输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管膀胱尿道结石(附152例报告)

目的：探讨输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管、膀胱、尿道结石的疗效与安全性。方法：回顾性分析经尿道输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗的152例尿道、膀胱、输尿管结石患者的临床资料。结果：4例男性尿道结石和20例膀胱结石均碎石成功，输尿管中下段结石109例，107例成功，2例输尿管口狭窄改用ESWL碎石成功；输尿管上段结石19例，12例原位碎石成功，2例输尿管镜插至输尿管中段上行受阻插管改ESWL碎石成功，5例部分碎石冲入或推入肾内置引流管后行ESWL碎石成功。结论：输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管及其以下尿路结石，具有安全可靠、损伤小、术后恢复快等优点，是微创治疗的有效方法之一。对于输尿管上段结石，将该手术配合ESWL也能取得满意疗效。     

上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的微创治疗

目的探讨上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症微创手术治疗的疗效及安全性。方法 2011年5月~2014年2月对65例上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症积极抗感染的同时,一期在膀胱镜下或经皮肾穿刺置管,以引流尿液、解除梗阻,待患者感染控制、全身情况平稳后,二期行输尿管镜或经皮肾镜碎石术。结果一期膀胱镜下逆行插管,单侧结石53例,成功置入39例;双侧结石12例,双侧均成功置入导管7例,一侧成功置入导管3例。逆行插管失败者,在B超定位下行经皮肾穿刺置管。二期行腔内微创碎石手术,结石成功排出61例,结石清除率93.8%(61/65),再结合ESWL和中药排石等治疗方法,仅2例单侧结石残留,排石率96.9%(63/65)。65例术后6个月随访,肾功能及肾积水程度明显改善,其中55例肾积水消失,7例重度肾积水恢复至中度肾积水,3例重度积水,未出现严重并发症。结论膀胱镜下逆行或经皮肾穿刺顺行置管联合输尿管镜或经皮肾镜碎石术操作简便,耐受性好,安全性高,利于控制感染及恢复肾功能,两者联合可作为上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症患者的理想治疗方式。     

急性输尿管结石梗阻合并严重感染的微创治疗

目的探讨急性输尿管结石梗阻合并严重感染的微创治疗方法与疗效。方法对51例急性上尿路结石梗阻合并严重感染,在积极抗感染、纠正败血症和电解质紊乱的同时,急诊行膀胱镜下逆行插管引流或B超引导下行经皮肾细针穿刺置管引流。感染控制后行输尿管镜下碎石或体外冲击波碎石术。结果8例膀胱镜下逆行插管成功,其余43例在超声引导下经皮肾微创穿刺造瘘术均一次成功。术中见高压混浊脓性尿液喷出,术后10例有暂时性血尿和腰痛,无气胸、尿外渗、肾周血肿、腹腔脏器损伤等并发症。3例术后造瘘管脱出重新置管。3~7d后所有患者体温和血白细胞数降至正常。结石处理:8例采用体外震波碎石术,35例行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术,8例结石上推至肾盂后行体外震波碎石。无输尿管穿孔、输尿管撕裂、严重出血及术后高热等并发症。术后3周内结石全部排净,其中1周内结石排净34例。51例术后随访3~6个月,患肾功能恢复正常。结论经皮肾微创穿刺造瘘引流联合输尿管镜取石或体外震波碎石可迅速控制感染,减少并发症,是急性输尿管结石梗阻伴严重感染的理想微创治疗方法。     

16例老年结石性急性梗阻性肾积脓的微创处理

目的总结老年结石性急性梗阻性肾积脓的微创处理方法。方法 2004年6月～2009年11月,对16例老年结石性急性梗阻性肾积脓采用微创方法处理。加强抗炎补液及对症抗休克治疗。对于结石病程短,积水程度轻,结石长径1cm者,首选表麻下膀胱镜下逆行插管,放置双J管;对于积水明显或继发感染性休克者,则局麻下在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘;均不成功者,即刻改行硬膜外麻醉下输尿管镜碎石置管术,快速打开通道,不必一次碎石成功。结果 9例膀胱镜逆行插管,5例成功;8例(包括1例膀胱镜逆行插管未成功者)在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘,5例成功。前述治疗不成功的6例行输尿管镜碎石置管术,3例一期碎石成功,2例因结石过大,打开通道后留置双J管,1例术中麻醉意外死亡。6例行输尿管镜碎石置管术者中,术后4例出现明显寒战高热。4例术前处于休克早期或休克状态患者,3例经皮肾穿刺造瘘成功,1例输尿管镜碎石置管成功,术后血压均恢复正常。除3例一期碎石成功外,12例均再次入院行输尿管镜碎石取石。结论对于老年结石性急性梗阻性肾积脓患者,需最大限度地降低手术风险,膀胱镜下逆行插管和(或)经皮肾穿刺造瘘可根据病情作为首选,而输尿管镜碎石置管术亦是一种相对安全的补充治疗措施。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗ESWL术后残留输尿管结石38例

目的探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石术（extracorporeal chock wave lithotripsy，ESWL）术后残留输尿管结石的疗效。方法对38例ESWL术后残留输尿管结石患者应用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗。结果38例均一次碎石成功，术后1个月复查结石均排尽。结论输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗ESWL术后残留的输尿管结石安全、有效。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石失败的输尿管结石67例报告

目的：探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗因体外冲波碎石术(ESWL)失败的输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法：采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗ESWL失败的输尿管结石67例。结果：59例碎石成功，成功率为88％；并发症5例，发生率为7．5％。结论：输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术是治疗输尿管结石较为安全有效的方法，对ESWL失败的输尿管结石碎石效果也较满意。     

上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的治疗

目的探讨上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的治疗方案。方法回顾2014年7月~2018年5月在我院确诊收治的43例上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症患者的临床资料,43例患者均行积极抗感染治疗,同时,一期行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,以解除梗阻,待患者感染控制后,二期行经输尿管镜或经皮肾镜碎石术。结果一期行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术29例,单侧结石23例,双侧结石6例,均成功置入导管。不宜行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或逆行插管术失败者,在B超定位下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,共14例。待感染控制、病情稳定后出院,出院1个月后,再二期行腔内微创手术处理结石,碎石成功41例,碎石率95.35%(41/43),2例患者术后行体外冲击波碎石治疗,出院后3个月随访,42例患者结石排净,结石排净率为97.67%(42/43),肾功能及肾积水程度明显改善,43例患者在整个治疗过程中未出现严重并发症。结论经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或经皮肾穿刺造瘘术联合腔内微创手术是治疗上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的一种安全、有效的方法。     

经尿道输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石56例，尿管上段结石3例，中段结石32例，下段结石21例中结石位于左侧30例，右侧25例，双侧1例。结果56例输尿管结石粉碎53例（94．6％），1例结石移动至肾盂未完成手术，1例置镜失败而改行开放手术，1例发生输尿管下段穿孔，经放置双J管内引流后改行ESWL治疗。30例（53．6％）术后有肉眼或镜下血尿，所有病例无尿路感染、输尿管黏膜剥脱、撕裂及狭窄等严重并发症。结论输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石，疗效确切、安全、组织损伤小，并发症少，可作为输尿管中段和下段结石的首选治疗方法。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管上段结石临床体会

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石疗效。方法对60例应用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石回顾性分析。结果 46例患者术中完全碎石,12例患者术中结石移入肾盂,均留置双J管后行体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗。2例输尿管扭曲或狭窄致进镜困难,无法窥见结石,其中1例转开放手术,1例置双J管后ESWL治疗。结论输尿管上段结石采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石以及术后结合ESWL疗效肯定,但术中操作者的熟练操作、冲洗速度的调整、术前合适病例的选择是手术成功的关键。     

尿流改道后输尿管结石的处理（附8例报告）

目的：评价尿流改道后输尿管结石的治疗方案。方法：回顾性分析8例尿流改道后输尿管结石的处理方法,术前泌尿系腹部平片、泌尿系彩超、肾输尿管膀胱CT平扫明确为输尿管结石,所有患者对症治疗,随访观察1周,患者如结石未自行排出,行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）或逆行输尿管镜钬激光碎石。结果：2例患者输尿管结石自行排出;3例患者行ESWL,1例碎石后结石成功排出;5例行逆行输尿管软镜碎石成功。8例患者结石治疗后均未出现并发症。结论：尿流改道后输尿管结石的处理包括短期随访观察、ESWL及逆行输尿管软镜碎石治疗。逆行输尿管软镜碎石是安全有效的,可作为尿流改道患者输尿管结石的理想治疗方法之一。     

ESWL与输尿管镜碎石联合处理上尿路结石

目的：探讨对部分上尿路结石采用ESWI．与输尿管镜碎石联合处理的方法。方法：对70例上尿路结石患者采用ESWI。与输尿管镜下钬激光碎石（URS）联合交替治疗。其中输尿管结石48例,。肾结石22例。结果：结石总排净率为91．4％00（64／70）,其中输尿管结石排净率为95．8％（46／48）,肾结石排净率为81．8％（18／22）。3例治疗失败,其中1例输尿管结石因输尿管狭窄无法入镜;另2例肾结石,1例因交替治疗次数过多中途停止治疗,1例因结石硬度过大ESWI,不佳,均改为PCNL术。结论：ESW[。与URS联合交替进行的疗法处理上尿路结石,避免了创伤性治疗,扩大了ESWI,治疗范围,降低了URS手术难度,缩短了URS操作时间,提高了结石排净率,患者创伤微小、恢复快、并发症少,是治疗上尿路结石,特别是部分复杂性上尿路结石较理想的方法之一。     

Treatment of 2019 cases with upper urinary tract calculi using a piezoelectric lithotriptor ESL-500A

PURPOSE: We evaluated the results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in a large number of cases with upper urinary tract calculi, and reported the strategy how to improve the efficacy and safety of ESWL. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Eight hundred fifteen patients with renal calculi and 1,204 patients with ureteral calculi were treated using a piezoelectric ultrasound-guided lithotriptor, Toshiba ESL-500A. Auxiliary measures were needed in 51 cases (2.5%) and 1,968 cases (97.5%) were treated by in situ procedures. ESWL was performed with the optimal positioning of the patient and under the continuous monitoring by ultrasound system. The visibility of stones was improved by removal of abdominal gas and administration of diuretic agent to dilate the ureter. Cases with urinary tract infection were medicated by antibiotics and the obstruction of the urinary tract was cleared away as soon as possible. RESULTS: Including the cases with residual fragments less than 4 mm, the success rates at one month after the treatment were 97.7% and 98.7% for the renal and ureteral calculi, respectively. The mean numbers of sessions were 1.49 for renal calculi and 1.16 for ureteral calculi. Multiple sessions were required in 24.2% of renal calculi and 12.0% of ureteral calculi. No serious complication has been observed except for three cases, which were sepsis after ESWL, anuria in a solitary kidney, and pyonephrosis caused by Steinstrasse with urinary infection, respectively. CONCLUSION: ESWL using ESL-500A is an efficient treatment of upper urinary tract calculi which has higher pulverization rate and fewer complications in the adequate procedure.     

顺行输尿管软镜碎石术治疗尿流改道后上尿路结石分析

目的：评价顺行输尿管软镜碎石术治疗各种尿流改道后上尿路结石的临床应用价值、安全性及疗效。方法：2009年1月～2012年2月采用顺行输尿管软镜碎石术治疗尿流改道后上尿路结石患者19例,其中左侧13例,右侧5例,双侧1例;输尿管结石12例,肾结石5例,同时合并肾结石和输尿管结石2例。4例采用C臂X线引导,15例采用B超引导肾造瘘。11例一期行经皮肾造瘘＋顺行输尿管软镜碎石术;8例合并感染及急性梗阻患者一期行经皮肾造瘘,1周后二期行输尿管软镜碎石术。结果：19例患者均取得手术成功,平均手术时间为（61±21）min,平均住院时间为（5．6±3．2）d,术中出血量均〈50ml,术中及术后均未发生严重并发症。17例经历一次碎石程序即完全清除,2例经过2次碎石程序。术后4周复查CT,仅1例显示肾盂残留小片状结石,一期结石清除率达94．7％。平均随访15个月,2例患者复发,显示结石复发率为10．5％（2／19）,1例经过ESWL得到成功治疗,另1例再次顺行输尿管软镜碎石治疗成功。结论：顺行输尿管软镜是处理尿流改道后上尿路结石治疗的首选方式,具有安全性高、手术成功率高、结石清除率高、复发率低、并发症少等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

Treatment of ureteral stone disease: the role of ESWL and endourology

Summary In recent years, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has proved a safe and easily reproducible method for the treatment of calculi in the upper urinary tract above the iliac crest. Current indications for ESWL as single therapy encompass approximately 60%–70% of all stones. The use of endourological methods as auxiliary procedures can enhance the range of indications to 95% of all renal stones and 85% of all ureteral stones. In the last year, 1340 patients have been successfully treated for urinary calculi at our department. Evaluation of all stone cases shows that ESWL alone, ESWL combined with percutaneous techniques, or percutaneous techniques alone were performed on 93% of all patients. Only 7% of patients had to undergo open surgical treatment, 1% for renal stones and 15% for ureteral stones. Ureteral stones are still among the problem stones for ESWL, in many cases requiring time-consuming combined procedures with either of the percutaneous methods. Furthermore, ureteral obstruction caused by stone particles as a complication after ESWL-treatment of large renal stones has to be relieved using percutaneous techniques. In this report we describe our approach in detail and discuss our results.     

经皮肾造瘘大功率钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石35例报告

目的探讨经皮肾造瘘大功率钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结行的疗效。方法采用经皮肾造瘘大功率（40～60W）钬激光碎石术治疗35例复杂性肾结石。伴肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄（UPJO）的5例同时行钬激光内切开。结果35例手术均成功,平均碎石时间65min。29例（82．9％）单次碎石后排净结仃,残余结石6例,经ESWL1～3次治疗后结石排净。34例随诊半年,无结石残留或复发。UPJO者尿流通畅,无再狭窄发生。结论经皮肾造瘘大功率钬激光碎石术具有创伤小,碎石快,安全可靠等优点,术后残石可经ESWL后排出,是治疗复杂性肾结石的有效方法。     

Clinical experiences of renal and ureteral stones by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). IV: 3-year clinical experience of cases treated with ESWL

We report our 3-year experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) since we first used it for upper urinary tract stones on September 1st, 1984. A total of 1,225 patients (1,320 cases) underwent 1,647 sessions with ESWL; They consisted of 855 males (70%) and 370 females (30%). Treated stone locations were 593 renal stones, which contained 112 complete staghorn calculi, 504 ureteral stones, 110 renoureteral stones, and 1 bladder stone. ESWL monotherapy was performed on 90% of cases with renal and ureteral stones, and 46% of cases with complete staghorn calculi. In all the cases so far observed for more than 12 weeks after ESWL, 84.9% of the former showed complete discharge of the stones, and 0.7% showed no change. Only 48.9% of the later showed the complete discharge of the stones, 43.3% of which had residual stones, and 7.8% had fragments of the size of small beans. Complications, which were fever and pain, were noticed in 33.6% of the cases with renal and ureteral stones, and 64.3% of the cases with complete staghorn calculi. After ESWL, hematuria was noticed in almost cases, but the average volume of hemorrhage was 28 +/- 33 ml/day. The only contraindication of ESWL was severe obesity, and in the cases in which spontaneous stone discharge can be expected.     

输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石取石术治疗输尿管上段结石112例

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石取石术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床效果及安全性。 方法〓应用输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石取石术治疗112例输尿管上段结石患者。男63例,女49例,年龄18~87岁(46.7±13.6岁),左侧61例,右侧46例,双侧5例。结石长径0.7~2.2 cm(1.2±0.5 cm)。26例合并输尿管息肉,31例曾行体外冲击波碎石术,所有患侧肾脏均合并不同程度肾积水。 结果〓手术成功率88.4%(99/112),手术时间15~80 min(33.6±16.8 min),术后住院天数3~14天(4.7±2.1天)。所有患者均无严重肉眼血尿、输尿管穿孔、粘膜撕裂、输尿管镜石街形成等并发症。3例患者出现畏寒、高热,其中1例发展为尿源性脓毒血症,予以积极抗感染治疗后,症状逐渐缓解。结论〓输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石取石术治疗输尿管上段结石是安全,有效的治疗方法。     

经皮肾造瘘软膀胱镜下钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石

目的 探讨经皮肾造瘘软膀胱镜下应用钬激光治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性.方法经皮肾造瘘软膀胱镜下应用钬激光治疗肾和输尿管中上段结石26例.其中肾结石合并输尿管结石8例、肾多发结石5例、单纯肾盏结石4例、输尿管中上段结石9例.结石直径1.0～3.2 cm,平均2.2 cm.肾轻度积水4例,中度积水15例,重度积水7例,合并肾功能不全13例.均在B超引导下经肾中盏穿刺单通道取石.结果 22例一期取石成功,4例二期取石.18 F穿刺通道18例,24 F穿刺通道6例.手术时间45～140 min,平均72 min.结石取净率96.2%(25/26),术中和术后均无输血.术后高热1例,抗感染治疗2 d后体温正常,无其他明显并发症.术后22例平均随访(11±4)个月,B超复查患肾积水明显减轻,未见结石复发.结论 经皮肾造瘘软膀胱镜下钬激光碎石是治疗上尿路结石的一种有效的微创方法,尤其适用于肾盏和输尿管中上段结石.