山药多糖及其硒多糖抗氧化性的比较研究

目的:比较山药多糖和山药硒多糖的抗氧化活性。方法:采用邻苯三酚自氧化法测定两者对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用,水杨酸法测定羟自由基清除作用,HPLC法测定DPPH浓度评价对DPPH自由基的清除作用,并与维生素C进行了比较。结果:山药多糖、山药硒多糖和Vc对超氧阴离子自由基清除的IC50值分别为1.852 mg/ml、1.515 mg/ml和0.6124 mg/ml。对羟基自由基清除IC50值分别为1.130 mg/ml、0.988 mg/ml和0.075 mg/ml;对DPPH基清除的IC50值分别为0.68 mg/ml、0.62 mg/ml和0.33 mg/ml。结论:山药硒多糖比山药多糖的抗氧化活性强。     

木犀草素—钙的制备及体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:合成木犀草素钙配合物并研究其抗氧化活性。方法:利用单因素实验设计制备木犀草素钙配合物,用UV、IR和TG-DTA等手段进行了结构的表征;采用分光光度法测定木犀草素及其钙配合物清除超氧自由基和羟基自由基的能力;用HPLC法测定清除DPPH自由基的能力。结果:木犀草素-Ca的组成为:C_(15)H_9O_6Cr(COOCH_3)_2(H_2O)_2·2H_2O;木犀草素、木犀草素-Ca及Vc对超氧阴离子清除的IC50值分别为20.00×10~(-6)mol/L,3.070×10~(-6)mol/L和9.12×10~(-6)mol/L;对羟自由基清除的IC50值分别为22.07×10~(-6)mol/L,3.10×10~(-6)mol/L和16.24×10~(-6)mol/L;对DPPH自由基清除的IC50值分别为47.51×10~(-5)mol/L,11.25×10~(-5)mol/L和13.06×10~(-5)mol/L。结论:木犀草素-Ca对超氧自由基、羟基自由基和DPPH自由基均表现出了较强的清除能力,具有较好的开发前景。     

人参提取液体外抗氧化性研究

目的研究不同溶剂中人参提取液的体外抗氧化性,为天然抗氧化剂开发提供理论依据,延长人参产业链,提高人参经济价值。方法通过单因素实验比较人参水溶性提取液、脂溶性提取液及不同浓度乙醇提取液对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)的清除作用、对食用油脂的抗氧化作用。结果人参提取液对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH具有一定的清除作用,还对Fe2+诱发多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化有明显的抑制作用,其中人参水提液、70%醇提液抗氧化性能较强,对超氧阴离子的清除作用最大,石油醚提取液抗氧化性较差;人参提取液对油脂氧化具有一定的抑制作用,其中70%醇提液抑制作用最强。结论人参提取液具有一定的抗氧化性,不同的萃取溶剂及浓度其抗氧化性强弱不同。     

对海参糖胺聚糖抗氧化性的研究

目的研究海参糖胺聚糖的抗氧化性。方法以K3[Fe（CN）6]为模型,测定海参糖胺聚糖的还原能力。利用邻苯三酚自氧化产生超氧阴离子自由基（·O^2-）且在320nm处有最大吸收,测定海参糖胺聚糖对羟自由基（·OH^-）和超氧阴离子自由基（·O^2-）的清除能力。结果海参糖胺聚糖有较强的还原力,对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力与浓度成量效关系,有良好的清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的作用。结论海参糖胺聚糖具有良好的抗氧化作用。     

槲皮素与金属元素配合物的制备及抗氧化活性研究

目的:合成槲皮素金属配合物并研究它们的抗氧化活性。方法:利用单因素实验设计制备槲皮素金属的配合物,采用分光光度法测定槲皮素及其金属配合物清除超氧自由基和羟基自由基的能力;用HPLC法测定清除DPPH自由基的能力。结果:槲皮素-Ca对超氧自由基、羟基自由基和DPPH自由基均表现出了较强的清除能力,槲皮素、槲皮素-Ca、槲皮素-Cu、槲皮素-Zn、槲皮素-Cr及Vc对超氧阴离子清除的IC50值分别为20.00×10-6mol/L,3.070×10-6mol/L,26.14×10-6mol/L,11.79×10-6mol/L,6.28×10-6mol/L和9.12×10-6mol/L;对羟自由基清除的IC50值分别为22.07×10-6mol/L,3.10×10-6mol/L,12.75×10-6mol/L,22.22×10-6mol/L,42.47×10-6mol/L和16.24×10-6mol/L;对DPPH自由基清除的IC50值分别为47.51×10-5mol/L,11.25×10-5mol/L,35.21×10-5mol/L,29.75×10-5mol/L,43.06×10-5mol/L和13.20×10-5mol/L。结论:槲皮素-Ca的清除能力最强,具有较好的开发前景。     

无患子皂苷抗氧化活性研究

目的:评价无患子总皂苷的抗氧化活性。方法:利用有机试剂溶解法提取无患子皂苷,测定无患子皂苷对超氧阴离子(O_2·)、羟自由基(·OH)、H_2O_2、DPPH·活性等四项指标的清除能力,对无患子皂苷的抗氧化作用进行综合评价。结果:无患子总皂苷对DPPH·、超氧阴离子(O_2·)、羟自由基(·OH)、H_2O_2等指标均具有较强的清除效果。结论:无患子皂苷具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

葡萄果皮提取物清除自由基、亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺合成的研究

目的研究葡萄果皮提取物抗氧化和阻断致癌物合成的能力。方法以超声波辅助法提取的葡萄果皮提取物为材,分光光度法测定其清除自由基、亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺合成的能力。结果葡萄果皮提取物能清除多种自由基和亚硝酸盐,清除率与体系中果皮色素含量呈正相关,色素浓度180 mg/L时对ABTS自由基的清除率达97%左右,色素浓度300 mg/L时对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率为90.93%、对羟基自由基的清除率达97.66%,并能清除体系中85.72%的亚硝酸盐,使体系中亚硝胺的产量降低67.57%。其中,果皮色素对羟基自由基、ABTS自由基及亚硝酸盐的清除能力强于VC。结论葡萄果皮提取物具有较强的抗氧化能力,可清除自由基及亚硝酸盐,阻断亚硝胺的合成,这些生物活性可防止生物大分子和细胞的损伤,进而预防疾病与肿瘤的发生,促进机体健康。     

蛋清的蛋白酶解物清除自由基能力的研究

目的研究胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶及Alcalase碱性蛋白酶对蛋清蛋白的水解效果以及其酶解物对自由基的清除能力。方法采用茚三酮法分析五种蛋白酶对蛋清蛋白的水解效果;通过Fenton体系和邻苯三酚自氧化体系测定五种蛋白酶水解产物对羟自由基及超氧阴离子的清除能力。结果五种蛋白酶在其最适反应条件下,水解度大小依次为:alcalase碱性蛋白酶>胰蛋白酶>木瓜蛋白酶>中性蛋白酶>胃蛋白酶;羟自由基清除能力强弱依次为:木瓜蛋白酶>alcalase碱性蛋白酶>胰蛋白酶>中性蛋白酶>胃蛋白酶;超氧阴离子清除能力强弱依次为:木瓜蛋白酶>alcalase碱性蛋白酶>中性蛋白酶>胃蛋白酶>胰蛋白酶。木瓜蛋白酶水解3h的产物对两种自由基清除能力最强,对羟自由基的清除率为65.63%,对超氧阴离子的清除率为38.40%。结论蛋清的蛋白酶解物具有清除羟自由基及超氧阴离子的能力,且对羟自由基的清除能力大于超氧阴离子。     

PTIO自由基清除分析法的PH值效应与黄芩素及黄芩苷的构效分析

目的考察PTIO自由基清除分析法的PH值效应和黄芩素和黄芩苷的构效分析。方法选取芥子碱、原花青素、邻苯二酚三类不同结构类型的中药小分子,采用PTIO消除自由基检测方法分别探讨三种不同的化合物在不同PH条件下清除PTIO自由基的能力,探索中药小分子清除PTIO自由基的最佳PH条件。确定最适PH值后,在此条件下,利用PTIO消除自由基的方法,分析黄芩苷及黄芩素的抗氧化活性及其构效关系。结果不同PH值下,原花青素、芥子碱和邻二苯酚的IC_(50)值大小顺序皆为:PH=5. 0> PH=6. 0> PH=7. 0,PH=9. 0> PH=8. 0> PH=7. 0,所以,其清除PTIO自由基的能力以PH=7. 0为最强。由此可见,当反应液呈中性时,对PTIO清除效果均较佳。当PH=7. 0时黄芩素、黄芩苷的IC_(50)值分别是(29. 76±0. 72)μg/m L,(43. 6±1. 02)μg/m L,所以黄芩素的清除PTIO自由基的能力强于黄芩苷。结论不同的PH条件对不同结构类型的中药小分子清除PTIO自由基的能力具有影响;当PH=7. 0时,黄芩素的清除PTIO自由基的能力强于黄芩苷,提示羟基被糖基取代后不利于其抗氧化活性。     

益母草色素抗氧化活性研究

目的:从益母草中提取益母草色素,研究该色素对O-2·、DPPH·的清除作用,以及对β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸氧化体系的抑制作用,评价益母草色素的抗氧化活性。方法:利用有机试剂溶解法对益母草进行色素提取,测定益母草色素对超氧自由基、DPPH·自由基的清除率,评价其对β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸氧化体系的抑制作用。结论:益母草色素对β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸氧化体系有一定的抗氧化性能,并对O-2·、DPPH·自由基亦有一定的清除能力。     

Anthocyanin administration elevates plasma homocysteine in rats

The data accumulated from epidemiological studies suggests that individuals with elevated blood levels of homocysteine have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, little is known of the food factor that may affect the homocysteine status, except for folate and B-vitamins. Here, we tested the effect of dietary phenolics (i.e., anthocyanin of food colorant) administration on plasma homocysteine concentration in a rat study, since a profound effect on the methionine metabolism was speculated from the 3',4'-catechol skeletal structure of anthocyanin. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight 100 g) orally ingested a single dose of anthocyanin mixture (total 100 mg) composed of cyanidin-3-glucoside (50mg), cyanidin-3-sambubioside (48 mg), and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside (2 mg). The total homocysteine in the plasma collected 90-240 min after anthocyanin intake was 1.4 to 1.8-fold (5.2-6.7 micromol/L) higher than the basal homocysteine level (3.7 micromol/L). In the liver and kidney, anthocyanin significantly affects sulfur amino acid (S-adenosylmethionine, SAM, and S-adenosylhomocysteine, SAH) levels, both of which are precursors of plasma homocysteine, and the SAH/SAM ratio showed a significant increase in the liver and kidney. Accordingly, these results suggest that dietary anthocyanin stimulates homocysteine synthesis from SAH in the liver and kidney, and the homocysteine yielded transfers into the blood stream. The intake of anthocyanin and its structural homologues may have an effect on the metabolic regulation of sulfur amino acids and possibly increase the risk of vascular disease in humans.     

Free radicals in licorice-flavored sweets can Be detected noninvasively using low frequency electron paramagnetic resonance after oral administration to mice

The observation of the fate of free radicals coming from food after oral administration could be important in evaluating their reactivity in vivo. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that it is feasible to detect directly in vivo free radicals coming from food with the use of low frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Because polyphenols are easily oxidized into stable radicals, we assumed that these radicals could be detected in food. We chose licorice, which contains several types of polyphenols. The presence of free radicals was demonstrated in licorice-flavored sweets. Using low frequency EPR spectroscopy, we detected these free radicals directly and noninvasively after oral administration to mice. These radicals were rather stable in the guts of the mice. This study is the first report demonstrating noninvasively the presence of free radicals in vivo coming from food.     

Solvent optimization for anthocyanin extraction from Syzygium cumini L. Skeels using response surface methodology

Anthocyanins are plant pigments that are potential candidates for use as natural food colourant. In this study, Syzygium cumini fruit skin has been used as anthocyanin source. All the six major types of anthocyanins were identified in the sample by ultra performance liquid chromatography studies, and the antioxidant activity was found to be 4.34 ± 0.26 Fe²⁺g^{? 1} in the sample with highest anthocyanin content. Optimization of conditions for extracting high amounts of anthocyanin from the fruit peels was investigated by response surface methodology. The results suggested that highest anthocyanin yield (763.80 mg; 100 ml^{? 1}), highest chroma and hue angle in the red colour range could be obtained when 20% ethanol was used in combination with 1% acetic acid. Methanol was replaced with ethanol for the extraction of pigments due to its less toxicity and being safe for human consumption. The optimized solvent can be used to extract anthocyanins from the S. cumini fruits and used as natural colourants in the food industries.     

花色苷对高脂血症人群血脂及体内氧化应激水平的影响

目的比较纯品花色苷、黑米花色苷对高脂血症人群体内氧化应激水平的影响。方法选取高脂血症志愿者90名,按性别、年龄、收入、教育、患病服药情况匹配后随机分为黑米花色苷、纯品花色苷、安慰剂三组,每组30例,分别给予对应胶囊,每日2次,每次2粒(黑米花色苷提取物200 mg/d,纯品花色苷320 mg/d,淀粉糊精1000 mg/d),连续12w,于干预前后进行体格测量、膳食调查,并留血、尿样本检测氧化应激指标。结果干预前后各组每日膳食摄入量、营养素摄入量及供能百分比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);黑米花色苷组干预后血清TC、TG较干预前明显降低(P<0.05);纯品花色苷组干预后血清TC、LDL较干预前明显降低(P<0.05),HDL与干预前比较明显升高(P<0.05);安慰剂组血脂各项指标干预前后无明显变化(P>0.05)。干预后纯品花色苷组的T-AOC水平较干预前以及与安慰剂组比较明显升高(P<0.05);黑米花色苷组干预后及与安慰剂组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预后纯品花色苷及黑米花色组血清总SOD活性比干预前明显升高(P<0.05);亦明显高于安慰剂组(P<0.05)。三组间干预前后尿8-异前列烷浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论黑米花色苷与纯品花色苷具有不同程度改善高脂血症人群血脂及体内氧化应激水平的作用。     

Effects of Anthocyanin on Intestinal Health: A Systematic Review

Intestinal health relies on the association between the mucosal immune system, intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Bioactive components that affect the gut microbiota composition, epithelial physical barrier and intestinal morphology were previously studied. The current systematic review evaluated evidence of anthocyanin effects and the ability to improve gut microbiota composition, their metabolites and parameters of the physical barrier; this was conducted in order to answer the question: “Does food source or extract of anthocyanin promote changes on intestinal parameters?”. The data analysis was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines with the search performed at PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus databases for experimental studies, and the risk of bias was assessed by the SYRCLE tool. Twenty-seven studies performed in animal models were included, and evaluated for limitations in heterogeneity, methodologies, absence of information regarding allocation process and investigators’ blinding. The data were analyzed, and the anthocyanin supplementation demonstrated positive effects on intestinal health. The main results identified were an increase of Bacteroidetes and a decrease of Firmicutes, an increase of short chain fatty acids production, a decrease of intestinal pH and intestinal permeability, an increase of the number of goblet cells and tight junction proteins and villi improvement in length or height. Thus, the anthocyanin supplementation has a potential effect to improve the intestinal health. PROSPERO (CRD42020204835).     

Anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins-rich extract from bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) on croton oil-induced ear edema and Propionibacterium acnes plus LPS-induced liver damage in mice

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) has been known to play a protective role in human health due to its high anthocyanin content. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of bilberry extract (BE, containing 42.04% anthocyanin) on Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced liver injury and croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. Results showed that BE could effectively inhibit croton oil-induced ear edema and liver inflammation provoked by P. acnes plus LPS, as reflected by the reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. These findings were confirmed by hepatic pathological examination. Moreover, BE administration markedly suppressed the increase of liver mRNA levels of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and the protein levels of iNOS, TNF-α and NF-κB. In addition, liver malondialdehyde and NO contents were significantly reduced by BE treatment. These results indicated that BE has potent protective effects on acute and immunological inflammation, which might contribute to the study of the anti-inflammatory effects of natural products and healthy food.     

Anthocyanins in the diet of infants and toddlers: intake,sources and trends

Purpose  

Anthocyanins, a colourful group of flavonoids in many fruits and vegetables, are proposed to provide positive impact on human health. However, intake estimations have almost exclusively been conducted in adult populations. As infants and toddlers are a promising age group for health promotion, we examined their anthocyanin intake (as anthocyanidins), food sources and trends of age and time in anthocyanidin density.     

Identification and quantification of anthocyanin pigments in colored rice

Anthocyanin pigments from varieties of black, red and wild rice were identified and quantified to evaluate their potential as nutritional function, natural colorants or functional food ingredients. Anthocyanin extraction was conducted with acidified methanol with 0.1M HCl (85:15, v/v) and identification of anthocyanin, aglycone and sugar moieties was conducted by comparison with purified standards by HPLC, Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectrophotometer and paper chromatography. Black and wild rice showed three different types of pigments by HPLC whereas red rice variety did not show any anthocyanins. Out of three pigments detected, one (peak 2) was characterized as cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) by comparison of spectroscopic and chromatographic properties with an authentic standard, and another (peak 3) was tentatively identified as cyanidin-fructoside on the basis of spectroscopic properties with λ_max of aglycone in 1% HCl methanol at 537 nm, electrospray ionization mass spectra with major ions at 449 and 287 m/z and chromatographic properties. But another pigment (peak 1) has not been characterized. The most abundant anthocyanin in black and wild rice was C3G.     

The food additives inulin and stevioside counteract oxidative stress

Prebiotics such as inulin (Inu)-type fructans and alternative natural sweeteners such as stevioside (Ste) become more popular as food ingredients. Evidence is accumulating that carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing biomolecules can be considered true antioxidants, capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we report on the ROS scavenging abilities of Inu and Ste in comparison with other sugars, sugar derivatives and arbutin. It is found that Inu and Ste are superior scavengers of both hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, more effective than mannitol and sucrose. Other compounds, such as 1-kestotriose, trehalose, raffinose and L-malic acid, also showed good reactivity to at least one of the two oxygen free radicals. The strong antioxidant properties of Inu and Ste are discussed. Within the plant vacuole, these compounds could play a crucial role in antioxidant defense mechanisms to help survive stresses. Addition to food assists in natural sweetening, food stabilization and maximizes health impact.     

Total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging activities of different extracts of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) pomace without seeds

In this study, 100% methanolic extract (ME), 70% aqua-methanolic extract (AME) and 100% aqueous extract of seabuckthorn byproduct were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. The total phenolic contents were high in AME (84.28 ± 1.58 mg of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/gm of extract) compared to other extracts. All the extracts scavenged different in vitro radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC(50) values were lowest in AME for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide and nitric oxide radicals, while ME had lowest values for hydroxyl radicals. The reducing power of the extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner and was highest in AME. The findings of this study revealed that seabuckthorn pomace without seed is one of the important resources as an antioxidant for food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic or nutraceutical industries.