Sunitinib对支气管哮喘气道重塑小鼠模型Erk通路和cyclin D1表达的影响

目的探讨sunitinib对支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)气道重塑的干预作用及可能的作用机制。方法 18只BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、哮喘组以及sunitinib组,每组6只;以卵清蛋白(OVA)致敏、激发,建立慢性哮喘气道重塑模型。Sunitinib组每次雾化吸入前半小时给予sunitinib(40mg/kg)灌胃给药。OVA末次激发结束后24h处死小鼠,HE染色观察气道炎症及形态学改变,采用ELISA法检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中IL-4、IL-13和血清总IgE的表达,免疫组织化学法观察肺组织增殖细胞核抗原(proliferatingcell nuclear antigen,PCNA)、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)表达水平。蛋白印记法(Westernblot)测定细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,Erk)蛋白磷酸化水平及细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)的表达。结果 HE染色示哮喘组小鼠黏膜下层和平滑肌层增厚,管腔狭窄,大量炎性细胞浸润,sunitinib组上述改变较哮喘组为轻;sunitinib干预后哮喘小鼠BALF中Th2细胞因子IL-4、IL-13和血清总IgE以及肺组织羟脯氨酸含量显著降低(P0.01)。哮喘组小鼠气道PCNA阳性细胞百分比、α-SMA表达及肺组织Erk磷酸化水平、cyclin D1蛋白表达较对照组明显升高(P0.01),sunitinib干预后其表达均降低(P0.01)。结论 Sunitinib可能通过抑制Erk途径影响cyclin D1的表达,抑制了慢性哮喘模型中气道平滑肌的增殖,发挥抗气道重塑作用。     

布地奈德上调支气管哮喘小鼠肺组织IDO、抑制气道炎症和气道高反应性的研究

目的 研究布地奈德对急性支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)模型小鼠肺组织吲哚胺-2,3双加氧酶(IDO)表达、气道炎症和气道高反应性的干预作用.方法 18只SPF级BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常组、哮喘组、布地奈德组.卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏和激发建立哮喘模型.末次激发24 h后,测定气道对乙酰胆碱的反应性,HE染色观察气道炎症细胞浸润,ELISA法检测血清总IgE、OVA特异性IgE(OVA-sIgE)以及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF) Th2细胞因子(IL-4和IL-13).Western blot检测肺组织IDO蛋白表达.结果 正常组小鼠气道阻力随乙酰胆碱浓度增加仅轻度增加,哮喘组气道阻力较正常组显著增高,布地奈德组气道阻力较哮喘组显著下降(P＜0.05);哮喘组血清总IgE和OVA-sIgE、BALF炎症细胞总数和嗜酸粒细胞分类计数、Th2细胞因子水平较正常组显著增高,布地奈德组炎症指标较哮喘组显著降低(P＜0.05);哮喘组肺组织IDO)较正常组显著下降,布地奈德组肺组织IDO较哮喘组显著增高(P＜0.05).结论 布地奈德抑制急性哮喘模型气道炎症和气道高反应性,可能与上调肺组织IDO有关.     

粉防己碱抑制支气管哮喘小鼠肺组织核因子-κB和诱导型一氧化氮合酶的研究

目的：探讨粉防己碱对支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)小鼠肺组织核因子-κB(NF-κB)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达、气道炎症和气道高反应性的影响。方法将32只 SPF 级 BALB/c 小鼠随机分为正常组、哮喘组、地塞米松组(激素组)和粉防己碱组(Tet 组)。卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏和激发建立哮喘小鼠模型。末次激发24 h 后,肺功能仪测定小鼠气道阻力;HE 染色观察气道炎症细胞浸润;ELISA 检测血清总 IgE、OVA 特异性 IgE(OVA-sIgE)及 BALF 中 Th2细胞因子 IL-4和 IL-13水平;显微镜下计BALF 中细胞总数,瑞氏染色计嗜酸粒细胞分类计数;Western blot 检测肺组织 NF-κB 和 iNOS 蛋白表达水平。结果与正常组比较,哮喘组气道阻力、气道炎症浸润、BALF 炎症细胞总数和嗜酸粒细胞分类计数、血清总 IgE 和 OVA-sIgE、BALF 中 IL-4和 IL-13以及 NF-κB 和 iNOS 蛋白表达水平均显著增高(P <0.05);与哮喘组比较,激素和 Tet 干预组上述各项指标均显著降低(P <0.05)。结论粉防己碱可下调哮喘小鼠肺组织 NF-κB 和 iNOS 表达并抑制气道炎症和气道高反应性。     

布地奈德上调支气管哮喘小鼠肺组织IDO、抑制气道炎症和气道高反应性的研究

目的研究布地奈德对急性支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)模型小鼠肺组织吲哚胺-2,3双加氧酶(IDO)表达、气道炎症和气道高反应性的干预作用。方法 18只SPF级BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常组、哮喘组、布地奈德组。卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏和激发建立哮喘模型。末次激发24h后,测定气道对乙酰胆碱的反应性,HE染色观察气道炎症细胞浸润,ELISA法检测血清总IgE、OVA特异性IgE(OVA-sIgE)以及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)Th2细胞因子(IL-4和IL-13)。Western blot检测肺组织IDO蛋白表达。结果正常组小鼠气道阻力随乙酰胆碱浓度增加仅轻度增加,哮喘组气道阻力较正常组显著增高,布地奈德组气道阻力较哮喘组显著下降(P0.05);哮喘组血清总IgE和OVA-sIgE、BALF炎症细胞总数和嗜酸粒细胞分类计数、Th2细胞因子水平较正常组显著增高,布地奈德组炎症指标较哮喘组显著降低(P0.05);哮喘组肺组织IDO较正常组显著下降,布地奈德组肺组织IDO较哮喘组显著增高(P0.05)。结论布地奈德抑制急性哮喘模型气道炎症和气道高反应性,可能与上调肺组织IDO有关。     

地塞米松对哮喘小鼠气道平滑肌细胞中胸腺活化调节趋化因子表达的影响

目的探讨胸腺活化调节趋化因子(TARC)在哮喘小鼠气道平滑肌细胞中的表达及地塞米松对TARC的影响。方法 36只小鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、哮喘模型组(B组)、地塞米松治疗组(C组),每组12只。以卵白蛋白OVA和氢氧化铝混悬液致敏及OVA激发建立哮喘小鼠模型。行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)沉渣白细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)计数,HE染色观察肺组织病理改变,应用酶联免疫吸附实验测定血清及BALF中TARC、IL-4的浓度,并用免疫组织化学的方法测定气道平滑肌细胞中TARC蛋白的表达量。结果 B组白细胞及EOS计数明显高于A、C组(P<0.01),C组EOS计数高于A组(P<0.05)。B组血清及BALF中TARC及IL-4的浓度显著高于A、C组(P<0.01);C组血清、BALF中TARC的浓度低于B组(P<0.01)。B组气道平滑肌细胞中TARC蛋白表达量较A、C组显著增高(P<0.01)。小鼠血清、BALF中TARC浓度与IL-4浓度呈正相关(r=0.669、0.845,P均<0.01)。结论 TARC在哮喘组小鼠肺组织气道平滑肌细胞中的蛋白表达量较正常组明显增多,地塞米松可能通过减少IL-4的分泌从而抑制TARC的表达。     

H2型松弛素对慢性支气管哮喘小鼠气道重塑与肺组织细胞周期蛋白D1表达的影响

目的 研究H2型松弛素(H2Relaxin)对慢性支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)模型小鼠气道重塑及肺组织细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1)表达的影响,探素松弛素在哮喘治疗中的可能作用.方法 将40只BALB/c小鼠按随机数字表法分为健康对照组、哮喘组、阴性对照组(vehicle)、松弛素组4组,每组10只;卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏、激发建立慢性哮喘小鼠模型;vehicle组和松弛素组每日分别给予生理盐水和松弛素(0.25 mg·kg-1 ·d-1)皮下注射.HE和马森(Masson)染色观察各组小鼠气道炎症及胶原沉积情况;采用免疫组织化学半定量法测定气道壁α-平滑肌肌动蛋白( α-SMA)的表达;酶联免疫吸附测定( ELISA)法检测肺组织羟脯氨酸含量;用逆转录-PCR(RT-PCR)及免疫印迹法(Western blot)分别测定各组小鼠肺组织中cyclin D1mRNA和蛋白表达水平.结果 哮喘组、vehicle 组与健康对照组相比,嗜酸粒细胞浸润增多,气道管腔狭窄,平滑肌层增厚,胶原纤维增生,而松弛素组上述改变较此2组轻.与健康对照组相比,哮喘组、vehicle组小鼠支气管α-SMA阳性染色面积/支气管基底膜周径显著增加(均P ＜0.05),松弛素组小鼠支气管α-SMA阳性染色面积/支气管基底膜周径低于哮喘组和vehicle组(均P＜0.05);哮喘组和vehicle组小鼠羟脯氨酸含量[每克肺组织中分别为(0.68±0.10)mg、(0.67±0.10) mg]高于健康对照组的(0.26±0.05)mg(q值分别为16.61和16.01,均P＜0.01),松弛素组小鼠羟脯氨酸含量为(0.40±0.06)mg,低于哮喘组和vehicle组(q值分别为10.88和10.26,均P＜0.05);Western blot检测结果显示,cyclin D1在哮喘组、vehicle组和松弛素组的表达(分别为1.38±0.18、1.50±0.10和0.72±0.13)高于健康对照组的0.38±0.10(q值分别为13.00、14.65和4.49,均P＜0.05),而松弛素组表达量低于哮喘组与vehicle组(q值分别为8.51和10.16,均P＜0.05).哮喘组与vehicle组各项检测指标间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 松弛素可以显著减轻慢性哮喘小鼠气道炎症反应和平滑肌层的增厚,延缓哮喘小鼠气道重塑进程,该作用可能部分与其下调cyclin D1表达有关.     

转化生长因子β1Ⅰ型受体拮抗剂对支气管哮喘小鼠气道炎症及气道重塑的影响

目的 研究转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)Ⅰ型受体拮抗剂SB 431542对慢性支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)小鼠模型气道炎症及气道重塑的影响,为哮喘的治疗提供新思路.方法 将40只BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常组、哮喘组、布地奈德组及SB 431542组,每组10只;卵清蛋白(OVA)致敏、激发建立慢性哮喘小鼠模型;布地奈德组和SB 431542组分别给予布地奈德雾化吸入和SB 431542滴鼻,每周3次.HE和Masson染色观察各组小鼠气道炎症及胶原沉积情况;AB-PAS染色观察杯状细胞增生情况;免疫组织化学半定量法测定气道壁α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测BALF中IL-4、IL-5、TGF-β1、MMP-9、TIMP-1水平及血清总IgE水平;免疫印迹法(Western blot)测定各组小鼠肺组织中Smad3、p-Smad3及Smad7蛋白表达.结果 哮喘组与正常组相比,嗜酸粒细胞浸润增多,气道管腔狭窄,平滑肌层增厚,胶原纤维增生;布地奈德组上述改变均较哮喘组轻;SB 431542组嗜酸粒细胞浸润较哮喘组减轻,但仍高于正常组及布地奈德组,平滑肌层增厚、胶原纤维增生较哮喘组明显减轻(P＜0.05),与布地奈德组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与正常组比较,哮喘组小鼠支气管AB-PAS及α-SMA 阳性染色面积/支气管基底膜周径显著增加(P＜0.05),布地奈德组及SB 431542组小鼠支气管AB-PAS及α-SMA 阳性染色面积/支气管基底膜周径低于哮喘组(P＜0.05).哮喘组气道炎症指标(血清总IgE、IL-4、IL-5及TGF-β1)显著高于正常组(P＜0.05),布地奈德组上述指标低于哮喘组(P＜0.05),SB 431542组与哮喘组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).MMP-9、TIMP-1在哮喘组的表达明显高于正常组(P＜0.05),在布地奈德组及SB 43542组的表达低于哮喘组(P＜0.05),两治疗组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Western blot检测显示,各组小鼠肺组织Smad3的表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);哮喘组p-Smad3表达明显高于正常组(P＜0.05),布地奈德组及SB 431542组p-Smad3表达低于哮喘组(P＜0.05);与正常组比较,哮喘组Smad7表达降低(P＜0.05),布地奈德组及SB 431542组Smad7表达高于哮喘组(P＜0.05),且这两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 SB 431542能显著减轻哮喘小鼠细胞外基质沉积及平滑肌增厚,延缓哮喘小鼠气道重塑进程,该作用可能部分与其调节MMP-9、TIMP-1的表达有关.SB 431542对哮喘小鼠气道炎症浸润无明显改善,说明哮喘气道炎症可能不依赖于TGF-β1/Smads通路.     

转化生长因子β1Ⅰ型受体拮抗剂对支气管哮喘小鼠气道炎症及气道重塑的影响

目的 研究转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)Ⅰ型受体拮抗剂SB 431542对慢性支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)小鼠模型气道炎症及气道重塑的影响,为哮喘的治疗提供新思路.方法 将40只BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常组、哮喘组、布地奈德组及SB 431542组,每组10只;卵清蛋白(OVA)致敏、激发建立慢性哮喘小鼠模型;布地奈德组和SB 431542组分别给予布地奈德雾化吸入和SB 431542滴鼻,每周3次.HE和Masson染色观察各组小鼠气道炎症及胶原沉积情况;AB-PAS染色观察杯状细胞增生情况;免疫组织化学半定量法测定气道壁α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测BALF中IL-4、IL-5、TGF-β1、MMP-9、TIMP-1水平及血清总IgE水平;免疫印迹法(Western blot)测定各组小鼠肺组织中Smad3、p-Smad3及Smad7蛋白表达.结果 哮喘组与正常组相比,嗜酸粒细胞浸润增多,气道管腔狭窄,平滑肌层增厚,胶原纤维增生;布地奈德组上述改变均较哮喘组轻;SB 431542组嗜酸粒细胞浸润较哮喘组减轻,但仍高于正常组及布地奈德组,平滑肌层增厚、胶原纤维增生较哮喘组明显减轻(P ＜0.05),与布地奈德组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与正常组比较,哮喘组小鼠支气管AB-PAS及a-SMA阳性染色面积/支气管基底膜周径显著增加(P＜0.05),布地奈德组及SB 431542组小鼠支气管AB-PAS及α-SMA阳性染色面积/支气管基底膜周径低于哮喘组(P＜0.05).哮喘组气道炎症指标(血清总IgE、IL-4、IL-5及TGF-β1)显著高于正常组(P＜0.05),布地奈德组上述指标低于哮喘组(P ＜0.05),SB 431542组与哮喘组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).MMP-9、TIMP-1在哮喘组的表达明显高于正常组(P＜0.05),在布地奈德组及SB 43542组的表达低于哮喘组(P＜0.05),两治疗组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Western blot检测显示,各组小鼠肺组织Smad3的表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);哮喘组p-Smad3表达明显高于正常组(P＜0.05),布地奈德组及SB431542组p-Smad3表达低于哮喘组(P＜0.05);与正常组比较,哮喘组Smad7表达降低(P＜0.05),布地奈德组及SB 431542组Smad7表达高于哮喘组(P＜0.05),且这两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 SB 431542能显著减轻哮喘小鼠细胞外基质沉积及平滑肌增厚,延缓哮喘小鼠气道重塑进程,该作用可能部分与其调节MMP-9、TIMP-1的表达有关.SB 431542对哮喘小鼠气道炎症浸润无明显改善,说明哮喘气道炎症可能不依赖于TGF-β1/Smads通路.     

急性期和慢性期哮喘小鼠模型在哮喘致病过程中的对比研究

目的 比较卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)诱导的急性期和慢性期哮喘小鼠模型在气道炎症、气道重塑和气道高反应方面的差异,明确在哮喘致病过程中肺组织的病理变化.方法 48只BALB/c小鼠随机分为急性组和慢性组,其中急性组包括正常对照组(A1组)和急性哮喘组(A2组),慢性组包括正常对照组(B1组)和慢性哮喘组(B2组).OVA致敏和激发方法分别构建急性早期哮喘模型和慢性期哮喘模型后,测定气道阻力,BALF细胞计数和分类计数,酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测IL-4、IL-5、转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ).HE染色观察气道炎症,AB-PAS和Masson染色测定气道重塑.结果 与正常小鼠相比,A2组和B2组小鼠气道阻力均明显升高,但B2组小鼠气道阻力在基础值即发生明显改变.相比于慢性组哮喘小鼠,急性组哮喘小鼠BALF中细胞总数和嗜酸粒细胞数,IL-4、IL-5和IFN-γ水平,肺组织气道血管周围炎症细胞聚集,以及气道黏液分泌水平等炎症性改变更为明显.相比于A2组,B2组哮喘小鼠BALF中TGF-β1和VEGF水平,气道平滑肌增厚,上皮下胶原沉积,上皮下纤维化等改变更为显著.结论 在急性早期哮喘中主要是以炎症性改变为主,但在哮喘早期即开始出现轻度的重塑性改变;而在慢性期哮喘中虽然存在炎症性改变,但影响哮喘症状的因素却主要以器质性改变为主.     

TGF-β1在哮喘小鼠气道组织中的表达及吡非尼酮的干预作用

目的 观察TGF-β1致支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）小鼠气道黏液高分泌的机制及吡非尼酮的干预作用.方法 选择45只BALB/c雌性小鼠,按随机数字法分为5组：正常对照组（A组,9只）、哮喘组（B组,9只）、哮喘/强的松干预组（C组,9只）、哮喘/吡非尼酮干预组（D组,9只）、哮喘/羧甲基纤维素钠组（E组,9只）.除A组用生理盐水致敏和激发外,其余各组均于第0、10天用0.1 mL鸡卵清蛋白（OVA）和氢氧化铝凝胶混合液致敏,第14天开始每天用1％ OVA激发30 min,连续激发7d.每次激发前1h用药物干预,给药途径灌胃给药.测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中炎症细胞总数和细胞分类计数,以及IL-4和TNF-α水平;采用AB-PAS对气道杯状细胞进行染色,用免疫组织化学法检测气道Muc5ac和肺组织中的TGF-β1蛋白表达.结果 C组BALF中的炎症细胞总数、嗜酸细胞和淋巴细胞分类组、IL-4、TNF-α水平,气道杯状细胞及气道Muc5 ac蛋白较B组明显减低（P均＜0.01）,但两组肺组织中的TGF-β1水平比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.D组BALF中的TNF-α、IL-4水平,气道杯状细胞及Muc5ac和TGF-β1蛋白表达显著低于A组（P均＜0.01）.结论 TGF-β1在哮喘小鼠肺组织中的表达明显增加,其变化与气道Muc5ac蛋白表达密切相关;吡非尼酮能有效抑制肺组织TGF-β1表达而降低气道黏液高分泌;提示TGF-β1在哮喘气道黏液高分泌中可能起重要作用.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。