妊娠期糖尿病患者产前胰岛素泵短期强化综合干预的效果观察

目的：探讨妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）患者实施产前胰岛素泵短期强化综合干预对血糖控制和妊娠结局的影响。方法2010年6月-2013年6月符合研究标准的GDM产前胰岛素强化治疗的64例患者随机分成综合干预组和常规护理组各32例。常规护理组患者给予常规护理干预,包括饮食与运动指导,相关知识宣教,胰岛素泵治疗的优越性介绍,胰岛素泵安装与护理以及并发症的防范。综合干预组患者在常规护理干预的基础上,给予短期强化综合干预,包括按照应用上肢功率计运动,举办沙龙活动和实施胰岛素泵个体化技术培训。观察两组患者遵医行为,血糖控制情况,记录低血糖、酮症酸中毒和皮肤感染发生情况,以及妊娠高血压综合征、早产、巨大儿等妇科、儿科、产科并发症情况。结果综合干预组遵医行为显著优于常规护理组（P＜0.05）,两组血糖达标时间差异无统计学意义,但综合干预组日均胰岛素用量显著低于常规护理组（P＜0.05）。综合干预组产妇低血糖症状发生率显著均低于常规护理组（P＜0.05）,两组产妇妊娠高血压综合征、早产及胎儿窘迫等差异无统计学意义。两组新生儿并发症差异无统计学意义。结论 GDM产前胰岛素泵短期强化治疗综合干预显著增强患者的遵医行为,有助平稳控制产前高血糖,可减少胰岛素用量,有效控制产妇低血糖症状发生。     

健康教育路径在胰岛素泵强化治疗中的应用效果观察

目的：提高糖尿病患者实施胰岛素泵强化治疗中的健康教育效果。方法：选择100例糖尿病胰岛素泵强化治疗使用患者,随机分为观察组和对照组各50例。观察组实施规范化管理,应用健康教育路径,对照组实施普通健康教育方法。比较两组胰岛素泵知识和技能的掌握情况、胰岛素泵相关故障发生率、副反应发生率及胰岛素泵强化治疗血糖达标时间。结果：两组血糖均可以控制达标,观察组比对照组更快达标（P〈0.05）;观察组的胰岛素泵相关故障发生率及副反应发生率均低于对照组（P〈O.05）;两组胰岛素泵强化治疗理论知识及技能较治疗前明显改善,观察组掌握更好（P〈O.05）。结论：健康教育路径可以提高患者对胰岛素泵治疗的认可程度和依从性,提高强化治疗的有效性,促进患者康复。     

糖尿病患者实施胰岛素泵强化治疗健康教育路径的效果观察

目的提高糖尿病患者行胰岛素泵强化治疗中的健康教育效果。方法选择60例糖尿病胰岛素泵使用患者，随机分为观察组和对照组各30例。观察组实施规范化管理，应用健康教育路径，对照组实施普通健康教育方法。比较两组胰岛素泵知识和技能的掌握情况、胰岛素泵相关故障发生率及胰岛素泵强化治疗血糖达标时间。结果两组血糖控制较强化治疗前明显改善，均可以控制达标（P〈0．01），观察组比对照组更快达标（P〈0．05）；观察组的胰岛素泵相关故障发生率比对照组低（P〈0．05）；两组胰岛素泵强化治疗理论知识及技能较治疗前明显改善，观察组掌握更好（P〈0．05）。结论健康教育路径可以提高患者对胰岛素泵治疗的认可程度和依从性，提高强化治疗的有效性。     

胰岛素泵治疗妊娠期糖尿病的临床疗效观察

【目的】探讨胰岛素泵（CSⅡ）对妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）血糖控制、母婴并发症及住院费用的影响。【方法】72例需胰岛素治疗的GDM随机分为每天胰岛素多次注射组（MDI组）和CSⅡ组,分析比较两组治疗前后的血糖变化、母婴并发症,并进行费用比较。【结果】与MDI组相比,CSⅡ组能快速控制空腹、餐后血糖,血糖达标所需时间及胰岛素用量少（P〈0．05）,母婴并发症少,所需住院时间短,CSⅡ组日平均费用高于MDI组,但两组住院总费用相比较无差异。【结论】胰岛素泵能更好的控制血糖,减少胰岛素用量,显著降低母婴并发症,缩短住院时间,且不增加患者经济负担,故值得推广应用。     

个体化健康管理模式对糖尿病患者疗效的影响

目的探讨个体化健康管理模式对糖尿病患者疗效的影响。方法选取300例糖尿病患者,随机分为干预组和对照组,对照组仅给常规门诊护理,干预组给予个体化健康管理,六个月后比较两组患者血糖水平、体质量、并发症、治疗依从性及满意度。结果个体化健康管理模式可有效控制糖尿病患者血糖水平及体质量,降低并发症发生率,提高患者治疗依从性及护理满意度,与传统门诊护理干预相比差异显著（P＜0.05）。结论个体化健康管理模式有利于提高糖尿病患者疗效,改善生活质量,值得临床推广使用。      

糖尿病患者胰岛素泵强化治疗的规范化管理

目的探讨糖尿病患者胰岛素泵强化治疗规范化管理的有效性。方法选择山东省立医院内分泌病房2007年2月至2008年2月住院的60例糖尿病使用胰岛素泵患者,随机分为实验组和对照组各30例。实验组实施规范化管理方案,对照组给予常规护理。对两组患者进行血糖控制、用泵天数、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生、胰岛素泵相关故障及胰岛素泵知识、操作技能评价。结果两组患者血糖控制较强化治疗前明显改善,均可以控制血糖达标（P（0．01）。实验组比对照组更快达标（P（0．05）,达标时早餐后2h及睡前血糖较对照组低（P（0．05）。实验组低血糖及黎明现象发生率较对照组明显降低（P〈0．01）;针头脱落、导管堵塞、注射部位皮肤感染及硬结、胰岛素泵机械或电子故障等发生率也较对照组明显降低（P〈0．01）。两组患者胰岛素泵强化治疗知识及操作技能较治疗前明显提高,实验组掌握更好（p〈0．05）。结论胰岛素泵强化治疗规范化管理能更有效地控制糖尿病患者的血糖水平,提高患者对胰岛素泵治疗的认可程度和依从性。     

胰岛素泵治疗妊娠期糖尿病疗效观察

目的：探讨胰岛素泵治疗妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的治疗效果。方法：选择60例GDM患者，随机分为观察组和对照组，观察组用胰岛素泵持续皮下注射胰岛素，对照组采用常规皮下注射胰岛素，比较两组的治疗效果。结果：治疗后两组血糖指标均明显下降，但观察组下降幅度大于对照组；观察组平均胰岛素用量及母婴并发症发生率均小于对照组。结论：胰岛素泵治疗GDM是一种安全、简单及符合人体生理，在临床推广方便。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗2型糖尿病30例临床护理

目的：探讨胰岛素泵持续皮下胰岛素注射（CSⅡ）和多次皮下胰岛素注射（MDI）对2型糖尿病强化治疗的临床疗效及护理措施。方法：将60例2型糖尿病患者随机分为CSⅡ组和MDI组各30例,CSⅡ组采用胰岛素泵治疗,MDI组采用胰岛素笔治疗。比较两组血糖水平、血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率等情况。结果：CSⅡ组在血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖发生率方面与MDI组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：CSⅡ更能有效地控制血糖,节省胰岛素用量,降低低血糖的发生率,减少和延缓慢性并发症,提高生活质量。     

胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病过程中实施精细化管理效果探讨

目的:探讨精细化管理模式在胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病患者中的应用价值.方法:将80例患者随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,对照组行常规护理,观察组在此基础上实施精细化管理.评价两组患者空腹和餐后2 h血糖值、血糖达标时间、低血糖发生率、治疗依从性、胰岛素用量、对糖尿病及胰岛素泵相关知识掌握程度.结果:两组患者干预前后空腹和餐后2 h血糖值比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且观察组干预前后上述指标比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同时,两组患者干预后血糖达标时间、低血糖发生率、胰岛素用量、治疗依从性、对糖尿病及胰岛素泵相关知识掌握程度评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:在采用胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病患者的过程中实施精细化管理,不仅为护理科学管理提供新的模式,更为患者提供了更加有效的治疗.     

胰岛素泵治疗妊娠糖尿病的临床疗效分析

目的探讨胰岛素泵治疗妊娠糖尿病的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择2008年2月至2011年2月160例妊娠糖尿病围术期患者,随机分入对照组与观察组,每组各80例。对照组多次皮下胰岛素注射治疗,观察组胰岛素泵持续皮下输注,比较两组干预前后血糖水平、血糖达标时间、低血糖及母婴并发症发生率。结果两组治疗后血糖水平均明显下降（P〈0.01）,但观察组血糖优于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组血糖达标时间少于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组低血糖发生率低于对照组（5.0%〈12.5%,P〈0.05）,观察组母婴并发症发生率少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论妊娠糖尿病患者使用胰岛素泵降糖达标时间快,血糖平稳,且安全性高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.