隐原性机化性肺炎3例临床分析

目的提高隐原性机化性肺炎（COP）的诊断水平。方法对经肺穿刺活检或开胸活检病理确诊的3例COP患者的临床、影像学和病理学资料进行回顾性分析。结果 3例COP患者均表现为咳嗽和进行性呼吸困难。肺功能呈限制性通气功能障碍。胸部X线检查表现为肺弥漫性斑片状模糊阴影。病理学检查示肺泡腔粉红色纤维蛋白渗出物、机化增生的纤维束及成纤维细胞,伴淋巴细胞和组织细胞浸润。部分肺泡因纤维化而实变并形成片状纤维性团块。结论 COP的确诊需综合分析临床表现、影像学特点和病理学特征。     

急性纤维素性并机化性肺炎一例及文献复习

目的 提高对急性纤维素性并机化性肺炎(AFOP)临床与病理特点的认识.方法 分析2009年12月收治的1例AFOP患者临床资料及诊治经过,并复习相关文献.结果患者男,73岁,临床表现为发热、咳嗽、咳少量白痰,伴有呼吸困难逐渐加重,胸部CT示双肺多发团片状影和结节影.经抗生素及抗真菌治疗无效,呼吸困难加重,胸部CT示双肺团片状影和结节影增多.B超引导下经皮肺穿刺活检病理表现为肺泡间隔略增宽,可见淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,肺泡腔内可见纤维母细胞呈息肉状延伸(机化)伴纤维素样红染物质,未见中性粒细胞和嗜酸粒细胞浸润,病变符合AFOP.经糖皮质激素治疗后症状很快缓解,胸部影像学改变明显好转.本例的临床特征与文献报道的AFOP亚急性型相一致.结论 AFOP的临床特征缺乏特异性,主要呈急性肺损伤的临床表现,确立诊断主要依赖组织病理学检查.目前尚无统一的治疗方案,糖皮质激素是主要治疗措施,但其剂最和疗程也未明确,且在糖皮质激素治疗减量的过程中还有复发的可能.     

隐源性机化性肺炎随访期影像学演变23例分析

目的回顾性分析隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)采用或未采用糖皮质激素治疗随访期影像学的改变。方法选择南京中医药大学中西医结合鼓楼临床学院2004年11月至2011年7月收治的有临床表现、实验室检查、经活检诊断、影像学表现支持的COP患者42例,分析其中有随访期影像学检查资料的23例的影像学及临床改变演变特征。结果 23例COP患者中男12例,女11例,年龄16～80岁,平均51岁,随访时间平均为6.2个月,最短30 d,最长14个月。在起始的高分辨CT(HRCT)中,常见的肺部异常表现为多发性斑片状、气腔实变影、网状影,实变影主要分布在胸膜下区和双肺下叶,沿支气管血管束分布或随机分布,多数伴有磨玻璃影,牵拉性支气管扩张及条索状影,部分病例有病灶游走的表现。糖皮质激素治疗20例,1例病灶完全吸收,17例实变影、磨玻璃影等高密度影在一定范围内缩小,3例网格状阴影范围缩小,1例网格状阴影没有改变,2例出现双肺野的网格状阴影,2例复发。未用激素治疗3例,3例病灶均明显缩小。结论 20例(91%)COP对激素治疗有良好反应,大部分的患者(82%)在随访的CT中有剩余病灶,部分未采用激素治疗病例可自然缓解。随访期胸部CT追踪检查有利于了解治疗效果及预后。     

老年急性嗜酸粒细胞性肺炎1例及文献复习

目的：探讨急性嗜酸粒细胞性肺炎(acute eosinophilic pneumonia,AEP)患者的临床特点、诊治和预后,提高临床诊治水平。方法分析北京医院收治的1例老年男性 AEP 患者的临床、影像学和病理学特点,并结合文献复习加以总结。结果患者以咳嗽、咳痰、发热起病。胸部 CT 示双肺多发斑片影伴少量胸腔积液,抗感染治疗无效。经皮肺穿刺活检病理提示 AEP,给予糖皮质激素治疗后好转。结论 AEP 是一种少见病,易被误诊为细菌性肺炎,对糖皮质激素敏感,早期明确诊断,规范治疗,治愈后无复发,预后良好。     

干扰素治疗乙型肝炎引起急性间质性肺炎1例及文献复习

目的 分析干扰素所致间质性肺炎的临床、影像学和病理学特征及治疗.方法 通过对1例干扰素α-2b治疗乙型肝炎导致间质性肺炎患者的临床、影像学及病理学及治疗转归分析,分别复习干扰素α治疗乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎导致间质性肺炎的相关文献,总结其特征.结果 患者因慢性乙型肝炎单用重组人干扰素α-2b治疗5个月后出现咳嗽、进行性呼吸困难;体检肺部少许细湿啰音;血气分析示Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭.胸部CT示双肺多发磨玻璃影、网格状影.经纤维支气管镜肺活检组织病理显示急性肺泡损伤、间质纤维化.糖皮质激素治疗后,症状逐渐好转,随诊5个月病情相对稳定.检索国内外文献,未见有干扰素α治疗乙肝引起间质性肺炎的报道.把关键词乙型肝炎更换为丙型肝炎,则共检索到27例报道.主要症状是咳嗽(70.4%)、呼吸困难(77.8%)和发热(29.6%).出现症状的时间自用药后20 d至23周不等.除少数停药观察外,多数需要糖皮质激素治疗,死亡率为11.1%.结论 干扰素治疗乙型肝炎时可能诱发急性间质性肺炎,临床医师应提高警惕.     

呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺病和脱屑性间质性肺炎的比较分析

目的　探讨呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺病 (RBILD)的临床病理特点以及与脱屑性间质性肺炎 (DIP)的关系。方法　回顾性分析 1例经电视胸腔镜肺活检诊断为RBILD患者的临床表现、影像学和组织病理学特点、糖皮质激素治疗的效果和随访结果 ,并与 1例病理学确诊的DIP患者进行比较。结果　 2例患者均为 5 7岁男性 ,吸烟史分别为 2 4、30年。临床表现为咳嗽、咯痰、气促 ,双下肺闻及veclro音 ;肺功能检查显示RBILD患者为混合型通气功能障碍 ,DIP患者为限制性轻度通气功能障碍。胸部X线片显示 2例患者双肺均有散在斑点状、斑片状密度不均阴影 ;高分辨率CT表现为两肺散在分布的间质增厚影 ,部分呈网格状改变 ,以外周和下肺为主 ,DIP患者有磨玻璃影。病理特征 :RBILD表现为在呼吸性细支气管及周围气腔内有大量均一的含色素的巨噬细胞聚集 ,肺间质有轻度的纤维组织增生和慢性炎症 ;DIP的上述病变更明显和弥漫。 2例患者均对糖皮质激素治疗反应良好 ,经随访 3年余 ,患者病情稳定无复发。结论　RBILD和DIP在临床表现上不易区分 ,而开胸肺活检组织病理学检查可区分和明确诊断 ,两者有相似之处 ,可能为同一疾病实体。     

隐源性机化性肺炎的临床病理特征和影像学表现

目的探讨隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)的临床病理特征和影像学表现。方法分析5例隐源性机化性肺炎病例的临床特点、影像学表现、肺活检的病理特征,并复习相关文献。结果 COP常见的临床表现为咳嗽、进行性呼吸困难和吸气末肺部爆裂音。肺活检病理检查显示肺泡管、肺泡腔内见肉芽组织栓。胸部CT表现为含支气管充气征的实变阴影,伴或不伴磨玻璃影。患者对糖皮质激素治疗有显著疗效。结论临床表现结合影像学特点可提示COP临床诊断,肺活检是诊断COP有效的检查方法。     

多发性肌炎/皮肌炎合并肺间质性病变的临床特征

目的 回顾分析病理确诊的多发性肌炎/皮肌炎肺受累患者的临床、影像和病理学特征,以提高临床诊断水平.方法 1980年1月至2006年10月在北京协和医院住院,经病理确诊的多发性肌炎/皮肌炎肺受累患者共26例,其中6例进行尸检,5例行开胸肺活检或经胸腔镜肺活检,15例行经皮肺活检,进行临床、影像和病理学及预后综合分析.结果 26例患者的中位年龄为48岁(19～65岁),男10例,女16例.胸部X线主要表现为磨玻璃样变,双肺斑片状阴影和网格影.病理表现为弥漫性肺泡损伤(DAD)5例;淋巴细胞间质性肺炎2例;非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)富细胞型6例,混合型8例;机化性肺炎4例;普通型间质性肺炎(UIP)1例.所有患者均接受了泼尼松+环磷酰胺的治疗.中位随诊时间为15个月(6～108个月),中位生存期为21个月(1～253个月).26例患者中18例病情改善或稳定,8例死亡,其中5例病理表现为DAD,2例为NSIP混合型,1例为UIP.结论 多发性肌炎/皮肌炎肺受累患者的胸部CT及病理表现多样,病理诊断为DAD者预后差.     

16例隐源性机化性肺炎的临床分析

目的:探讨隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)的临床和影像学特征,提高临床诊断和治疗的水平。方法:回顾性分析我院2011年3月至2018年1月,确诊的16例COP的一般资料、临床表现、常规实验室检查、影像学特征、肺活检病理及治疗与转归。结果:16例患者中,男性9例,女性7例,男女比例为1.29∶1,年龄45~84岁,平均年龄(60.7±11.1)岁,从发病到确诊时间10d至7个月,中位确诊时间28(20,69)d,8例有主动吸烟或者被动吸烟史。所有患者均有呼吸道症状,发生率前3位的为咳嗽15例,咯痰11例,发热8例,胸部查体主要为病变部位的湿罗音。相对于白细胞正常或者轻度升高,C反应蛋白和血沉升高较明显。肺功能显示50%患者存在弥散功能和阻塞性通气功能障碍。胸部CT主要为磨玻璃影和实变影为主,分布以胸膜下和双下肺为主。6例经皮穿刺肺活检,5例经胸腔镜肺活检以及5例经纤支镜肺活检和支气管肺泡灌洗明确诊断,除5例患者行肺叶切除术,余11例行激素治疗,3例有复发,加量激素,延长疗程后,病情好转。结论:临床表现和胸部影像学特征对COP有提示作用,确诊需要病理,经皮肺穿刺或者经支气管镜肺活检结合支气管肺泡灌洗对临床确诊COP有较高价值。绝大多数COP对激素反应良好,此病预后良好。     

隐源性机化性肺炎18例的临床病理特征

目的回顾分析经病理确诊的隐源性机化性肺炎临床、病理和影像学特征,以提高临床诊断水平。方法1993年4月至2005年10月在北京协和医院住院、经病理确诊的机化性肺炎23例,对其进行临床、影像学和病理学综合分析。结果23例机化性肺炎中5例为药物引起或合并结缔组织病,18例为隐源性机化性肺炎(cryptogen ic organ izing pneumon itis,COP)。其中10例经皮肺活检或经支气管肺活检,8例开胸肺活检或经胸腔镜肺活检,男8例,女10例,年龄(53.5±11.0)岁。气短、咳嗽及肺部爆裂音及湿性啰音是主要的症状和体征。肺功能显示限制性通气功能障碍(11例)及弥散障碍(18例)。胸部CT表现为磨玻璃样变(4例),肺实变(13例)伴支气管充气征(3例),胸腔积液(4例)。支气管肺泡灌洗液中淋巴细胞占细胞总数的0.40±0.16,中性粒细胞为0.15±0.08,嗜酸粒细胞为0.05±0.03;CD4/CD8为0.43±0.21。所有患者均给予糖皮质激素治疗。16例患者经随诊(8.67±6.21)个月仍存活,临床缓解或病情稳定。1例患者对糖皮质激素反应差,死于进行性加重的呼吸衰竭。另1例患者糖皮质激素治疗后出现肺部感染,死于感染性休克。结论临床表现及影像学特征对COP的诊断有一定的提示作用,但确诊需依靠病理检查。经皮肺活检或经支气管镜肺活检结合支气管肺泡灌洗液检查,对临床诊断隐源性机化性肺炎有较高的价值。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.