TRAF6在人PBMC来源的树突状细胞成熟中的作用

目的: 探讨肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)在不同成熟度树突状细胞(DCs)中的表达及其对DCs免疫刺激活性的影响。方法: 重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)和重组人白细胞介素4(IL-4)体外诱导的人外周血单个核细胞来源的DCs,经TNF-α、LPS和细胞因子鸡尾酒法诱导成熟,分别以流式细胞术、ELISA和混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)检测DCs的表面标志、IL-12分泌和刺激淋巴细胞增殖能力。Western blotting和real-time PCR分别检测各组TRAF6蛋白水平及mRNA的表达。结果: 各组DCs均表达TRAF6,成熟状态最佳的鸡尾酒诱导下DCs的TRAF6蛋白表达最高。高表达TRAF6的DCs可促进IL-12的分泌,增强刺激淋巴细胞增殖的能力。结论: TRAF6是调节DCs激活和成熟的关键因素。     

B7-H1阻断对未成熟树突状细胞免疫功能的影响

目的：探讨B7-H1阻断对未成熟树突状细胞(DCs)的免疫刺激活性的影响。 方法： 以细胞因子GM-CSF和IL-4体外诱导人单核细胞来源的树突状细胞，流式细胞仪检测在诱导过程中B7-H1的表达，并以B7-H1单抗阻断处理，分别以流式细胞仪、MTT法、ELISA、ELISPOT法检测B7-H1阻断对DCs的成熟和内吞能力、刺激淋巴细胞增殖、IL-12的分泌、诱导淋巴细胞分化的影响。 结果： DCs在诱导过程中B7-H1表达逐渐增强，第7 d时的阳性表达率为54.12％，以TNF-α诱导成熟后阳性表达率为83.64％；B7-H1阻断对DCs成熟和内吞能力无影响，但可使未成熟DCs刺激淋巴细胞增殖的能力和IL-12的分泌明显增强，并诱导淋巴细胞向分泌IFN-γ的Th1/Tc1的分化。 结论： B7-H1阻断可增强未成熟DCs的免疫刺激活性，利用B7-H1阻断的DCs瘤苗激发抗肿瘤免疫的方案值得进一步探讨。     

HBeAg对小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞成熟的影响

目的 探讨HBe Ag对LPS诱导小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞(DC)成熟的影响。方法 体外诱导C57BL/6小鼠骨髓细胞分化成未成熟树突状细胞,经CD11c磁珠分选纯化后将DCs随机分为空白对照组、LPS刺激组、HBe Ag+LPS刺激组。流式检测DC表型变化,混合淋巴反应(MLR)检测DC促T淋巴细胞增殖能力,酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中IL-12的分泌水平,Western blot检测p38磷酸化水平,并设置SB203580组为阳性对照探讨细胞IL-12分泌的可能调节机制。结果 LPS刺激未成熟DC引起细胞表面MHC-Ⅱ、CD86表达升高,刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖能力增强,IL-12分泌量增高。HBe Ag可抑制LPS促进DC表面MHC-Ⅱ、CD86表达升高和促淋巴细胞增殖能力增强的作用。LPS刺激DC可引起p38磷酸化水平升高,并呈时间依赖性;HBe Ag或SB203580预处理细胞再予LPS刺激,磷酸化p38表达和IL-12分泌较单纯LPS刺激组明显下降。结论 HBe Ag对LPS引起的树突状细胞的成熟有一定的抑制作用,且HBe Ag可能通过抑制p38MAPK信号通路下调LPS诱导的树突状细胞IL-12的产生。     

体外DCs在抗CD45RB抗体诱导免疫耐受中的作用机制

目的:探讨树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)在抗CD45RB抗体诱导的免疫耐受中所发挥的作用,从而阐明抗CD45RB抗体诱导免疫耐受的机制。方法:采用DCs的常规诱导方法(rmGM-CSF、IL-4和LPS),在诱导过程中加入不同剂量的抗CD45RB抗体,成熟后利用流式细胞仪检测细胞表型、周期和吞噬能力,ELISA法检测IL-12分泌量,混合淋巴细胞培养检测DCs对T细胞增殖能力的影响。结果:DCs经抗CD45RB抗体处理后,CD11C和CD83表达升高,CD86表达下降,自身增殖和吞噬能力增强,但分泌IL-12和刺激T细胞增殖的能力明显下降。结论:耐受性树突状细胞(tolerogenic dendritic cells,tDCs)能显著抑制T细胞的增殖,它的产生是抗CD45RB抗体诱导免疫耐受的主要机制之一。     

丁酸钠诱导的未成熟树突状细胞的免疫学功能研究

目的： 探讨丁酸钠对人外周血来源的树突状细胞（DC）的成熟状态和免疫学功能的影响。方法： 通过粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）和白细胞介素4（IL-4）结合丁酸钠体外诱导人外周血来源的DC，6 d后结合不同成熟因子诱导成熟，并以流式细胞仪、FITC标记的Dextran的内吞检测、混合淋巴细胞反应（MLR）、ELISA法分别检测DC的表面标志、内吞能力、DC刺激淋巴细胞增殖能力和白细胞介素12（IL-12）分泌量的改变。结果： 丁酸钠可以抑制DC成熟，使DC具有较强的抗原吞噬能力，而刺激淋巴细胞增殖能力和IL-12的分泌能力下降。结论： 丁酸钠可以抑制DC成熟，诱导不成熟DC生成，在移植免疫耐受方面具有较好的应用前景。     

肾癌细胞冻融抗原负载树突状细胞瘤苗的活化

目的: 探索体外诱导DCs活化的方法和制备肾癌树突状细胞(DCs)瘤苗。方法: 制备肾癌细胞冻融抗原；取健康人新鲜血分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),应用GM-CSF+IL-4刺激，诱导PBMC为iDCs,然后进行分组，采用不同因子刺激iDCs转化为mDCs,其中Ａ组:冻融抗原负载；Ｂ组: TNF-α+冻融抗原负载；Ｃ组: IL-1β+冻融抗原负载；Ｄ组: TNF-α+IL-1β+冻融抗原负载。 结果:各组均可诱导iDCs的成熟,并高表达CD86、CD80和HLA-DR；相对于其它组，D组DCs 更显著上调CD83和CD54表达(P<0.05)和IL-12分泌(P<0.01)，且D组mDCs更有效地刺激淋巴细胞增殖(P<0.05)。 结论: TNF-α+IL-1β与肾癌细胞冻融抗原协同可有效促进DCs成熟、增强诱导淋巴细胞活化的能力。     

紫草素对人外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞表型及功能的影响

目的探讨紫草素对人外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞表型及功能的影响。方法从健康人外周血中分离获得单个核细胞,经过夜贴壁后获得单核细胞,体外采用多种细胞因子联合诱导,获得了分化与功能相对成熟的树突状细胞。采用流式细胞仪检测技术观察不同质量浓度紫草素对DC表面分子表达的影响,采用CCK-8法观察紫草素对树突状细胞促淋巴细胞增殖以及ELISA法检测其对树突状细胞分泌细胞因子IL-23的干预作用。结果 TNF-α25 ng/ml刺激树突状细胞,细胞表面分子CD80、CD83表达升高,刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖能力增强;100μg/ml紫草素可抑制CD80及CD86的表达,50μg/ml紫草素可抑制CD86的表达;100μg/ml紫草素和50μg/ml紫草素均可抑制树突状细胞促淋巴细胞增殖的能力;100μg/ml紫草素和50μg/ml紫草素均可抑制LPS和INF-γ联合诱导的树突状细胞IL-23的分泌。结论紫草素具有一定的抑制树突状细胞成熟及抑制其分泌IL-23的作用。     

树突状细胞体外诱导方案的对比

目的探讨并比较不同细胞因子组合、诱导时间对树突状细胞(DC)体外诱导、成熟,分泌细胞因子水平和刺激淋巴细胞增殖能力的影响,为建立DC体外高效、规模化培育体系提供依据。方法分离健康人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),贴壁法获得DC前体细胞,用白细胞介素4(IL-4)和粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)诱导2 d,将其分为6组。A组加入肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-1α和前列腺素E2(PGE2);B组加入α干扰素(IFN-α);C组加入脂多糖(LPS);3组细胞继续培育2 d。D~F组细胞先进行1/3体积换液,24 h后,分别再加入上述A~C组的成熟因子,再继续诱导2 d。分别收获各组上清和细胞,进行细胞计数,采用流式细胞术进行表型分析;采用ELISA检测各组DC分泌IL-12p70的水平、采用细胞增殖检测试剂盒刺激淋巴细胞增殖的能力。结果 6组体外诱导体系均能培育出形态学类似DC的细胞,DC数量与纯度(均达到96%以上),各组间无显著性差异。A组与D组比较:CD40、CD80、CD83、CD86共刺激分子表达水平相近,但D组DC分泌IL-12p70水平高于A组;B组与E组比较:E组DC的CD86表达水平显著高于B组,CD80表达量略高于B组,2组DC分泌IL-12p70的水平相近;C组与F组比较:CD40、CD80、CD83、CD86共刺激分子表达水平和分泌IL-12p70的水平均相近。6组DC刺激淋巴细胞增殖水平均相近。三种不同成熟因子(组合)比较:B组DC共刺激分子CD80水平明显低于C组和A组,且IL-12p70分泌水平最低,而C组和A组共刺激分子表达水平与IL-12p70分泌水平相近。结论 TNF-α、IL-1α和PGE-2三种细胞因子联合以及LPS可有效地诱导DC表达高水平免疫共刺激分子、分泌高水平IL-12p70。     

CCK-8对LPS诱导树突状细胞成熟的影响

目的: 观察八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导树突状细胞(DCs)成熟的影响。方法: 采用粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)诱导法培养小鼠骨髓来源DCs,在LPS诱导其成熟过程中用不同浓度的CCK-8进行干预,采用流式细胞分析技术检测DCs表面主要组织相容性复合物II(MHC II)、分化群80(CD80)和分化群86(CD86)的表达;ELISA法检测DCs培养上清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的含量;MTT法检测CCK-8处理DCs对同种异体T细胞增殖反应的影响。结果: CCK-8剂量依赖性地抑制LPS诱导DCs表面CD80、CD86和MHC II表达(P<0.01, P<0.05 );CCK-8抑制LPS诱导DCs分泌IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α(P<0.01);并且,CCK-8降低LPS诱导DCs刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖的活性(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论: CCK-8对LPS诱导DCs成熟过程中的细胞表型、细胞因子分泌和抗原提呈功能有抑制作用,提示CCK-8有可能在抗感染和抵抗自身免疫性疾病过程中发挥重要调节作用。     

ManLAM对树突状细胞成熟及下游免疫的影响

目的:研究结核分枝杆菌(MTB)成分带甘露聚糖帽的脂阿拉伯甘露聚糖(mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan,ManLAM)对树突状细胞(dendriticcells,DCs)成熟及下游免疫的影响。方法:分离健康人外周血单个核细胞,用GM-CSF和IL-4诱导DCs生长,培养至第五天换液加细胞因子,第六天分三组,按实验设计加ManLAM和LPS。第七天收集细胞送流式检测DC-SIGN、HLA-DR、CD86、CD83表达水平;ELISA检测DCs培养上清液中IL-12和IL-10水平;混合淋巴细胞反应检测DCs诱导CD4+T淋巴细胞增值能力;DCs与初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞共培养48小时后,ELISA检测培养上清液中IFN-γ水平。结果:(1)ManLAM组DCs表达CD86、CD83等成熟标志物较成熟DCs组下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)ManLAM组DCs培养上清液中IL-10水平较成熟组升高,IL-12水平较成熟组下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ManLAM组DCs刺激淋巴细胞增殖能力及刺激初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞向Th1细胞分化能力较成熟组下调,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:ManLAM干扰DCs成熟,下调DCs诱导的淋巴细胞增殖能力和激活初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞向Th1细胞分化能力。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.