Sommerlad提肌重建术修复不完全性腭裂

目的探讨Sommerlad提肌重建术修复不完全性腭裂的临床效果。方法对31例不完全性腭裂患儿采用Sommerlad提肌重建术修复。结果所有患儿术后均获6个月～3年随访。所有患儿语音清晰度及腭咽闭合的水平均得到了不同程度的改善。咽腔造影显示14例（45.2%）获得了完全的腭咽闭合。结论 Sommerlad提肌重建术是目前较理想的不完全性腭裂修复方法,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

腭裂术后患儿言语治疗的效果观察

目的观察言语治疗对腭裂术后患儿构音障碍恢复的效果。方法对28例腭裂术后患儿于术后4周开始进行言语训练,3个月为1个疗程,共训练1～3个疗程。训练前后分别进行腭咽闭合功能和语音清晰度测评。结果治疗后,鼻漏气率由（50.64±13.10）%降低到（23.36±13.14）%,8例语音达到正常水平,总有效率100%。结论言语治疗能使腭裂术后患儿构音障碍明显改善。     

腭帆提肌重建联合颊脂垫瓣修复对大龄腭裂的临床效果

目的探讨腭帆提肌重建联合颊脂垫瓣修复对大龄腭裂的临床效果。方法选取我院收治的76例大龄腭裂患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组(38例,腭帆提肌重建+颊脂垫瓣修复)和对照组(38例,腭帆提肌重建+碘仿纱布修复)。比较两组的预后情况。结果术后3个月,观察组的治疗总有效率明显高于对照组,腭瘘的发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后随访1年,观察组的上颌牙弓长、牙弓前段宽、牙弓后段宽、高鼻音与鼻漏音评分、语言清晰度和腭部瘢痕分级均明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论腭帆提肌重建联合颊脂垫瓣修复治疗大龄腭裂的临床效果显著,可减少并发症的发生,促进患者上颌牙发育,改善语音功能。     

Communication attitude and speech in 10-year-old children with cleft (lip and) palate: An ICF perspective

Many children born with cleft palate have impaired speech during their pre-school years, but usually the speech difficulties are transient and resolved by later childhood. This study investigated communication attitude with the Swedish version of the Communication Attitude Test (CAT-S) in 54 10-year-olds with cleft (lip and) palate. In addition, environmental factors were assessed via parent questionnaire. These data were compared to speech assessments by experienced listeners, who rated the children's velopharyngeal function, articulation, intelligibility, and general impression of speech at ages 5, 7, and 10 years. The children with clefts scored significantly higher on the CAT-S compared to reference data, indicating a more negative communication attitude on group level but with large individual variation. All speech variables, except velopharyngeal function at earlier ages, as well as the parent questionnaire scores, correlated significantly with the CAT-S scores. Although there was a relationship between speech and communication attitude, not all children with impaired speech developed negative communication attitudes. The assessment of communication attitude can make an important contribution to our understanding of the communicative situation for children with cleft (lip and) palate and give important indications for intervention.     

Communication attitude and speech in 10-year-old children with cleft (lip and) palate: an ICF perspective

Many children born with cleft palate have impaired speech during their pre-school years, but usually the speech difficulties are transient and resolved by later childhood. This study investigated communication attitude with the Swedish version of the Communication Attitude Test (CAT-S) in 54 10-year-olds with cleft (lip and) palate. In addition, environmental factors were assessed via parent questionnaire. These data were compared to speech assessments by experienced listeners, who rated the children's velopharyngeal function, articulation, intelligibility, and general impression of speech at ages 5, 7, and 10 years. The children with clefts scored significantly higher on the CAT-S compared to reference data, indicating a more negative communication attitude on group level but with large individual variation. All speech variables, except velopharyngeal function at earlier ages, as well as the parent questionnaire scores, correlated significantly with the CAT-S scores. Although there was a relationship between speech and communication attitude, not all children with impaired speech developed negative communication attitudes. The assessment of communication attitude can make an important contribution to our understanding of the communicative situation for children with cleft (lip and) palate and give important indications for intervention.     

腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂时凿断翼钩对中耳功能影响

目的探讨腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂时凿断翼钩对腭裂病人听力及中耳功能的影响。方法选取72例腭裂病人,随机分为2组。实验组42例,行腭裂修复术时凿断翼钩,解剖并重建腭帆提肌;对照组30例,解剖并重建腭帆提肌,但术中不凿断翼钩。术前及术后6个月两组均作声阻抗和脑干听觉诱发电位检查以判定疗效。结果两组病人术后听力及中耳功能均获得改善（t=3.38、2.18,P〈0.05;χ^2=61.46、51.42,P〈0.01）,实验组与对照组比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂有助于腭裂病人听力及中耳功能的改善,手术中凿断翼钩与否对术后听力及中耳功能的改善无显著影响,提示腭帆提肌重建在维持中耳功能中的作用占主导地位。     

腭裂儿童早期术后语音治疗与分析

目的对唇腭裂患儿的早期语言发育进行研究,了解其语言获得情况。方法对105 例无智力与听力障碍腭裂术后患儿采用一对一治疗模式,进行语言的康复治疗,每周1~2 次,每次30~45 min。结果所有患儿训练后语音清晰度显著改善(P<0.001)。结论早期手术可尽早地恢复腭咽闭合功能,且术后语音康复效果较好。     

超声检查对腭裂修复术效果的评价

目的 探讨超声检查评价腭裂修复术效果的可行性。方法 应用超声检查对7例腭裂患者术前及术后软腭的长度、运动幅度及腭咽闭合情况进行观察比较。结果 腭裂修复术后，软腭的长度较术前明显延长，平均延长13．7mm；术后软腭的运动幅度增加；腭咽闭合不全有所改善。结论 经体表超声检查腭裂患者术前、术后软腭的结构，可以作为评价腭裂修复术效果的客观指标。     

腭裂修复术后语音训练介入时机的研究

目的　探讨腭裂术后患者接受语音训练的最佳时机 ,研究语音训练介入时机对语音功能改善的作用。方法　对 5 6例接受腭裂修补术的患者进行术前、术后 1,2 ,3周、术后 1个月鼻音化率的比较研究 ,并对其中 14例患者在术后 1个月进行早期语音训练 ,通过与未接受语音训练组的对比研究 ,找出语音训练的最佳时机。结果　腭裂术前与术后 1,2 ,3周鼻音化率的均值比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。腭裂术前与术后 1个月鼻音化率的均值比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。腭裂术后 1个月接受语音训练组与未接受语音训练组比较 ,二者差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　腭裂术后 1个月内进行语音训练对腭裂语音的改善无明显作用 ;接受腭裂手术 1个月后 ,腭部肌肉运动、腭咽结构及功能渐渐恢复 ,在此期间进行语音训练对改善腭裂术后腭裂语音功能有至关重要的作用。     

Tongue-palate contact patterns for Japanese speakers with and without cleft lip and palate

Abstract

Purpose: Visual feedback therapy, using electropalatography (EPG), has been used to remedy residual articulation errors associated with cleft palate. The tongue-palate contact patterns of typical speakers without cleft palate are usually used as a model. However, it is questionable whether these model patterns are adequate for clients with repaired cleft palate, as their dento-palatal morphology is different from non-cleft speakers. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in tongue-palate contact patterns between typical speakers with and without cleft palate.

Method: EPG data were recorded for alveolar consonants in 15 participants with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) whose speech was perceptually assessed as typical Japanese. The cumulative templates for each consonant were generated from the maximum contact frame; quantitative analyses (centre of gravity [CoG], variability index) were performed. Fifteen typical Japanese speakers without cleft served as a control group.

Result: EPG patterns for each consonant were generally similar between groups. The CoG value of the UCLP group was significantly lower only for /s/. The average variability index was higher for every consonant but the comparisons did not reach significance.

Conclusion: The typical tongue-palate contact patterns can be used as a model of visual feedback therapy.     

腭裂患儿术后语音障碍的综合护理干预

[目的]探讨综合护理干预方法与单纯语音干预方法治疗腭裂患儿术后语音障碍的临床效果.[方法]将腭裂术后存在语音障碍的患儿40例随机分为两组,每组20例,综合组采用综合护理干预方法,单纯组采用单纯护理干预方法.分别于干预前及干预后1个月、2个月、3个月采用"汉语语音清晰度测试字表"评价两组语音清晰度,并进行组内与组间比较. [结果]两组病人干预后语音清晰度均有改善;两组间在干预1个月后比较差异无统计学意义;在干预2个月、3个月后比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),综合组患儿语音清晰度改善情况优于单纯组.[结论]综合性护理干预模式能有效改善病人的语音障碍,提高治疗效果.     

Electropalatography in home training of retracted articulation in a Swedish child with cleft palate: Effect on articulation pattern and speech

The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of electropalatography (EPG) in home training of persistent articulation errors in an 11-year-old Swedish girl born with isolated cleft palate. The /t/ and /s/ sounds were trained in a single subject design across behaviours during an eight month period using a portable training unit (PTU). Both EPG analysis and perceptual analysis showed an improvement in the production of /t/ and /s/ in words and sentences after therapy. Analysis of tongue-contact patterns showed that the participant had more normal articulatory patterns of /t/ and /s/ after just 2 months (after approximately 8 hours of training) respectively. No statistically significant transfer by means of intelligibility in connected speech was found. The present results show that EPG home training can be a sufficient method for treating persistent speech disorders associated with cleft palate. Methods for transfer from function (articulation) to activity (intelligibility) need to be explored.     

唇腭裂患儿术后并发症发生的影响因素分析

目的分析唇腭裂患儿术后并发症发生的影响因素分析。方法对386例唇腭裂患儿进行回顾性资料分析,其中术后出现创口裂开出血或并发感染共49例,对患儿的年龄、性别、体质量、喂养方式、手术时间、唇腭裂类型、血红蛋白、母亲年龄、母亲受教育程度等相关因素进行单因素Logistic回归分析,选择有统计学意义的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果单因素回归分析提示,患儿的年龄、性别、体质量、血红蛋白对唇腭裂患儿术后并发症无显著性影响(P>0.05),而喂养方式、手术时间、唇腭裂类型、母亲年龄、母亲受教育程度会影响唇腭裂患儿术后并发症的发生(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,喂养方式(OR=5.322,95%CI为1.356~21.321)、手术时间(OR=1.167,95%CI为1.029~1.531)、母亲受教育程度(OR=1.568,95%CI为1.353~2.589)均能影响唇腭裂患儿术后并发症的发生。结论采用汤匙或注射器喂养方式、手术时间短、母亲受教育程度高能减少唇腭裂患儿术后并发症的发生。     

腭裂术后语音训练方法的探讨

目的探讨患儿腭裂术后语音训练方法。方法通过对腭裂术后的患儿及家长以个体健康教育辅导语音训练的形式,根据每个患儿发音的不同特点,采用代偿性语音习惯矫正法、会厌闭合音矫正法和下颌异常前伸矫正训练法围绕汉语中重点几个不同辅音,有计划,循序渐进逐步完成从辅音→音节→词组→短句→自然交流或对话的语音训练。结果32例不同年龄阶段的患儿通过个体语音训练辅导后,语言清晰度提高有效率达96%,15例基本恢复正常语言,16例语音训练有效,1例无效。结论通过三种语音训练方法,能在较短时间里达到提高语音清晰度,改变语音的功能。     

腭裂患儿术后并发症发生的危险因素分析及干预措施

目的探讨腭裂患儿术后并发症发生的危险因素及干预措施。方法选取2017年7月至2019年3月我院收治的85例腭裂患儿作为研究对象,收集患儿基本资料、围手术期相关指标及术后并发症发生情况。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析腭裂患儿术后并发症发生的影响因素,并制定相应的干预措施。结果本组发生术后并发症患儿16例(18.82%)。单因素分析显示,年龄、术前血红蛋白、术前白蛋白、手术次数、单次手术时间、住院时间、术后疼痛及使用抗生素是影响腭裂患儿术后并发症发生的相关因素(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄、术前白蛋白、术后疼痛是影响腭裂患儿术后发生并发症的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论腭裂患儿术后发生并发症受年龄、术前白蛋白及术后疼痛的影响,需要通过加强术前评估、给予充足营养、提高凝血功能、缓解术后疼痛降低术后并发症发生。     

Prenatal detection of associated anomalies in fetuses diagnosed with cleft lip with or without cleft palate in utero.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prenatal detection rate of associated anomalies in fetuses with a suspected cleft lip with or without cleft palate. METHODS: Fetuses with a suspected cleft lip with or without cleft palate, determined by prenatal ultrasound, were prospectively enrolled. Additional anomalies suspected by ultrasound or genetic testing were recorded. Postnatal outcome was obtained. RESULTS: Forty-five fetuses with a cleft lip with or without cleft palate, diagnosed prenatally with either two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional ultrasound, were studied. Postnatal follow-up revealed that 16 (35.6%) of these 45 fetuses had an additional structural or syndromic abnormality. Of the 37 fetuses with prenatally determined 'isolated' cleft lip with or without cleft palate, eight (21.6%) had an additional malformation identified after delivery. CONCLUSION: In pregnancies complicated by a cleft lip with or without cleft palate, patients should be informed of the risks of associated anomalies, some of which may be undetected prenatally.     

Reduced finger and wrist flexor activity during propulsion with a new flexible handrim

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that finger and wrist flexor activity is lower when pushing with a high-friction flexible handrim than with a standard uncoated handrim. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four manual wheelchair users. INTERVENTION: Subjects pushed their own wheelchairs on a research treadmill set to level, 3 degrees , and 6 degrees grades using both a standard uncoated handrim and a high friction flexible handrim. Propulsion speed was self-selected and held constant between handrim trials. Handrim order was randomized. Finger and wrist flexor muscle activity was measured at the forearm using surface electromyography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Electromyographic data were rectified and normalized by each subject's maximum voluntary contraction. Total muscle exertion was determined by integrating the rectified signal over each push. Peak and total muscle exertion for each push were averaged across grade conditions and compared across handrims using a repeated measures t test. RESULTS: The flexible handrim resulted in statistically significant reductions in both peak and total forearm muscle activation. Averaging across all subjects and grade conditions, peak muscle activation was reduced by 11.8% (P=.026) and overall muscle exertion was reduced by 14.5% (P=.016). CONCLUSIONS: The flexible handrim was shown to require less finger and wrist flexor activity than a standard uncoated handrim for the same propulsion conditions.     

Prevalence of aneuploidy and additional anatomic abnormalities in fetuses and neonates with cleft lip with or without cleft palate: a population-based study in Utah.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of aneuploidy and additional major anatomic abnormalities in fetuses and neonates with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. METHODS: All cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cleft lip/cleft palate) occurring in Utah from 1995 through 1999 were reviewed by using the Utah Birth Defect Network population-based surveillance system. All pregnancy outcomes are included (stillborn, live born, and termination) in this analysis. RESULTS: Of 263 cases of cleft lip/cleft palate, 72 (27.4%) were unilateral cleft lip, 112 (42.6%) were unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate, 12 (4.6%) were bilateral cleft lip, and 67 (25.5%) were bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. Fifteen (5.7%) of the 263 fetuses and neonates were aneuploid. One (1.2%) with cleft lip (unilateral and bilateral combined) was aneuploid. Five (4.5%) of the fetuses and neonates with unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate were aneuploid compared with 9 (13.4%) of fetuses and neonates with bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. In known or presumed euploid fetuses and neonates, additional sonographically occult major anatomic abnormalities occurred in 5 (7.0%) of 71 with unilateral cleft lip, 18 (16.8%) of 107 with unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate, 1 (8.3%) of 12 with bilateral cleft lip, and 12 (20.7%) of 58 with bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. These abnormalities primarily involved the heart and the central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: Amniocentesis for karyotype should be offered in all cases of cleft lip/cleft palate because of the risk of aneuploidy. Patients should be counseled that sonographically occult additional anatomic abnormalities might be present with all clefts.     

双唇音构音障碍的临床特点和语音训练

目的探讨双唇音构音障碍的临床特点和训练方法。方法分析92 例功能性构音障碍(FAD)患者和85 例腭裂术后构音障碍患者双唇音构音障碍的特点;再各选择20 例有双唇音构音障碍的患者进行语音训练。结果FAD患者中/p/置换成/b/占同类患者有双唇音构音错误总人数的78.8%,腭裂术后构音障碍患者中/b/脱落和置换分别占30.2%和60.4%。经过语音训练,两类患者双唇音构音错误的个数显著减少(P<0.001)。结论双唇音构音障碍在FAD患者中主要为/p/音的不送气化,在腭裂术后构音障碍患者中主要表现为/b/音的脱落和置换;语音训练效果显著。     

Cleft lip and palate: developmental effects.

Children with cleft lip and/or palate are at risk for societal disapproval and/or discrimination and emotional adjustment problems due to facial disfigurement, speech impairment, and learning difficulties. This article reviews the potential psychosocial problems from a developmental perspective and offers suggestions as to the role of nurses at each developmental stage. Nurses may be prone to the same negative attitudes and biases as the general population and may engage in subtle discrimination against children with cleft lip and/or palate.