支气管内脂肪瘤二例报道并文献复习

目的 了解支气管内脂肪瘤临床特征.方法 复习国内发表的有病理证据的支气管内脂肪瘤的病例,结合近期北京医院收治的2例支气管内脂肪瘤病例进行分析.结果 40例患者中,男31例,女9例,平均年龄(53±11)岁,其中37例瘤体位于气管、主支气管及叶支气管.主要症状包括咳嗽、胸闷、发热、咯血等.30例胸部CT可见脂肪或软组织密度气道内肿物影,仅9例经气管镜活检诊断.32例患者最终选择外科手术治疗,7例行气管镜介入治疗.结论 胸部CT和气管镜介入检查均为诊断支气管内脂肪瘤的有效手段,支气管内脂肪瘤首选经气管镜进行气管、支气管腔内治疗.     

40例纵隔及支气管旁淋巴结结核CT及气管镜检查特点分析

对40例经手术病理及气管镜活检病理检查等确诊的纵隔淋巴结结核患者的CT及气管镜检查特征进行回顾性分析.结果 CT示病灶不均匀强化、环形强化、分隔样强化,液化及钙化较少;气管镜示支气管腔内大小不等、高低不平结节灶,部分溃破有乳白色豆渣样脓性物,或伴管腔肿胀阻塞狭窄.认为纵隔及气管旁淋巴结结核在CT扫描及气管镜下有特征性表现,此有利于临床诊断与鉴别诊断.     

以体位相关性咳喘为主要症状的女性Mounier-Kuhn综合征一例并文献复习

<正>Mounier-Kuhn 综合征(MKS)又称为气管支气管巨大症(tracheobronchomegaly, TBM),是一种罕见的呼吸系统疾病,以不明原因的气管、支气管扩大为主要特征,通常伴有气管、支气管憩室、呼气相气道塌陷、     

支气管色素沉着纤维化4例并文献复习

目的 分析支气管色素沉着纤维化的临床特点及发病原因.方法 对4例支气管色素沉着纤维化患者的病史、影像学特征、气管镜下表现及病理特征等进行分析,并结合文献加以总结.结果 气管镜下表现为支气管黏膜有不同程度的黑色素沉着,多叶、段支气管有较明显的支气管狭窄或闭塞.肺CT多表现为肺内斑片实变影、纵隔或肺门淋巴结肿大、肺内弥漫性小结节影、支气管狭窄及肺不张,易误诊为肺癌.病理表现为支气管黏膜慢性炎症或肉芽肿伴黑色素沉着,支气管周围严重纤维化.结论 支气管色素沉着纤维化是一种临床综合征,结核、尘肺、自身免疫性疾病等均可能出现此种表现.     

气管支气管巨大症临床特征及影像学表现

目的 探讨气管支气管巨大症的临床诊断及治疗,提高对气管支气管巨大症的认识.方法 分析气管支气管巨大症的临床特点、影像学表现、纤维支气管镜特征及临床诊断,并复习相关文献.结果 患者以反复咳嗽、咳黄脓痰、阵发性胸闷气促为特点,胸部CT检查显示气管、左右主支气管直径明显增大,纤维支气管镜下显示气管、支气管管腔扩张,软骨显露明...     

气管支气管结核早期多层螺旋CT诊断（附22例报告分析）

目的了解气管支气管结核的早期16层螺旋CT影像表现，评价多层螺旋CT诊断支气管结核的价值。方法对22例经手术病理和纤维支气管镜活检证实的气管支气管结核分别进行MPR重建成像，分析其影像学表现。结果支气管结核的16层螺旋CT表现有以下特点：（1）多支段受累，好发于上肺叶及中肺叶；（2）病变支气管范围长，多为主支气管、叶支气管、段支气管连续或间断受累；（3）管腔多为不规则狭窄；（4）管壁多为不规则增厚，密度增高或钙化。22例气管支气管结核患者中，16支病变支气管表现为支气管壁不同程度向心性增厚，内壁呈浅波浪状。22例均合并肺内结核，肺内结核病灶多数分布于病变支气管所属肺组织。结论16层螺旋CT对显示气管、支气管内膜结核的累及范围有一定的优势，对支气管结核的早期诊断及治疗方法的选择有较高的临床应用价值。     

CT测定气管、支气管径线值及其价值

目的　探讨 CT测定气管、左右主支气管经线值的方法并给出测定的经线值。方法　应用 CT摄片的方法测定了入住我院拟行肺手术病人 14 1例的气管、左右主支气管的内径和左右主支气管的长度。结果　 114 1例病人 CT测量值 :气管内径 14 .3± 2 .1mm ,左主支气管内径 11.4± 1.6 mm,长 4 1.4± 3.8mm,右主支气管内径12 .9± 2 .1mm ,长 17.4± 3.2 mm。均偏小。 2所测 14 1例病人的气管、支气管的径线值存在较大的个体差异。结论　通过 CT测定气管、左右主支气管经线值的方法准确可靠。国人气管、支气管经线值偏小 ,并有很大的个体差异。     

临床医生对小儿气管及支气管异物CT阅片要点分析

目的探讨气管、支气管异物在CT中的不同表现形式,总结出一定的规律,对气管、支气管异物的诊断、术前的评估和手术器械的选择起到指导作用。方法选取贺州市人民医院2012年1月—2017年5月收治的气管、支气管异物患儿127例。通过详细询问病史,了解气管、支气管异物吸入的种类,时间的长短;通过仔细阅读CT,对气管、支气管异物做出明确诊断并了解气管、支气管异物的大小、位置,对患儿术前进行详细的评估和选择合适的手术器械。结果本研究的气管、支气管异物均1次手术成功取出。易碎异物常需多次钳取,1次取出105例(82.68%),2次取出16例(12.60%),3次及以上取出6例(4.72%)。手术时间为(1.7±1.4)min。本研究未出现窒息、喉痉挛、气管支气管壁损伤、气胸及纵隔气肿、异物残留、双侧支气管异物漏诊等并发症。结论术前详细阅读CT片,对气管、支气管异物做出明确的诊断,避免对小儿气管、支气管异物的误诊和漏诊。明确气管、支气管异物的类型和位置,并选用合适的手术器械从容操作,可提高手术的精确性和安全性,避免因紧张或盲目操作带来的意外损伤和手术并发症的发生。     

气管支气管软化症致体位性呼吸困难1例并文献复习

目的 分析总结气管支气管软化症的临床特点及诊治要点.方法 分析报告山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)呼吸科收治的气管支气管软化症病例1例,并结合相关文献进行复习.以“气管支气管软化症”为关键词检索中国知网,万方、维普数据库;以“tracheobronchomalacia”为关键词检索pubmed数据库.检索时间自1973年1月至2015年12月.结果 通过检索pubmed和万方、维普、中国知网数据库中有关气管支气管软化症病变的文献共检索到741篇.结论 气管支气管软化症在临床上易误诊漏诊,常规检查缺乏特异性,CT及电子支气管镜检查对于难以诊断的病例具有重要价值.     

医源性支气管损伤1例及治疗经验的探讨

正气管支气管损伤可分自发性、外伤性、医源性损伤。其中医源性气管支气管损伤主要发生于手术操作的误伤、气管插管导致的损伤,其导致的相关并发症临床表现不一。气管支气管损伤诊断主要依靠CT及纤维支气管镜检查。目前尚无系统的治疗方案,主要分为保守治疗、手术治疗或先保守治疗后手术治疗。本文主要分享1例医源性支气管损伤并破裂的病例,分析并总结医源性气管支气管损伤的最佳治疗方案,为临床医生提供参考。病例资料患者男性,72岁,     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.