大鼠视神经夹伤模型中莫尼定的视网膜节细胞保护作用

目的 :研究莫尼定对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法 :实验用SD大鼠 2 0只随机分为用药组 8只和对照组 12只。所有大鼠右眼用 40 g微型视神经夹紧贴球后夹持视神经 60秒 ,左眼未做夹持。用药组于夹伤前1小时及夹伤后每日腹腔注射莫尼定 1mg/kg ,阴性对照组于夹伤前 1小时及夹伤后每日腹腔注射生理盐水 5ml/kg ,实验观察2 8天。实验结束前 4天双上丘注射 3 %荧光金逆行标记视网膜神经节细胞。做视网膜铺片 ,距离视乳头中心上下左右各2mm拍摄照片 ,使用CPAS图像分析软件做节细胞定量分析 ,节细胞存活率 =右眼节细胞密度 /左眼节细胞密度× 10 0。结果 :用药组、对照组节细胞存活率分别为 61 0 1%和 53 48% ,两者之间存在显著性差异 (P =0 .0 3 5)。结论 :在大鼠视神经夹伤模型中 ,莫尼定具有明显的视网膜节细胞保护作用     

FK506 blocks activation of the intrinsic caspase cascade after optic nerve crush

Retinal ganglion cells die by apoptosis after optic nerve crush. FK506 has been shown to be neuroprotective in this model but the mechanism(s) by which it exerts these actions remains unknown. We and others have shown that caspase 9 is cleaved in the retina in other injury models and we hypothesized that the neuroprotection observed with FK506 was mediated by interference with caspase 9 activation. The present study examined the cellular localization of caspase 9 cleavage after intraorbital optic nerve crush in rats, the time course of caspase 9 cleavage after optic nerve crush and the ability of orally administered FK506 to block caspase 9 cleavage after optic nerve crush. We show by immunohistochemistry that cleaved caspase 9 is present in retinal ganglion cells (identified by prior backlabelling) after optic nerve crush. Immunoblot analysis showed that caspase 9 cleavage is significantly elevated 5 and 8 days after optic nerve crush. We show that orally administered FK506 reaches the retina and is pharmacologically active in retinal tissue. Furthermore, the oral administration of FK506 5 mg kg(-1) day(-1) blocks the cleavage of caspase 9 at both time points. These data suggest that caspase 9 activation may play an important role in retinal ganglion cell death following optic nerve crush and that the neuroprotection seen with FK506 may be mediated by interfering with the activation of caspase 9.     

经瞳孔温热疗法对大鼠视神经钳夹视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的探讨经瞳孔温热疗法（TTT）阈下反应对BN大鼠视神经钳夹后视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的保护作用。方法采用阈下TTT对BN大鼠视网膜进行照射后3d,通过逆行标记RGCs的方法,对TTT＋视神经钳夹组（A组）、TTT＋假手术组（B组）、单纯视神经钳夹组（C组）和空白对照组（D组）在视神经钳夹后1、2、4周进行RGCs计数并比较;检测视网膜TTT阈下反应的热休克蛋白70（HSP70）表达;观察TTT阈下反应对视网膜的影响。结果视神经钳夹后4周,A组RGCs数显著高于C组（P=0.006）,而1周和2周时2组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;各时间点B组和D组的RGCs数差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。视网膜经阈下TTT干预后,HSP70表达高于对照眼。阈下TTT照射能引起视网膜组织形态上的改变。结论阈下TTT可显著提高视神经钳夹4周后RGCs的存活数量;其保护机制可能与诱导视网膜内源性HSP70表达、启动内源性保护机制有关。     

银杏叶提取物对兔视神经夹伤后视网膜视神经节细胞的保护作用

目的:研究EGb761对视神经夹伤后兔视网膜视神经节细胞(RGC)的保护作用。方法:大白兔24只,右眼为实验组,左眼为对照组,制作视神经夹伤模型。右眼球后注射EGb761(60mg/kg),左眼球后注射等容量平衡盐液BSS。于伤后4,7,14d取材,应用病理图像分析仪计数RGC;并进行髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的免疫组化染色分析。结果:伤后3~14d,两组RGC数目均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);实验组RGC数目明显高于盐水组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);伤后两组均有MBP阳性表达,BSS组表现为强阳性;实验组MBP表达呈下降趋势,14d表达呈弱阳性;BSS组表达也随时间有所减弱,但14d时表达仍明显;不同时间点实验组RGC阳性率均低于BSS组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:EGb761能降低视神经夹伤后MBP的含量,提高RGC的存活数量。     

Phenytoin blocks retinal ganglion cell death after partial optic nerve crush

Phenytoin is a well-characterized sodium channel blocker in widespread use as an anticonvulsant. In 1972, Becker and co-workers reported that phenytoin could reverse visual field loss from glaucoma. The authors therefore explored whether phenytoin could protect retinal ganglion cells from optic nerve crush. The optic nerve of Long-Evans rats was partially crushed; animals were given a single dose of either intraperitoneal phenytoin or vehicle. A third group underwent sham optic nerve crush. In a second set of experiments, the effect of phenytoin was compared to the N -methyl- D -receptor antagonist, memantine. Retinal ganglion survival was evaluated 1 week later. In addition, the effect of memantine and phenytoin on glutamate-induced intracellular calcium fluxes was evaluated.Phenytoin and memantine significantly reduced ganglion cell loss after optic nerve crush, and blunted the rise in intracellular calcium seen after administration of glutamate. Co-administration of the two agents, however, did not increase ganglion cell survival, and had no effect on ganglion cell calcium fluxes. Phenytoin can preserve retinal ganglion cells after partial optic nerve crush. This effect was not additive with a glutamate antagonist, suggesting that both agents alone are equally protective at saving the same population of ganglion cells at risk. In fact, the neuroprotective effect of the combined administration of phenytoin and memantine was significantly less than either of the two drugs alone. Phenytoin is known to decrease neuronal firing and neurotransmitter release; this may underlie its ability to serve as a neuro-protectant in this experimental paradigm.     

杞贞胶囊对大鼠视网膜节细胞的保护作用

目的通过大鼠视神经夹伤模型,探讨杞贞胶囊对视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法50只大鼠随机分为5组,每组10只,右眼制作视神经夹伤模型。阴性对照组、阳性对照组及低、中、高剂量组分别用生理盐水、4.69%益脉康及低(16.4g生药/100ml)、中(32.8g生药/100ml)、高(65.6g生药/100ml)剂量的杞贞胶囊溶液灌胃给药,每日1次,持续4周。动物安死术前5d逆行标记节细胞,用彩色颗粒分析软件计数节细胞。结果阴性对照组、阳性对照组和低、中、高剂量组节细胞平均存活率分别为(40.88±12.50)%、(59.34±9.19)%、(52.66±12.52)%、(59.39±7.45)%和(63.00±8.95)%。阴性对照组与低剂量组之间差异具有显著性(P=0.014),阴性对照组与阳性对照组、中、高剂量组之间差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。结论杞贞胶囊能有效地保护视网膜神经节细胞,随着给药剂量的增加,作用逐渐增强。益脉康也具有视网膜神经节细胞保护作用。     

饱和氢气水对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞保护作用的实验研究

 目的 探索饱和氢气水对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）的保护作用。设计 实验研究。研究对象 SPF级SD大鼠18只。方法 对18只大鼠采用随机数表法随机分为3组,每组6只。均选取右眼为实验眼,左眼为正常对照眼。使用40 g微型视神经夹在大鼠视神经球后2 mm处夹持60 s建立视神经夹伤模型。A组给予饱和氢气水腹腔注射,5 ml/kg,每日1次;B组和C组分别给予饱和氢气水和生理盐水滴眼,每次1滴,每日3次。用药第9天,麻醉下采用3%荧光金双上丘两点注射法逆行标记大鼠RGC,第14天深麻醉下取眼球并处死动物,行视网膜定向铺片,距离视乳头中心上下左右各2 mm 拍摄照片,盲法计数RGC。主要指标 RGC存活率。结果 A组、B组和C组RGC存活率分别为40.35%±13.04%、58.34%±14.00%和43.07%±7.80%（F=3.965, P=0.041）。其中B组与A组和C组之间均有显著性差异（P=0.020;P=0.042）;A组和C组之间无显著性差异（P=0.698）。结论 饱和氢气水滴眼2周对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞可能具有一定的保护作用。（眼科,2014, 23： 107-110）     

米诺环素在小鼠视神经钳夹伤后早期对视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

背景 米诺环素在多种中枢神经系统疾病的动物模型及临床试验中显示出神经保护效应,但是否对视神经损伤有保护作用研究尚少. 目的 探讨米诺环素在小鼠视神经钳夹伤后对视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的保护作用及其作用机制.方法 采用随机数字表法将136只清洁级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成正常对照组8只、生理盐水组64只和米诺环素组64只.正常对照组不做任何处理,生理盐水组和米诺环素组用反向镊钳夹小鼠左眼视神经3s以建立视神经钳夹伤动物模型,造模后米诺环素组立即以45 mg/（kg＆#183;d）的剂量腹腔内注射米诺环素0.4ml,造模后24 h注射剂量减半,以后每日注射1次,直至处死,生理盐水组小鼠以同样的方式注射等容量的生理盐水.两组小鼠分别于造模后第4、7、11、14天处死并制备视网膜铺片,用4＆#39;,6＆#39;-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）染色法观察各组小鼠RGCs层细胞密度的变化.取各时间点小鼠眼球制作视网膜冰冻切片,采用TUNEL法测定RGCs的凋亡;采用实时定量PCR（real-time PCR）法检测各组小鼠视网膜小胶质细胞表面CD11b mRNA的表达.结果 在视神经损伤后第4天和第7天,生理盐水组小鼠RGCs层的细胞密度分别为（77.50±2.38）个/0.01 mm2和（70.00±2.94）个/0.01 mm2,明显低于米诺环素组的（88.75±2.36）个/0.01 mm2和（81.00±3.92）个/0.01 mm2,差异均有统计学意义（t4d=-6.708,P＜0.01;t7d=-4.491,P＜0.01）;生理盐水组RGCs凋亡数分别为（12±1）个/mm和（4±1）个/mm,明显多于米诺环素组的（4±1）个/mm和（1±0）个/mm,差异均有统计学意义（t4d=12.832,P＜0.01;t7d=3.455,P=0.026）;造模后第11天和第14天,生理盐水组小鼠RGCs层的细胞密度与米诺环素组比较差异均无统计学意义（P=0.708、0.777）,且两组小鼠视网膜均未发现凋亡细胞.Real-time PCR检测显示,造模后第4天和第7天,生理盐水组小鼠视网膜细胞CD11b mRNA表达量与米诺环素组比较明显增加,差异均有统计学意义（t4d=8.312,P＜0.01;t7d=5.407,P＜0.01）,但在造模后第11天和第14天,2个组小鼠视网膜细胞CD11b mRNA表达量的差异均无统计学意义（P=0.055、0.170）.结论 米诺环素可能在小鼠视神经钳夹伤后早期通过抑制小胶质细胞活化的机制而减少RGCs的凋亡,从而对视神经发挥保护作用.     

蛇毒神经生长因子对大鼠视神经夹伤保护的电镜观察

目的研究蛇毒神经生长因子在视神经损伤后对视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法将Wistar大鼠40只随机分为实验对照组和实验治疗组。制作实验性视神经夹伤模型,用头部宽1mm的微型血管夹夹伤大鼠右眼视神经后,实验治疗组向伤眼玻璃体腔内注入蛇毒神经生长因子100BU(0.025mL)。实验对照组向伤眼玻璃体腔内注入0.025mL平衡盐液。于损伤后第3d、7d、14d、30d、60d取材,用透射电镜观察不同时间段各组视网膜形态学变化。结果电镜下大鼠视网膜改变:实验治疗组和对照组电镜下均可见坏死和凋亡。伤后14d,实验治疗组视网膜微管数目比实验对照组较多,排列比较整齐。结论在视神经损伤早期,蛇毒神经生长因子能减轻视神经夹伤后微管的损坏,提高视网膜神经节细胞的存活数量,对视网膜神经节细胞有明显的保护作用。     

杞贞胶囊对视网膜神经节细胞保护作用及其作用机制的实验研究

目的 探索杞贞胶囊对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用及其作用机制。设计 实验研究。研究对象 SPF级SD大鼠72只。方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为2组：用药组36只;对照组36只。两组大鼠右眼行视神经夹伤,于球后2 mm处用40 g微型视神经夹夹伤视神经60 s。左眼作为正常对照。夹伤后2小时及此后每日予以灌胃给药一次。用药组给予20%杞贞溶液2.5 ml/kg,对照组给予生理盐水2.5 ml/kg。给药第28天取眼球标本,用药组和对照组各取24只行HE染色﹑Tunel试剂盒染色﹑Caspase-3免疫组化染色;剩余每组12只分离视网膜提取mRNA,测定Bax和Bcl-2基因的表达量。主要指标 视网膜厚度﹑Bax和Bcl-2基因表达量。结果 用药组视网膜厚度平均为（109.0±4.4）μm;对照组视网膜厚度为（101.8±7.6）μm（F=29.497,P=0.028）。两组间Bax基因表达差异具有统计学意义（t=1.089,P=0.028）;Bcl-2基因表达差异未见统计学意义（t=0.553,P=0.692）。结论 杞贞胶囊对大鼠视神经夹伤后的视网膜神经节细胞具有保护作用,可能通过下调Bax基因表达和抑制Caspase蛋白活性从而减少视网膜神经节细胞凋亡。     

银杏叶制剂EGb 761对外伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的 探讨银杏叶提取物制剂EGb 761对大鼠视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)存活的影响.方法 大鼠48只经荧光金逆行标记后制备视神经损伤的动物模型,随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组分别给予EGb 761 150 mg/kg·d和生理盐水灌胃.在视神经损伤后4d、7d及14d观察视网膜铺片,进行RGC计数.结果 大鼠视神经损伤后4d、7d及14d,RGC数量持续减少,但治疗组均高于对照组,各时间点的差异均有统计学意义(依次为P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.01).结论 EGb761可促进视神经损伤后RGC的存活,对RGC有保护作用.     

利用荧光金逆行示踪技术评价视神经不完全损伤后视网膜神经节细胞的存活率

目的　利用荧光金逆行示踪技术评价正常及视神经不完全损伤后的视网膜神经节细胞 (retinalganglioncells,RGCs)的数目。 方法　正常成年LongEvans大鼠 2 0只 ,体重(2 70± 2 0 ) g ,雌雄不限。按对照组、损伤后 7d、14d、2 1d分组 ,每组 5只大鼠。在球后视神经钳夹伤前 7d行荧光金逆行标记。 7d后损伤组大鼠用反向血管夹于左眼球后 2mm处夹视神经 10s。对照组大鼠只暴露视神经不行钳夹 ,分别于各时间点将大鼠用 4 %多聚甲醛灌注固定后 ,行全视网膜铺片 ,3h内在荧光显微镜下观察。在每张视网膜的上、下、鼻、颞侧距视盘 1/ 6、1/ 2、5 / 6半径处共拍摄 12张荧光照片。对照片上标记的RGCs进行计数 ,求平均值 ,计算损伤后各时间点剩余的RGCs与正常视网膜中RGCs的百分比。结果　视网膜铺片的RGCs边界清晰 ,并可见明显的细胞突起 ,血管走行区未见节细胞分布。正常组每张铺片的平均节细胞数为 (2 0 31± 2 87)个·mm-2 ,损伤后 7d的RGCs存活率为 71% ,14d存活率为 5 1% ,2 1d存活率为 35 %。结论　荧光金逆行标记是评价视神经损伤后RGCs存活率可靠并且有效的方法。     

视神经鞘切开减压术对大鼠视神经挤压伤后RGC凋亡的影响

目地观察早期视神经鞘切开减压术对大鼠视神经挤压伤后RGC凋亡的相关机制。方法大鼠91只分为对照组、损伤组、手术组各7、42、42只通过视网膜切片技术,HE染色,免疫组化SP法于伤后3、7、15各时问点视网膜神经节细胞计数及检测BCL-2和BAX阳性细胞数。结果手术组各时间点RGC计数均高于损伤组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。手术组各时间点BCL-2阳性细胞数均高于损伤组,BAX阳性细胞数均低于损伤组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论早期视神经鞘切开减压术可对大鼠视神经挤压伤后能上调BCL-2基因的表达和下调BAX基因的表达而抑制RGC的凋亡。     

灯盏细辛对大鼠视神经压榨伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的　探讨中草药灯盏细辛对大鼠标定性视神经压榨伤所致的视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)损伤的防护和修复作用。方法　 4 2只健康SD大鼠随机均分为A组和B组。两组均用特制微型视神经夹直接夹持视神经 ,制作成单眼视神经部分压榨伤模型后 ,A组不予任何治疗 ,B组予以灯盏细辛治疗 ,直至处死动物。以上两组按致伤日至处死日动物的存活时间又分为 :A1组和B1组 (损伤后 4d) ,A2 组和B2 组 (损伤后 14d) ,A3 组和B3 组 (损伤后 2 1d) ,每组各 7只大鼠。于处死前 3d双上丘直接注射 3%快蓝标记双眼RGC。处死日行眼球摘除术后 ,将双眼全视网膜组织铺片置于荧光显微镜下 ,在距视乳头 1mm处的颞上、颞下、鼻下及鼻上 4处作荧光摄影 ,并输入计算机经图像分析仪计数RGC。计算RGC标识率 ,即 (损伤眼RGC数 /未损伤眼RGC数 )× 10 0 % ,并进行统计学分析。结果　A组大鼠中 ,A1、A2 及A3 组的RGC标识率分别为 (77 79± 7 11) %、(6 3 76± 3 79) %、(5 4 6 6±4 75 ) % ;B组大鼠中 ,B1、B2 及B3 组的RGC标识率分别为 (80 13± 12 0 3) %、(78 17± 9 19) %及(83 5 9± 12 6 1) %。A2 和A3 组分别与B2 和B3 组比较 ,差异均有非常显著意义 (t=14 10 8,36 2 0 3;P<0 0 1)。结论　大鼠标定性视神经压榨伤后用灯盏细辛治疗 ,     

The neuropeptide NAP provides neuroprotection against retinal ganglion cell damage after retinal ischemia and optic nerve crush

Background  NAP, an 8-amino acid peptide (NAPVSIPQ=Asn-Ala-Pro-Val-Ser-Ile-Pro-Gln) derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), plays an important role in neuronal differentiation and the survival of neurons in different pathological situations. We already discovered that NAP increases the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vitro, and supports neurite outgrowth in retinal explants at femtomolar concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NAP on RGC survival after transient retinal ischemia and optic nerve crush. Methods  RGC of male Wistar rats were labelled retrogradely with 6 l FluoroGold injected stereotactically into both superior colliculi. Seven days later, retinal ischemia was induced by elevating the intraocular pressure to 120 mm Hg for 60 minutes or by crushing one optic nerve for 10 s after a partial orbitotomy. NAP was either injected intraperitoneally in the concentration of 100 mg/kg 1 day before, directly after, and on the first and the second days after damage, or intravitreally (0.05 or 0.5 μg/eye) directly after the optic nerve crush. Controls received the same concentrations of a control peptide. Densities of surviving RGC and activated microglial cells (AMC) were quantified in a masked fashion 10 days after damage by counting FluoroGold-labelled cells. Results  After retinal ischemia, intraperitoneal injections of NAP increased the number of surviving RGC by 40% (p < 0.005) compared to the control group. After optic nerve crush, NAP raised the number of surviving RGC by 31% (p = 0.07) when injected intraperitoneally and by 54% (p < 0.05) when administered intravitreally. Conclusions  NAP acts neuroprotectively in vivo after retinal ischemia and optic nerve crush, and may have potential in treating optic nerve diseases. Supported by the Ernst und Berta Grimmke Stiftung, Germany. IG is the incumbent of the Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors and the Director of the Adams Super Center for Brain Research at Tel Aviv University and is the Chief Scientific Officer of Allon Therapeutics Inc., Vancouver, Canada. An erratum to this article can be found at     

地西泮对大鼠视神经切断后视网膜神经节细胞保护作用的研究

目的 探讨地西泮对成年大鼠视神经切断后视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGC)的保护作用及机制.方法 取雌性SD大鼠36只,随机平均分为2组,麻醉后于眶内距视神经根部1.5 mm处切断左侧视神经,眶侧残端留置浸有荧光金的明胶海绵以逆行标记RGC.术前30 min及术后每天腹腔注射地西泮(地西泮组)和生理盐水(对照组),分别手术后2 d、7 d及14 d各处死6只大鼠.根据上述实验结果,将另外24只大鼠平均随机分为2组,每天腹腔注射γ-氨基丁酸A型(GABAA)受体阻断剂荷苞牡丹碱(荷苞牡丹碱组)和荷苞牡丹碱+地西泮(联合应用组)以探讨地西泮的神经保护机制,2组在动物存活2 d及7 d后分别处死6只大鼠.动物处死后视网膜平铺,计数每只动物荧光金标记的存活RGC并得出存活RGC的平均密度.比较各组RGC密度.结果 地西泮组视神经切断后7 d RGC平均密度(1 730±75)mm-2显著高于同一时间点对照组RGC密度(1 095±94)mm-2.在此时间点,联合应用组RGC密度(1 120±63)mm-2明显低于地西泮组,而荷苞牡丹碱组与对照组RGC密度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明地西泮对RGC的保护作用可被荷苞牡丹碱拮抗.结论 地西泮可通过激活GABAA受体的途径在大鼠视神经切断后7 d促进RGC的存活.     

Effect of intrathecal FK506 administration on intraorbital optic nerve crush: an ultrastructural study

Objective: Trauma to the optic nerve caused by fractures of the midface and (or) skull base has been simulated by an optic nerve crush injury model. Because the intraorbital segment of the optic nerve is surrounded by subarachnoidal cerebrospinal fluid and dura mater, we aimed to study the influence of intrathecal tacrolimus (FK506) administration after optic nerve crush injury and to determine its role in optic nerve protection or sparing after injury.Study Design: Experimental study.Participants: All optic nerves of the animals were included in the study.Methods: A total of 48 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (control, sham operated, FK506 treated, and vehicle treated). In vehicle- and FK506-treated groups, intrathecal catheter implantation and crush injury to the intraorbital part of the optic nerve were performed and then the animals were treated intrathecally. The optic nerve samples were harvested on the 30th postoperative day. Optic nerve appearances were analyzed qualitatively.Results: Light and electron microscopic evaluations revealed that numerous damaged myelin residues were present in the vehicle-treated group, whereas fibres of the optic nerve showed a well-shaped appearance in the FK506-treated group.Conclusion: We propose that such an intrathecal administration route and small-dose regimen should be used to obtain lesser immunosuppression and neurotoxicity and higher protection or sparing after injury.     

氨基胍对视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护性作用

视神经损伤是眼科常见疾病,多并发于颅脑外伤,预后不良,常致患者失明。由于视神经损伤的发病机制尚未完全明了,所以迄今为止其治疗仍是国内外眼科界的一大难题。现将视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞（retinal ganglion cells,RGCs）凋亡及氨基胍（Aminogunidine,AG）对其保护性作用做一综述。