肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术治疗多发肾下盏结石

目的探讨肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术治疗多发肾下盏结石的安全性及临床疗效。方法 2005年1月～2011年10月,对12例多发肾下盏结石采用B超引导下肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术。建立经皮肾通道F16～F24,经皮肾镜下钬激光或EMS碎石清石系统碎石。结果本组12例均成功建立经肾上盏通道,手术时间35～80 min,平均48 min。一期结石清除率83%(10/12),2例术后有结石残留者中,1例术后1周行二次经皮肾镜取石术,1例随访观察。1例术后发热经抗感染治疗后好转,无胸膜及其他重要脏器损伤,无大出血等严重并发症。结论 B超引导下肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术治疗多发肾下盏结石安全、有效。     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾脏下盏结石疗效观察

目的:探讨新型标准经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)和微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗肾脏下盏结石的安全性和疗效。方法:回顾性分析68例肾脏下盏结石的患者临床资料,采用新型肾镜治疗31例,微创经皮肾镜治疗37例;Ⅰ期碎石63例,选择中盏通道28例,下盏通道40例。结果:新型肾镜手术时间(2.18±0.57)h,平均住院时间(11.65±2.18)天;微创肾镜手术时间(1.89±0.56)h,平均住院时间(10.57±2.41)天,二者相比差异无统计学意义。术后复查KUB平片,57例排净结石,结石清除率为83.8%(57/68);残石11例,再次PCNL 5例,带D-J管体外碎石6例,无严重并发症出现。结论:新型标准经皮肾镜取石术和微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾脏下盏结石是有效、可行的,是治疗下盏结石的合适选择。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术联合负压装置一期治疗结石性脓肾的疗效分析

目的 探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术联合负压装置一期治疗结石性脓肾的有效性和安全性. 方法 回顾性分析2008年6月至2011年6月应用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗的83例结石性脓肾患者的临床资料,其中输尿管上段结石15例、肾盂结石9例、多发性肾结石28例、铸型肾结石31例,结石直径1.2～6.3 cm,均有肾盂出口梗阻.术中C臂X线机或B超引导行经皮肾穿刺.患者经皮肾穿刺时均抽出脓性尿液,应用筋膜扩张器一步扩张建立20 F工作通道,12 F李氏微创肾镜连接负压装置,先吸出肾内脓液,行一期碎石取石,术中通过间歇性负压吸引保持肾内低压. 结果 83例均成功建立20 F通道并一期碎石取石,手术时间(34±19)min.24例输尿管上段结石及肾盂结石均一期取净结石;59例多发肾结石及铸型结石患者结石一期取净33例,结石残留26例,行二期取石术.一期结石总清除率为68.7％(57/83),二期结石清除率为91.6％(76/83).术后发热7例,血培养未见致病菌生长,经对症抗炎治疗1～3d后体温恢复正常,未发生败血症或感染性休克等并发症. 结论 微创经皮肾镜取石术中,20 F单通道联合负压装置一期治疗结石性脓肾安全、有效.     

多针道单通道经皮肾镜治疗多发性肾盏结石

目的探讨多针道单通道经皮肾镜治疗多发性肾盏结石的临床疗效。方珐分析多针道单通道经皮肾镜治疗多发性肾盏结石患者42例临床资料。结果本组42例中，Ⅰ期取石33例，Ⅱ期取石9例；结石残留3例。术中及术后未发现大量出血和其他严重并发症。结论采用多针道单通道经皮肾镜取石较多通道取石创伤更小，取石成功率高。     

微创经皮肾取石术结合软式输尿管镜治疗肾鹿角形结石34例报告

目的:探讨微创经皮肾取石术(mPCNL)结合软式输尿管镜治疗肾鹿角形结石的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2010年1月～2011年1月应用mPCNL结合软式输尿管镜治疗肾鹿角形结石患者34例,所有患者均行F18通道取石,其中单通道19例,双通道15例。结果:34例患者,19例单通道一期和分期mPCNL共26次;15例双通道一期和分期mPCNL共21次。平均手术时间130min;平均失血量120ml,4例需要输血,1例术后大出血,行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术。结石清除率85.3%(29/34)。结论:微创经皮肾取石术结合软式输尿管镜可减少穿刺通道和增加结石清除率。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗独立肾结石

目的：探讨微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾结石的临床疗效与手术技巧。方法：利用微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾结石18例，14例患者行一期微创经皮肾取石．4例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术，5～7天后行二期取石术。结果：结石清除15例（83．3％）。在结石残留的3例患者中，1例残留结石下移至输尿管下段，用输尿管镜将结行取出；余2例结石残留。肾内，未作进一步处理，本组患者术后肾功能基本恢复正常或好转。结论：微创经皮肾取石术治疗独立肾结石是一种安全、有效的方法。     

多通道微创经皮肾镜治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨F18～F20多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性与有效性。方法 2004年1月～2011年5月对67例复杂性肾结石行多通道微创经皮肾镜治疗。先取截石位,向患侧肾盂逆行留置F5输尿管导管后改为俯卧位,上腹部垫薄枕。C形臂X线定位后,在腋后线到肩胛下线之间取第10肋间以下最接近肾盏并能沿肾盏指向肾盂方向的穿刺点,18 G肾穿刺针穿入后组肾盏内逐级扩张后留置peel-away鞘建立通道,置入微创肾镜,直视下气压弹道碎石,利用灌注水流及输尿管导管注水将碎石冲出,稍大的结石可钳夹取出。术中X线透视了解结石残留情况,按上述方法进行多通道穿刺目标肾盏进行碎石,尽可能一期取净结石。结果 65例建立2个通道,2例建立3个通道。手术时间50～120 min,平均93 min;术中出血量15～200 ml,平均30 ml。一期取净结石55例,二期取净结石7例,结石清除率92.5%（62/67）。术后住院时间3～10 d,平均7 d。术后发生感染8例（11.9%）,经头孢类抗感染药物及药敏培养选择抗感染药物治疗后,感染控制良好,7例治愈出院,1例尿培养证实为热带假丝酵母菌,拔除内支架后口服氟康唑（400 mg,qd）2周治愈。术后6 h活动性动脉出血1例,在DSA下行超选择肾动脉栓塞术后顺利止血。急性肾功能衰竭1例,通过3次血液透析,渡过少尿期后康复出院。结石残留5例,通过放置支架管后行体外碎石治疗,3例结石排出,2例无效。45例随访1～7年,平均5年,42例无结石残留,3例结石复发,其中1例2年复发,2例3年复发。结论多通道微创经皮肾镜治疗复杂性肾结石结石清除率较高,并发症低,经济方便,可作为较大复杂性肾结石治疗的首选方法。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石

2010年6月～2011年11月采用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗6例肾盏憩室结石,5例单通道一期碎石清石成功,1例单通道二期碎石清石成功,无并发症。我们认为微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石微创、有效、安全,经皮肾通道的建立是成功治疗肾盏憩室结石的关键。     

微创经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗移植肾上尿路结石(附5例报告)

目的观察微创经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗移植肾上尿路结石的疗效。方法2007年6月至2013年11月,解放军281医院采用微创经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗移植肾上尿路结石共5例。采用8/9.8 F硬性输尿管镜经Peel-away鞘进入移植肾肾盂内,找到结石后利用弹道法碎石。记录患者手术时间、术中出血量。观察患者结石残留、术后出血、感染、肾功能损害、排斥反应等并发症的发生情况。结果手术时间35~104 min,平均59 min。术中出血量10~150 ml,平均30 ml。4例结石1次取净,1例残留有少量小结石,辅以排石药物在6个月内自行排出。5例患者术后均无发生排斥反应,血清肌酐术后短期均有不同程度地升高,但均于术后1个月复查时明显下降。所有患者术后均无发生大出血、严重感染、肾周积液等并发症。结论微创经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗移植肾上尿路结石疗效满意且安全。     

微创经皮肾取石术处理移植肾上尿路结石八例报告

目的 报告8例微创经皮肾取石术处理移植肾上尿路结石的结果,并评估其安全性和有效性.方法 2002年8月至2006年10月,对8例肾移植术后发生移植肾上尿路结石的患者采用微创经皮.肾取石术.在B型超声波引导下穿刺移植肾前中盏成功后,将穿刺通道扩张到F14～F16,在输尿管镜或李逊肾镜直视下将结石击碎并取出.术后每3个月随诊1次,行B型超声波、尿培养和肾功能检查.结果 对所有患者进行的取石术均获成功,且1次性将结石取净,术中和术后无并发症发生.有2例患者因术中穿刺抽出液为脓性,而先置肾造瘘管引流,1周后行二期取石术.患者的手术时间平均为51 min,血红蛋白平均下降了5.6 g/L.术后随访时间为3～48个月,未见有结石复发;血肌酐稳定于76～131 μmol/L.结论 微创经皮肾取石术处理移植肾上尿路结石安全有效,可作为一线治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.