妊娠期糖尿病发病机制的相关基因

妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM）指在妊娠过程中首次出现或发现的任何程度的糖耐量异常。其病因及发病机制目前尚不完全清楚。既往研究表明：GDM可能是一组多基因遗传所致的异质性疾病,其发病机制涉及到糖代谢机制的每一个环节,相关基因可能包括葡萄糖激酶基因,肝细胞核因子基因,胰岛素受体底物基因多态性等。     

PC-1基因K121Q多态性对妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的:探讨PC-1基因K121Q多态性与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系。方法:运用PCR-RFLP技术分析PC-1基因多态性,应用放射免疫法测量孕妇空腹胰岛素,分析GDM妇女和正常妊娠妇女两组Q、K等位基因和KQ、KK基因型与胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)之间的关系。结果:GDM组KQ基因型频率和Q等位基因频率高于正常妊娠组(分别为P<0.01和P<0.05),GDM组KQ基因型孕妇的IR高于KK基因型孕妇(P<0.05)。结论:PC-1基因与妊娠期糖尿病IR密切相关,可能参与GDM的发病机制。     

TRAIL基因多态性与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性

目的:探讨肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)基因1 525位点G/A、1 595位点C/T单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的关系及TRAIL在GDM发生中的可能作用。方法:利用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)的方法检测TRAIL基因1 525位点G/A、1 595位点C/T多态性,并测定空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)等生化指标。计算相应的基因型频率和等位基因频率,通过χ2检验和方差分析,分析TRAIL基因型和等位基因与GDM及各生化指标的相关性。结果:GDM组TRAIL基因型频率和等位基因频率高于正常妊娠组(分别为P<0.05和P<0.01);GDM组GA/CT、AA/TT基因型FPG、FINS均高于GG/CC基因型(P<0.05)。结论:TRAIL基因1 525位点G/A、1 595位点C/T单核苷酸多态性与妊娠期糖尿病密切相关,可能参与GDM的发病机制。     

肥胖与妊娠期糖尿病关系的研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）是妊娠期间首次发生或发现的糖代谢异常。研究表明,妊娠期间脂肪细胞因子分泌异常导致胰岛素抵抗增加可能是GDM 的发病机制。肥胖是GDM 发病的高危因素,且妊娠前肥胖、妊娠期体质量增长过多对围生结局产生不利影响,增加子痫前期、巨大儿、难产等并发症的发生率。有过GDM 史的妇女产后发生2 型糖尿病的风险明显增加,其子代远期也更容易发生肥胖和糖代谢紊乱。综述近年有关肥胖与GDM 的研究进展。     

肥胖与妊娠期糖尿病关系的研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是妊娠期间首次发生或发现的糖代谢异常。研究表明,妊娠期间脂肪细胞因子分泌异常导致胰岛素抵抗增加可能是GDM的发病机制。肥胖是GDM发病的高危因素,且妊娠前肥胖、妊娠期体质量增长过多对围生结局产生不利影响,增加子痫前期、巨大儿、难产等并发症的发生率。有过GDM史的妇女产后发生2型糖尿病的风险明显增加,其子代远期也更容易发生肥胖和糖代谢紊乱。综述近年有关肥胖与GDM的研究进展。     

基因多态性与妊娠期糖尿病研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发病机制不十分确切,认为妊娠期胎盘分泌的拮抗胰岛素的各种激素增加及其造成的胰岛素敏感性降低是导致妊娠期糖尿病发病的主要原因。近年很多研究表明,遗传因素在妊娠期糖尿病的发生发展中起重要作用,一些基因的多态性可能影响到个体妊娠期糖尿病易感性的差异。就近年来有关妊娠期糖尿病基因多态性方面的研究进行综述。     

孕期睡眠模式与妊娠期糖尿病关系的研究进展

综述孕期睡眠模式(睡眠时间和睡眠质量)与妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的流行现状,以及两者相关性的研究进展,并探讨两者之间的可能机制,旨在探讨睡眠不足或睡眠过多、睡眠质量差和GDM之间的关系,以明确其在GDM中发生发展的作用,为减少GDM的发病制定有效的干预措施奠定基础。     

空气污染与妊娠期糖尿病关系的研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是最常见的妊娠期并发症之一, 可对母亲及其胎儿的健康产生严重影响。近年来的研究显示, 空气污染暴露与GDM的发生有密切关联;然而空气污染物暴露与妊娠期糖尿病发病之间的关联研究结论并不一致, 且污染物暴露的窗口期也尚不明确。有关机制的研究显示, 空气中的颗粒物和气态污染物可能通过炎症、氧化应激、脂肪因子分泌紊乱和肠道菌群失衡等多种机制影响GDM。本综述对近年来空气污染物暴露与GDM发病之间的关联, 以及大气污染物导致GDM发生和发展的可能分子机制进行总结, 旨在为预防污染物暴露、降低GDM的发生风险, 改善母胎结局提高出生人口素质提供科学依据。     

基因多态性与妊娠期糖尿病研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发病机制不十分确切,认为妊娠期胎盘分泌的拮抗胰岛素的各种激素增加及其造成的胰岛素敏感性降低是导致妊娠期糖尿病发病的主要原因.近年很多研究表明,遗传因素在妊娠期糖尿病的发生发展中起重要作用,一些基因的多态性可能影响到个体妊娠期糖尿病易感性的差异.就近年来有关妊娠期糖尿病基因多态性方面的研究进行综述.     

持久性有机污染物与妊娠期糖尿病关联研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)是妊娠期常见的并发症之一, 它与多种不良妊娠结局密切相关, 严重危害母子健康, 但其确切的发病机制目前尚不明确。近期研究发现长期接触持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)是妊娠期糖尿病发病风险因素之一, 两者之间的关系已经受到越来越多的关注和重视。本文以国内外发表的文献为基础对POPs与GDM的相关性及其可能相关作用机制进行阐述, 分析POPs与GDM之间的关联, 从而为妊娠期糖尿病的预防提供新思路。     

Gestational diabetes in rural East Africa: a call to action

The number of cases of diabetes worldwide has increased significantly in the last decade. Characteristically, the incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) reflects the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the background population, which is a warning that a rapid increase in the incidence is to be expected concomitant with the already observed increase in the incidence of T2DM. Although the majority of all deliveries worldwide take place in the so-called developing world, little is known about the prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy in rural areas of East Africa. Diabetes in pregnancy has effects on prospects for marriage, motherhood, and the role of women in East African society. Furthermore, intrauterine exposure to the metabolic environment of maternal diabetes, or GDM, is associated with increased risk of altered glucose homeostasis in the offspring, beginning in childhood and producing a higher prevalence of GDM in the next generation with all burdens and complications being associated with this disease. It is reasonable to conclude that more newborn infants each year are being exposed to the metabolic environment of diabetes during intrauterine development as a result of changing incidence and demographics of diabetes and pregnancy. We believe that programs and policies have to be established, including organization of the health system to provide care, medicines, and other tools necessary for diabetes in pregnancy management, consideration of accessibility and affordability of care, education for healthcare workers, and education of pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age.     

The burden of gestational diabetes mellitus in Jamaican women with a family history of autosomal dominant type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if Jamaican women of African descent with a family history of early onset autosomal dominant type 2 diabetes have greater odds of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) than those without a family history of the disease. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted of two groups of pregnant Jamaican women: the first with a family history of early onset autosomal dominant type 2 diabetes; the second with no history of the disease. Incidence, odds for developing GDM, and metabolic profiles in first and second trimesters were assessed using SPSS 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States). RESULTS: The incidence of GDM was 12.0% in women with a family history of early onset autosomal dominant type 2 diabetes and 1.5% in women without a family history of the disease (P<0.05). Women with a family history were nine times more likely to develop GDM than those without a family history of diabetes (95% confidence interval: 5.00-16.38, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Family history of early onset autosomal dominant type 2 diabetes appears to increase susceptibility to GDM in Jamaican women. Pregnant women of any age with family history of early onset autosomal type 2 diabetes should be screened for GDM.     

妊娠期糖尿病对后代的影响

妊娠期糖尿病是一种常见疾病,对母儿健康均会产生不良影响,该文着重探讨妊娠期糖尿病对后代的影响.妊娠期糖尿病的胎儿易发生宫内乏氧、窘迫,其发生先天畸形的机率较高;妊娠期糖尿病的新生儿发生心血管异常的死亡率较高,而且出现残疾、神经系统疾病的比率增高;用妊娠期糖尿病母亲的乳汁行母乳喂养,可增加妊娠期糖尿病后代肥胖和糖耐量异常的风险,对后代体格和代谢的影响较大.同时,血糖控制不佳的妊娠期糖尿病后代,精细运动功能较差,易出现多动和注意力不集中.所以对妊娠期糖尿病进行筛查和血糖控制,对孕母和儿童的健康具有重要意义.     

妊娠期糖尿病的危险因素研究

目的：探讨妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的危险因素及2型糖尿家族史对GDM发病的影响。方法：对1999年10月至2001年2月产前检查新诊断的及产科病房中已诊断的GDM患85例及177例健康对照孕妇进行单因素,多因素logistic回归分析及对数线性模型分析,探讨各因素对GDM发病的影响。结果：多因素logistic回归分析结果提示,影响GDM发病且有统计学意义的因素为孕前肥胖、2型糖尿病家族史,孕妇出生体重,年龄,高甘油三酯及体育锻炼,对数线性模型分析结果显示,父母亲患2型糖尿病均与GDM发病有关。GDM先证母亲糖尿病患率为9．41％,与GDM先证父亲糖尿病患病率（8．24％）比较,差别无显意义。结论：孕前肥胖、2型糖尿病家族中,孕妇低出生体重,年龄,高甘油三酯为GDM的危险因素,体育锻炼为保护因素,父母亲患2型糖尿病均为GDM危险因素,未发现母亲患糖尿病对孕妇患GDM的危险性影响大于父亲。     

妊娠期糖尿病的产前筛查

目的:了解南宁市妊娠期糖尿病的发病率及高危因素,评价50g葡萄糖筛查的应用价值。方法:对2324例孕24～28周的孕妇进行50g糖筛查,1h血糖≥7.8mmol/L者再行OGTT检测。结果:2324例中妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的发生率为2.67%,妊娠期糖耐量减低(GIGT)发生率为2.15%;高危因素有巨大儿、肥胖、异常孕产史、反复霉菌性阴道炎、糖尿病家族史、反复尿糖阳性等。结论:对妊娠期所有孕妇进行50g糖筛查可减少GDM漏诊,对伴有高危因素的孕妇应重点监测。     

Longitudinal study of prepregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: The CARDIA study

This study examined prepregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in subsequent pregnancies. The authors selected 1,164 women without diabetes before pregnancy who delivered 1,809 livebirths between 5 consecutive examinations from 1985 to 2006 in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. The authors measured prepregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors and performed multivariate repeated-measures logistic regression to compute the odds of GDM adjusted for race, age, parity, birth order, and other covariates. Impaired fasting glucose (100-125 vs. <90 mg/dL), elevated fasting insulin (>15-20 and >20 vs. <10 μU/mL), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<40 vs. >50 mg/dL) before pregnancy were directly associated with GDM: The odds ratios = 4.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.14, 10.51) for fasting glucose, 2.19 (95% CI: 1.15, 4.17) for middle insulin levels and 2.36 (95% CI: 1.20, 4.63) for highest insulin levels, and 3.07 (95% CI: 1.62, 5.84) for low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among women with a negative family history of diabetes; all P < 0.01. Among overweight women, 26.7% with 1 or more cardiometabolic risk factors developed GDM versus 7.4% with none. Metabolic impairment exists before GDM pregnancy in nondiabetic women. Interconceptual metabolic screening could be included in routine health assessments to identify high-risk women for GDM in a subsequent pregnancy and to potentially minimize fetal exposure to metabolic abnormalities that program future disease.     

重庆市区23 896名孕妇妊娠期糖尿病发病现况及危险因素分析

  目的  分析重庆市区2018-2021年孕妇妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)的发病现况及其相关危险因素,为GDM的防控提供依据。  方法  收集2018年1月-2021年6月在重庆医科大学附属妇女儿童医院进行产前检查的孕妇临床资料,并采用logistic回归分析模型分析不同危险因素对GDM的影响。  结果  本研究共纳入来自重庆市区23 896名孕妇为研究对象,确诊为GDM的患者有6 269例,占26.2%。2018-2021年GDM的发病率分别为27.3%、25.0%、26.4%和26.4%。多因素logistic回归分析模型分析结果表明,在调整相关变量之后,年龄(OR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.41~1.54, P < 0.001)、BMI (OR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.65~1.83, P < 0.001)和内分泌疾病史(OR=9.32, 95% CI: 8.68~10.01, P < 0.001)是导致GDM患病风险增加的危险因素。  结论  本研究发现重庆市区GDM的发病率较高,且高龄孕妇、孕前超重或肥胖和内分泌疾病史是GDM的高危因素。重庆市区应加强系统性的产科护理,关注孕期这些危险因素的变化,以减少GDM的发生。     

A prospective study of maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

Low-grade systemic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Limited available data suggest inflammatory factors are predictive of gestational diabetes (GDM), a condition that is biochemically similar to type 2 diabetes. We examined the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and GDM risk. Women were recruited before 16 weeks gestation and were followed until delivery. Maternal serum CRP (collected at 13 weeks' gestation, on average) was measured by a competitive immunoassay. We used generalised linear models to derive estimates of relative risks and 95% confidence intervals [CI]. Approximately 4.5% of the cohort (38 of 851) developed GDM. Elevated CRP was positively associated with GDM risk (P for trend = 0.007). After adjusting for maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), family history of type 2 diabetes and nulliparity, women with CRP in the highest tertile experienced a 3.5-fold increased risk of GDM [95% CI 1.2, 9.8] as compared with those in the lowest tertile. The association between CRP and GDM was evident when analyses were restricted to lean women (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)). Lean women with CRP > or = 5.3 mg/L experienced a 3.7-fold increased risk of GDM [95% CI 1.6, 8.7] as compared with women with CRP < 5.3 mg/L. Systemic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of GDM, and the association is independent of maternal prepregnancy adiposity.