实验室检查、超声心动图及CPET检查结果。所有患者通过门诊或电话随访,记录患者不良心血管事件,包括死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作、非计划再次PCI、周围血管介入治疗、不稳定型心绞痛和急性心力衰竭事件引起的住院。采用多因素Cox回归分析探讨CPET VO₂RD是否影响PCI术后心电图运动试验阴性患者的预后。结果1268例入选患者中完成随访1218例,失访50例,随访14(10,20)个月,共发生不良心血管事件105例(8.6%)。不良事件组年龄[(62.4±9.9)岁比(60.3±10.2)岁,P=0.020]、不完全血运重建比例(42.9%比31.6%,P=0.022)以及合并高脂血症比例(79.0%比68.0%,P=0.020)均显著高于无不良事件组;糖化血红蛋白值[(7.3±1.1)%比(6.6±1.2)%,P=0.001]、空腹血糖[(7.1±2.6)mmol/L比(6.5±1.9)mmol/L,P=0.010]及N末端B型脑钠肽前体[107.5(50.1,399.8)pg/ml比88.2(39.2,225.0)pg/ml,P=0.017]显著高于无不良事件组;峰值心率[(121±18)次/分比(126±20)次/分,P=0.012]、无氧阈心率[(99±12)次/分比(102±14)次/分,P=0.029]和峰值摄氧量[(17.3±4.7)ml/(min·kg)比(18.7±2.1)ml/(min·kg),P=0.003]显著低于无不良事件组,二氧化碳通气当量斜率[(33.3±9.2)比(28.1±5.1),P=0.001]和VO₂RD[(21.4±4.5)s比(18.5±5.4)s,P=0.001]显著高于无不良事件组。多因素Cox回归分析显示VO₂RD>20 s(HR 1.594,95%CI 1.026~2.476,P=0.038)是PCI术后心电图运动试验阴性患者发生不良心血管事件的独立危险因素。结论PCI术后心电图运动试验阴性的患者仍有一定的不良心血管事件发生风险,CPET恢复期指标VO₂RD>20 s是此类患者发生不良心血管事件的独立预测因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.