中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流联合持续负压吸引治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并自发气胸的临床分析

目的探讨、分析应用中心静脉导管实行胸腔闭式引流联合持续负压吸引对慢阻肺并自发气胸患者的疗效及不良反应。方法在我院2011年1月-2015年1月收治的慢阻肺并自发气胸患者中选取48例,依照随机原则,将患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组24例。治疗组应用中心静脉导管实行胸腔闭式引流联合持续负压吸引,对照组应用粗硅胶导管实行胸腔闭式引流。记录、观察两组患者治疗后肺复张情况、肺复张时间及不良反应。结果治疗组有效率91.67%,平均肺复张时间(5.2±2.0)天,对照组有效率95.83%,平均肺复张时间(4.8±2.2)天,两组有效率和肺复张时间比较(P0.05),无统计学意义;但治疗组和对照组比较,胸膜反应、切口感染、皮下气肿、胸痛的发生率明显降低(P0.05),有统计学意义。结论应用中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流联合持续负压吸引对慢阻肺并自发气胸患者而言,操作简单、疗效显著、不良反应小,值得临床进一步推广。     

肺复张策略对防止纤支镜治疗后肺泡塌陷的作用观察

目的:探讨肺复张策略对防止纤支镜治疗后肺泡塌陷的效果.方法:将机械通气需纤维支气管镜检查的60例患者随机分为治疗组及对照组,治疗组采用肺复张策略,对照组行常规机械通气.比较2组动脉血气和氧代谢、血流动力学指标.结果:治疗组纤维支气管镜检查前PaO2(114.25±24.75) mmHg,PaCO2 (32.56±7.73) mmHg,肺复张30 min后PaO2(112.12±20.41) mmHg,PaCO2(31.56±6.63) mmHg,PaO2及PaCO2肺复张前后无明显差异(均P ＞0.05);对照组纤维支气管镜检查前PaO2(116.11±26.53) mmHg,PaCO2(30.12±5.53) mmHg,常规机械通气30 min后PaO2(86.21±16.23)mmHg,PaCO2(31.56±6.63) mmHg,常规机械通气治疗前后PaO2有显著性差异(P＜0.01),而PaCO2无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:支气管镜检查后采用肺复张策略能复张塌陷的肺泡,减少低氧血症对机体的危害,并对血流动力学影响较小.     

老年气胸的临床特点及防治对策

目的 为了提高对老年自发性气胸特点的认识，研究防治对策，对1985年－1999年期间住院老年气胸患者67例进行临床分析，并选同期住院青年气胸患者38例作为对照。结果 两组张力性气胸、闭合性气胸及呼吸困难均具有差异性（P＜0．05）。老年组发病均有肺部疾病的基础。老年组并发症的发生率明显高于对照组，其肺复张时间较对照组长（P＜0．05）。病死率、复发率高（P＜0．05）。结论 老年气胸具有以下特点：（1）继发于其他肺病（COPD、肺结核等）。（2）病情危重。（3）张力性气胸发生率高。（4）并发症严重，复发率高。（5）肺复张时间长，病死率高。（6）临床处理困难，宜采取小导管（动脉导管、导尿管）引流。     

2型糖尿病大鼠肺组织内皮素-1、降钙素基因相关肽及P物质水平变化及其对肺动脉高压的影响

目的 探讨2型糖尿病大鼠肺组织内皮素-1(ET-1)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、P物质(SP)的变化.方法 3个月龄健康雄性Wistar大鼠10只,采用高脂饲料喂养联合30μg/g链脲佐菌素尾静脉注射制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型.另设正常对照组(n=8),给予普通饮食.造模成功后12周末股动脉放血处死大鼠,取右下肺组织行Weigert来复红弹力纤维染色,计算与呼吸性细支气管、肺泡管伴行的肺小动脉管壁厚度占血管外径百分比(WT%)以及管壁面积占血管总面积百分比(WA%).应用免疫组织化学方法观察肺组织ET-1、CGRP、SP表达水平.数据统计采用独立样本t检验.结果 与正常对照组比较,糖尿病组大鼠肺泡隔面积与视场总面积比(0.42±0.10 vs 0.29±0.06,t=5.842,P＜0.05)、肺动脉WT%(26%±8%vs 19%±9%,t=3.023,P＜0.05)和WA%(42%±8% vs 36%±9%,t=2.526,P＜0.05)均显著增加,ET-1、SP平均吸光度(ET-1:86±5 vs 83±4,t=2.402,P＜0.05;SP:101±4 vs 100±3,t=2.530,P＜0.05)和阳性面积/视场总面积比(ET-1:0.016±0.017 vs0.010±0.008,t=2.501,P＜0.05;SP:0.014±0.014 vs 0.009±0.009,t=2.127,P＜0.05)显著增加,CGRP平均吸光度和阳性面积/视场总面积比差异无统计学意义.结论 糖尿病大鼠存在肺动脉高压的病理结构改变,可能与其肺组织ET-1表达增加有关.     

肺复张对预防老年非体外冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者肺部并发症的作用

目的 观察肺复张(LRM)治疗对预防老年非体外冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者肺部并发症的作用.方法 纳入了2012年1 ～12月106例年龄≥60岁的首次非体外冠状动脉旁路移植(OPCABG)术后的老年患者,其中男性82例,女性24例,平均年龄(66±4)岁(60～75岁),采用完全随机化分组法将患者随机分为常规机械通气组(对照组,53例)及肺复张治疗组(治疗组,53例),对照组患者入住监护室后按常规机械通气治疗,治疗组患者常规机械通气同时分别于入住监护室后1h及2h应用压力控制法(PCV)进行两次肺复张治疗.对比治疗前后两组患者氧合指数(0I)、机械通气时间等指标的变化,并观察两组患者术后低氧血症、肺不张、肺部感染等并发症发生情况.低氧血症定义为OI＜ 200,延迟拔管定义为机械通气时间≥24 h.结果 全部患者无住院死亡.治疗组患者入监护室后3h及试停呼吸机前OI明显好于对照组(272 ± 45比251 ±48及287±32比262 ±41,P＜0.01),低氧血症(16例,30.2％比2例,3.8％,P=0.0003)、肺部感染(4例,7.5％比0例,0％,P=0.041)、延迟拔管(9例,17％比2例,3.8％,P=0.026)以及拔管后需无创机械通气辅助(12例,22.6％比3例,5.7％,P=0.012)的发生率明显低于对照组,且肺不张及肺部感染的发生率也低于对照组.治疗期间无因血流动力学不稳定而终止LRM的患者.结论 术后早期适当肺复张治疗可改善老年OPCABG术后患者的氧合,缩短机械通气时间,减少低氧血症等并发症的发生.     

预计肺总量在自发性气胸中的意义

目的 探讨肺功能预计肺总量（TLC）在自发性气胸诊疗中的意义.方法 初始治疗为胸膜腔穿刺抽气的自发性气胸患者200例,抽气前后行胸部X线检查,以预计TLC估算患侧胸腔体积,再根据抽气前气胸量、抽气量,计算出预测抽气后气胸量（V预）,与实际抽气后气胸量（V后）作比较.结果 闭合性气胸160例,V预（24.3±4.7）%,V后（25.1±5.2）%,P〉0.05;交通性气胸40例,V预（22.6±5.1）%,V后（52.2±6.4）%,P〈0.001.结论 预计TLC与胸腔总体积近似,可用于预测闭合性气胸的具体气胸量;通过V预与V后的比较,预计TLC可鉴别闭合性、交通性气胸.     

微创胸腔闭式引流术治疗气胸的体会

胸腔闭式引流术是张力性气胸的主要治疗方法,胸腔闭式引流的目的是促进肺复张,重建胸膜腔内负压状态消灭残腔,逐步恢复肺的生理功能。多年来我院呼吸内科采用微创胸腔闭式引流术治疗气胸取得满意的效果（见下图）,现就其在应用中的一些体会作一介绍。[第一段]     

肺复张策略对肺内、外源性损伤大鼠模型的肺保护作用

目的探讨肺复张策略对肺内、外源性损伤大鼠模型的肺保护作用。方法清洁级SD大鼠60只,雌雄各半,随机均分为6组;空白对照组(K组)、肺复张对照组(F组)、肺内源性损伤组(AN组)、肺复张内源性损伤组(RN组)、肺外源性损伤组(AW组)、肺复张外源性损伤组(RW组)。采用逐步提高压力的控制性膨肺的肺复张策略。机械通气4 h后,使用酶联免疫分析法(ELISA法)检测大鼠肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中Fas、TNF-α、SP-A的浓度及肺损伤Smith评分。结果 BALF中的Fas、TNF-α、SP-A浓度:与AN组比较,RN组Fas和TNF-α水平较低,SP-A水平较高(P0.05);与AW组比较,RW组的Fas和TNF-α水平较低,SP-A水平较高(P0.05);与RN组比较,RW组的Fas和TNF-α水平低,SP-A水平较高(P0.05)。肺损伤评分,RN组和RW组肺损伤评分低于AN组和AW组,且RW组低于RN组(P0.05)。结论肺复张策略可以减轻肺组织病理损伤,增加肺内SP-A水平并降低Fas和TNF-α水平;对肺内、外源性损伤大鼠模型具有肺保护作用。肺复张策略对肺外源性急性肺损伤的疗效优于肺内源性急性肺损伤。     

内科胸腔镜在自发性气胸中的应用

目的探讨内科胸腔镜在自发性气胸中的应用效果。方法分析37例持续漏气5天以上的自发性气胸患者,其中15例接受了内科胸腔镜手术,22例接受了闭式胸腔引流术;主要分析指标包括术后引流时间、术后住院时间、出现复张性肺水肿例数、术后24小时疼痛评分以及两组病人术后肺与胸膜并发症、转开胸手术例数、1年内气胸复发例数。结果与单纯闭式胸腔引流术组相比,内科胸腔镜手术组术后引流时间[(4.13±1.46)vs(12.41±6.96),P=0.000]、术后住院时间[(7.47±4.42)vs(16.08±8.64),P=0.000]、出现复张性肺水肿例数[(0)vs(5%),P=0.028]明显下降,差异具有统计学意义;两组患者在术后24小时疼痛评分、肺与胸膜并发症、转开胸手术及1年内气胸复发例数等方面差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论对于持续漏气的自发性气胸,相比单纯的闭式胸腔引流术,内科胸腔镜手术具有更好的治疗效果,能显著缩短患者住院时间。     

肺切除手术对高龄患者左心血液循环动力学的影响

目的 探讨肺切除手术对高龄患者左心血液循环动力学的影响,以及其与术后发生心律失常的相关性. 方法选取接受侧开胸肺切除手术的75岁及以上高龄患者16例和60岁以下对照组患者21例,监测记录术前、术毕、术后第1天的多项血液循环动力学参数.对于术后3 d内发生心律失常的患者,分别记录发生前后的各项参数. 结果两组病例手术前后心率、平均动脉压、心排量、心搏出量、加速指数、体血管阻力均无显著变化(均P＞0.05).中心静脉压术毕较术前增高[高龄组:(5.92±0.51)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)对(7.58±0.45)cm H2O,t=2.641,P＜0.01;对照组:(6.23±0.47)cm H2O对(7.49±0.34)cm H2O;t=1.982,P＜0.05],术后第1天即恢复至术前水平(P＞0.05).高龄组心律失常发生率为31.3%明显高于对照组的14.3%:(x2=4.26,P＜0.05),但心律失常发生前后的各项参数与手术前比较均无明显变化(P＞0.05). 结论在术前充分评估,术中注意心肺功能保护的前提下,通过术后严密监护以及正确及时的临床处理,完全可以避免肺切除手术对高龄患者左心血液循环动力学的影响.即使对于术后出现心律失常的患者,肺切除手术也未影响其左心血液循环动力学.

Abstract：

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of lung resection surgery on left heart hemodynamics in elderly patients, and explore its correlation with postoperative arrhythmia.Methods The 16 elderly patients (age≥75 years) receiving lung resection surgery were selected. At the same time, 21 patients (age＜60 years) were selected as controls. The hemodynamic parameters of each patient were recorded at the time of preoperative (T1), surgery completion (T2) and first day after surgery (T3). For patients with arrhythmia during three days after operation, the parameters would be recorded before and after arrhythmia. Results There were no significant changes in heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), cardiac stroke volume ( SV),acceleration index (ACI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) at T2 and T3 compared with T1 for both the two groups (P＞0. 05). Only the central venous pressure (CVP) increased at T2 compared with that at T1 [elderly group: (7.58±0.45) cm H2O vs. (5.92±0. 51) cm H2O, t=2.641, P＜0.01; control group: (7.49±0.34) cm H2O vs. (6.23±0.47) cm H2O, t=1.982, P＜0.05], while the CVP recovered to the preoperative level at T3. The incidence of arrhythmia was significantly higher in elderly group than in control group (31.3% vs. 14.3%, x2 = 4.26, P＜0.05), but there were no significant changes in the parameters before and after arrhythmia compared with those before surgery (P ＞ 0. 05 ).Conclusions The effects of pulmonary resection surgery on left heart hemodynamics in elderly patients can be avoided through full assessment preoperatively, heart-lung protection intraoperatively, as well as the correctly and timely clinical treatment and intensive care postoperatively. Pulmonary resection surgery has no effect on left heart hemodynamics even for patients with postoperative arrhythmia.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.