子宫内膜癌的预后影响因素分析

背景与目的:子宫内膜癌的预后影响因素较多,但其中仅有少数因素对预后构成独立影响。本研究的目的在于探讨子宫内膜癌的独立预后影响因素。方法:对我院1990年1月至2000年12月间初治时行手术治疗的265例子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,预后相关因素采用单因素分析及多因素相关回归分析,并进行逐步筛查。结果:本组病例的5年无瘤生存率及总生存率分别为83.3%和84.3%。单因素分析显示:临床分期、手术-病理分期、病理分级、组织学类型、肌层浸润深度、宫颈受累、淋巴结转移、腹腔液性质、脉管瘤栓及附件转移与5年无瘤生存率及总生存率有显著性相关(P<0.05),年龄、合并症因素与预后无显著性相关(P>0.05)。经多因素分析后得出,手术-病理分期、病理分级、肌层浸润深度及宫颈受累4个因素对子宫内膜癌患者的5年无瘤生存率及总生存率均产生显著性影响(P<0.05),临床分期仅对5年无瘤生存率有显著性影响(P<0.001),而对总生存率无显著性影响(P=0.074)。肌层浸润>50%者远处转移率(12.9%)明显高于≤50%者(0.6%)(P<0.001)。宫颈受累者的淋巴结转移率(21.1%)明显高于宫颈未受累者(3.6%)(P<0.001)。结论:FIGO分期、病理分级、肌层浸润深度及宫颈受累是子宫内膜癌独立的预后影响因素。在估计预后方面,手术-病理分期     

48例复发性肝细胞癌再次切除术后的疗效及预后因素分析

目的:分析复发性肝细胞癌行再次切除术后的疗效和影响预后的因素。方法:回顾性分析中山大学附属肿瘤医院和江西省人民医院1995年7 月至2003年7 月48例复发性肝细胞癌患者行再次肝切除术的临床病理资料,包括患者性别、年龄、原发肿瘤和复发肿瘤的病理学特征、再次肝切除术前全身状况、复发的出现时间及生存期等,根据随访结果计算总生存率和无瘤生存率,并作单因素及多因素分析。结果:48例患者再次切除术后中位生存时间36.3 个月,1、3、5 年累积生存率分别为81.3% 、45.8% 、27.1% ,1、3、5 年无瘤生存率分别为70.8% 、25.0% 、16.7% 。单因素分析结果显示:原发肿瘤TNM分期、原发肿瘤伴血管侵犯、复发间隔时间、复发肿瘤大小、复发肿瘤TNM分期、复发肿瘤伴血管侵犯影响再切除术后累积生存率;复发间隔时间、原发肿瘤TNM分期、复发肿瘤大小、复发肿瘤有无血管侵犯、复发肿瘤病理分级和AFP 水平影响再切除术后无瘤生存率。多因素分析显示:复发间隔时间、复发肿瘤TNM分期是影响复发性肝癌再切除术后累积生存的独立危险因素;复发间隔时间、复发肿瘤大小是影响其无瘤生存的独立危险因素。结论:肝内复发间隔时间短（≤24个月）、复发肿瘤直径>5cm、复发肿瘤TNM分期越晚,提示再次切除术后预后不良。      

Malignant Nasopharyngeal Tumours in Iceland

From 1965 to 1990, 46 cases of malignant nasopharyngeal tumours were diagnosed in Iceland. The incidence rate is as low as in other Western countries, 0.6/100 000 per year. Histo-pathological diagnosis were as follows: Undifferentiated carcinoma 45%; squamous cell carcinoma 30%; non-keratinizing carcinoma 7%; and plasmacytoma 9%; lymphoma 7%; rhabdomyosarcoma 2%. Four per cent were diagnosed at stage 1. 13% at stage II, 29% at stage III and 54% at stage IV. The overall crude survival at 10 years from diagnosis was 28.3%. The following factors were found to have a prognostic value: Stage of disease, size of tumour (T-classification) and age at diagnosis. Nodal stage (N-classification) alone and sex were not found to be prognostic factors. There was no difference in survival among the different WHO types of cancer. Patients with carcinoma were all treated with radiotherapy. The survival of those who received more than 60 Gy was better than of those who received 60 Gy or less (p = 0.04).     

术后辅助放疗对ⅢA-N2期非小细胞肺癌的疗效探讨

目的 探讨术后辅助放疗对ⅢA-N2期非小细胞肺癌的疗效.方法 136例经病理学检查确诊为ⅢA-N2期的非小细胞肺癌患者,均行根治性手术及术后辅助化疗,辅助化疗后75例观察(A组),61例行辅助放疗(B组).结果 A组、B组1年总生存率分别为90.7%和98.4%,3年总生存率分别为41.2%和48.7%,5年总生存率分别为30.8%和33.7%(P=0.039).A组、B组1年无复发生存率分别为87.7%和95.1%,3年无复发生存率分别为59.9%和73.1%,5年无复发生存率分别为47.9%和65.8%(P=0.040).单因素生存分析提示:吸烟、临床N2期、T分期、阳性淋巴结个数、阳性淋巴结比例、N2淋巴结累及区域、辅助化疗疗程、行术后辅助放疗为预后因素.多因素生存分析提示:临床N2期、T分期、阳性淋巴结个数、行术后辅助放疗为独立预后因素.结论 ⅢA-N2期非小细胞肺癌中,术前临床诊断为N2期、T分期越晚、手术切除阳性淋巴结个数越多,预后越差;行术后放疗可提高局控率,延长总生存时间.     

Radiotherapy and prognostic factors for thymoma: a retrospective study of 175 patients

PURPOSE: To assess the factors that predict local control and survival in patients with thymoma treated with adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and suggest strategies for optimizing adjuvant RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study population comprised 47 patients with noninvasive thymoma and 128 patients with invasive thymoma. Treatment was surgery in 175 patients and radiotherapy in 169 patients; 25 patients also received adjuvant chemotherapy. The clinical factors (age, histologic features, stage, presence of myasthenia gravis) and therapeutic factors (extent of operation, irradiation dose, and field size) were retrospectively recorded and accessed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The overall survival rate at 5 and 10 years was 86.4% and 80.6%, respectively. Only 2 patients had a relapse in the noninvasive group. None died of thymoma during the study period. The patients with invasive disease had a 5- and 10-year disease-free survival rate of 64.4% and 55.6%, respectively, with 24 intrathoracic failures, 14 extrathoracic failures, and 8 combined failures. The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that Mosaoka stage and extent of resection were the important prognostic factors for patient with invasive thymoma. The 5-year survival rate and local control rate was 96% and 96% for Stage II, 77.8% and 56.4% for Stage III, 56.6% and 42.7% for Stage lVa, and 35.6% and 21.6% for Stage IVb (p < 0.0001 among different stage groups), respectively. The 5-year local control rate in patients with the tumor bed irradiated was 68.2%, comparable to the group treated with an extended RT field (66.6%). Age, histopathologic findings, radiation dose, and presence of myasthenia gravis were not statistically significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Disease stage and extent of resection affected the prognosis of invasive thymoma patients. Extending the radiation field prophylactically was not associated with greater local control and is of questionable value for patients with invasive thymoma.     

B3 型胸腺瘤术后放射治疗的临床价值探讨

目的:探讨B 3 型胸腺瘤术后放射治疗的临床价值和长期生存的预后因素。方法:收集1995年10月至2008年10月在同济大学附属上海市肺科医院接受胸腺肿瘤切除术并病理诊断明确的159 例B 3 型胸腺瘤患者病历资料。按Masaoka临床分期,Ⅰ期12例,Ⅱ期33例,Ⅲ期62例,Ⅳ期52例。其中38例患者伴有重症肌无力。根治术后常规放射治疗的中位剂量50Gy。不同时期共有58例接受化疗。Kaplan-Meier 法计算总生存率、无进展生存率。Cox 回归比例风险模型用于预后多因素分析。结果:中位随访时间为52（8～125）个月,全组5 年总生存率为81.6% ,5 年无进展生存率为76.2% 。5 年局部控制率为82.6% ,复发率为32.6% ,转移率为9.3% 。结论:B 3 型胸腺瘤治疗主要失败原因是局部复发和远处转移,肺和胸膜是胸腺瘤转移复发的主要部位。术后放疗可提高晚期胸脉瘤患者的局部控制率和总生存率。Masaoka分期、手术切缘和放疗是与 5 年无进展生存率相关的独立预后因素。      

Improvement in Survival of Breast Cancer Patients - Trends in Survival over Two Time Periods in a Single Institution in an Asia Pacific Country,Malaysia

Background: There is improvement in breast cancer survival in the developed world, but information on breastcancer survival trends in the Asia Pacific region is limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate survival trendsand factors that affect survival in Malaysia. Methods : Two prospective groups of 423 and 965 newly diagnosedbreast cancer patients in University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia diagnosed in two timeperiods ie. 1993 to 1997 and in 1998 to 2002 were studied. Vital status was obtained from the National Registryof Births and Deaths. The overall survival was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of death fromany cause. The survival differences between the two groups were analysed using the log-rank or Peto-Wilcoxonmethod. Survival estimates and independent prognostic factors were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method andmultivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard models. P values less than 0.05 were considered statisticallysignificant. Analyses were performed using SPlus 2000 Professional Release 2. Results and Discussion : Medianfollow-up for the two groups were 55 months (SD 29.2 months) in the first group and 52 months(SD 24.43) inthe second group. There was improvement in 5-year observed survival from 58.4% (CI 0.54-0.63) to 75.7% (CI0.73-0.79). The improvement in survival was significantly seen in all co-variates (p<0.05) except for those aged 40years and below(p= 0.27), tumour size 2 to 5 cm (p=0.11), grade 3 (p=0.32) and patients with Stage IV disease(p=0.80). Stage of disease, lymph node (LN) involvement, size and grade were identified as independent prognosticfactors in cohort one. For the second cohort; stage and LN involvement remained independent factors with theaddition of ER status and ethnicity. Conclusions : There was improvement in 5-year observed survival. Besidesknown prognostic factors, Malay ethnicity was an independent prognostic factor.     

Prognostic factors in localized soft-tissue sarcomas

The prognostic factors associated with local failure and overall survival and the effect of radiotherapy were determined in 77 patients with localized (extremity and nonextremity) operable soft-tissue sarcoma. There were 52 male and 25 female patients; median age was 50 years (range: 15-83). Histologic grade of the tumors was as follows: low-intermediate grade in 32 cases and high grade in 29 cases. The primary tumors were treated by marginal resection (20 patients), wide resection (52 patients), and radical resection (5 patients). Adjuvant radiotherapy was applied to 50 (65%) patients. The 5-year local recurrence-free survival rate was 70.6%. Treatment with adjuvant radiotherapy and development of metastases were the significant prognostic factors associated with local recurrence. Radiotherapy was more effective in patients with tumors 10 cm or larger, marginally resected, extremity located, and high grades. The overall survival rate was 64.4% at 5 years. Significant adverse prognostic factors were high grade tumors, presence of local recurrence, and development of metastases in univariate analyses. Development of metastases and old age were the only adverse prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. The best 5-year survival rate was obtained in female patients younger than 50 years (90%). The present study demonstrated the importance of adjuvant radiotherapy and development of metastases as prognostic factors for local control. Again, development of metastases and age were the most important prognostic factors in operable soft-tissue sarcomas.     

Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌预后因素分析及胸部放疗的潜在意义

目的:分析Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的疗效和预后因素,探讨胸部放疗在Ⅳ期NSCLC治疗中的意义。方法:回顾性分析79例有远处转移并行胸部放疗的Ⅳ期NSCLC患者的临床资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法计算其生存率,并采用Log-rank检验和单因素预后分析进行分析,对统计学有意义的因素进一步用Cox模型行多因素预后分析。结果:1、2年生存率分别为34.2%、12.3%,中位生存期为10个月。单因素分析结果显示影响Ⅳ期NSCLC预后的因素有是否吸烟、转移灶数、胸部放疗剂量（P=0.021、0.000 1、0.002）。多因素分析显示,转移灶数、胸部放疗剂量是系统化疗并行胸部三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）的Ⅳ期NSCLC的独立预后因素（P=0.002、0.045）。结论:Ⅳ期NSCLC行胸部放疗有潜在的临床意义,并且转移灶数目、胸部放疗剂量是影响其生存的显著预后因素。     

Reirradiation for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: treatment results and prognostic factors

PURPOSE: To analyze the results and evaluate the prognostic factors in the retreatment of locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-one patients with locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma, who were reirradiated between 1979 and 2000, were retrospectively analyzed. There were 32 men and 9 women with median age of 46 years. Histologically, 9 tumors (22%) were World Health Organization (WHO) I, 17 (41.5%) WHO II, and 15 (36.5%) WHO III. According to the 1998 TNM staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer, the recurrent disease was Stage I in 5 (12.2%), Stage II in 11 (26.8%), Stage III in 6 (14.6%), and Stage IV in 19 (46.4%) patients. Treatment was delivered with 4-6 MV X-rays or Co-60 gamma rays. The median reirradiation dose was 50 Gy. Treatment was delivered at 1.8-2 Gy/fraction daily, 5 days a week. Chemotherapy was used in 41.5% of the patients. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 23 months (range, 3-143 months). The 2-year and 5-year local progression-free and overall survival rates were 39%, 23%, 48%, and 28%, respectively. On univariate analysis, age (p = 0.04), total reirradiation dose (p = 0.0008) were significant prognostic factors for local progression-free rate. For overall survival age, total reirradiation dose, stage, T stage were significant. On multivariate analysis only total dose (p = 0.005) remained significant for local progression-free rate and total reirradiation dose (p = 0.02), interval to recurrence (p = 0.03), stage (p = 0.018) were significant for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis of local recurrence and high-dose reirradiation (60 Gy) are crucial for improving the local control and survival.     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx--an analysis of treatment results in 149 consecutive patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of primary treatment and treatment of recurrences in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The material included 149 consecutive patients seen at the Aarhus University Hospital from 1963 to 1991 (49 females and 100 males). The stage distribution was: Stage I -9%, II-3%, III-28%, and IV-60%. Primary treatment was delivered with curative intent in 145 patients (97%). Persistent or recurrent disease after primary radical treatment was observed in 82 of the patients; 54% at the T-level, 40% at the N-level, and 33% at the M-level. A curative salvage attempt was carried out in 14 patients only, all with nodal recurrence: surgery in 8 patients (4 controlled) and radiotherapy in 6 patients (2 controlled). The 5-year local tumour control, locoregional tumour control, disease-specific survival rate and the overall survival rate for the patients treated with curative intent were 66%, 53%, 50% and 43%, respectively. Most of the patients (88%) had poorly differentiated tumours and these patients had the best prognosis. A major complication in three patients was radiation-induced myelopathy due to high-dose radiation delivered to the brain stem. Significant positive prognostic factors for treatment outcome in univariate analyses were early T-classification, small clinical stage, poor differentiation and low age. The Cox multivariate analysis showed that early T-categories, low N-categories and poor differentiation were independent, positive prognostic factors. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is curable with primary radiotherapy; patients with poorly differentiated tumours have the best prognosis. Only a few patients were salvaged after recurrence. The factor most essential for success is primary control of the disease at the T- and N-levels.     

Prognostic factors in 677 patients in Singapore with nondisseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to describe the survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients in Singapore, verify the prognostic value of the revised 1997 TNM staging system, and develop a multivariate prognostic model for NPC. In addition, the authors also examined the prognostic value of characteristics of lymph node spread and parapharyngeal involvement. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database containing clinical and computed tomography scan data was used to reclassify 677 NPC patients treated between 1992 and 1994 according to the new staging system. Records were linked with the death registry to ascertain the patient's vital status and date of death. Overall and stage specific survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were used to obtain prognostic models. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-four deaths (40.5%) occurred. The 5-year survival rate was 56.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 52.3%, 60.7%). The stage specific 5-year survival rates were: Stage I, 88%; Stage IIA, 75%; Stage IIB, 74%; Stage III, 60%; Stage IVA, 35%; and Stage IVB, 28%. TNM stage was found to be a statistically significant prognostic factor (P < 0.0001). Cranial nerve (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.77), orbit (HR: 5.71), and intracranial involvement (HR: 2.46) conferred a particularly bad prognosis in univariate analysis. Independently significant prognostic factors were age; lymph node status; and paraoropharyngeal, cranial nerve, orbit, and nasal involvement. Among lymph node positive patients, independently significant prognostic lymph node characteristics were Ho level and laterality. Although parapharyngeal involvement appeared to be prognostically unimportant, paraoropharyngeal involvement distinguished a subgroup with a poorer prognosis (HR: 1.84; 95% CI, 1.45, 2.34; P < 0.0001). Lateral spread to the medial infratemporal fossa and beyond also was found to confer a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study show that the revised 1997 TNM staging system is prognostically useful. Subdivision into paraoropharyngeal involvement and using the medial infratemporal fossa to delineate prognostically significant lateral spread should be considered in future revisions.     

Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast: The Mayo Clinic Experience

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To retrospectively evaluate the characteristics, natural history, results of treatment, and prognostic factors for patients diagnosed with primary breast lymphoma. METHODS: Between 1973 and 1998, 25 women and 1 man with the diagnosis of primary breast non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PNHLB) were seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester and Mayo Clinic Scottsdale. Patient characteristics, treatment methods, and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: The median follow-up for surviving patients was 6.6 years (range: 1.8-22.1 years). There were 11 low-grade NHL, 13 intermediate-grade NHL, and 2 high-grade NHL. Three patients underwent mastectomy while 23 had local excision. The Ann Arbor stage of disease included: Stage I-21 patients, Stage II-5 patients. Sixteen patients received radiation after surgery (15 after biopsy, 1 after mastectomy). Chemotherapy was given to 10 patients as part of the initial treatment. Four patients with low-grade disease were treated with excision only. The 5-year overall survival rate was 70% and relapse-free survival rate 42%, while local control rate was 75% and distant control rate 51%. Five-year survival and relapse-free survival rates for patients with low-grade disease were 91 and 61%, respectively. Three of four patients with low-grade disease treated with excision alone were free of local recurrence. For intermediate- and high-grade PNHLB, 5-year survival rate was 61% for those treated with chemotherapy, compared to 31% for those without chemotherapy (P = 0.35), and the 5-year relapse-free survival rates were 49%, compared to 0%, respectively (P = 0.0017). Three patients with intermediate- or high-grade disease developed central nervous system (CNS) dissemination. On univariate analysis, Ann Arbor stage was the only significant prognostic factor for survival (P = 0.0021). CONCLUSIONS: The management of PNHLB should be based on histologic grade. Patients with low-grade disease may be managed with local therapy alone. The role of chemotherapy in this group is unclear. Patients with intermediate- or high-grade disease have better outcome if chemotherapy is included. An unusual site of distant dissemination for these patients is the CNS. The only significant prognostic factor for survival is Ann Arbor stage.     

肺腺鳞癌预后影响因素分析及治疗方式探讨

目的：探讨Ⅰ－IV 期肺腺鳞癌患者的预后及其影响因素。方法：回顾性分析2002年1月至2012年12月四川省肿瘤医院收治肺腺鳞癌患者的临床资料,对影响其预后的各因素进行了单因素及多因素分析。结果：全组患者1、3、5年生存率分别为62．5％、31．2％和10．4％,中位生存期为21．0个月。单因素分析显示I －II 期患者术后进行了辅助化疗与术后未进行辅助化疗的 PFS 及 OS 比较,没有显示出进行辅助化疗与生存之间有相关性。而对于进行了手术及术后辅助治疗的不同分期的患者,I －II 期的患者较 III 期的患者显示出生存获益（P ＝0．057）。而 III 期的术后患者术后辅助化疗是影响预后的重要因素（P ＜0．05）。对于局部晚期无法手术的患者和晚期的患者,在治疗中有无联合放疗、中位生存时间没有差异性。多因素分析也更进一步证实分期为影响腺鳞癌预后的独立预后因素。结论：肺腺鳞癌整体预后差。是否进行手术、术后治疗和患者分期是其预后相关因素。Ⅲ期肺腺鳞癌患者可从术后辅助化疗中获益。     

Comparison of prognostic factors for survival and recurrence in malignant melanoma of the skin, clinical Stage I

Potential prognostic factors for survival time, 5-year survival rate, recurrence-free time, and 5-year recurrence-free rate were explored for 262 patients with malignant melanoma of the skin, Stage I, using the long-rank test, proportional hazards (Cox) regression, and linear logistic regression. Breslow's thickness was the most important variable in each analysis. A thinner Breslow's thickness was associated with a better prognosis. After adjusting for Breslow's thickness, sex was the next most important variable in each analysis. Women had a better prognosis than men. After adjusting for Breslow's thickness and sex, there were no additional significant prognostic factors for survival time; Clark's level was significant for 5-year survival rate; the number of mitoses, evidence of regression, and presence of vascular invasion were significant for recurrence-free time; and the presence of vascular invasion and number of mitoses were significant for 5-year recurrence-free rate. It is recommended that in future prospective studies of adjuvant therapy of Stage I melanoma, patients be stratified into treatment groups on the basis of Breslow's thickness and sex.     

鼻咽癌放化疗后骨转移的治疗及预后分析

目的：分析鼻咽癌放化疗后骨转移的治疗疗效及预后因素。方法：回顾性分析2003年－2011年在钦州市第一人民医院接受鼻咽癌放化疗后5年内发生骨转移的126例患者的治疗及预后。Kaplan －Meier 法计算生存率,Log －rank 法行单因素预后分析,Cox 回归模型行多因素预后分析。结果：5年随访率为98．4％。全部患者1、2、3、5年生存率分别为69．8％、50．0％、34．9％、15．9％。年龄、性别、治疗前 T 分期、治疗前 N 分期、治疗前2D －CRT 或 IMRT 放疗模式,对患者骨转移后1、2、3、5年生存率无影响（P ＞0．05）。骨转移数目≤3个与骨转移＞3个,1、2、3、5年生存率比较,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;单纯骨转移与骨转移合并其他脏器转移,1、2、3、5年生存率比较,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;放化疗为主的治疗与化疗为主的治疗比较,1、2、3、5年生存率比较,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。多因素分析显示骨转移数目＞3个、骨转移合并其他脏器转移、化疗为主的综合治疗模式是影响预后的因素（P ＝0．000）。结论：鼻咽癌治疗后骨转移灶数目≤3个、无其他脏器转移、放化疗为主的综合治疗模式是疗效显著的因素。     

The value of postoperative radiotherapy in renal cell carcinoma: a single-institution experience

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of postoperative irradiation in renal cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients with localized renal cell carcinoma admitted to our hospital between 1986 and 1999 were evaluated. All patients were initially treated with radical nephrectomy. Postoperative radiotherapy was given to 26 of 40 patients (65%). Fourteen patients (35%) received no adjuvant therapy. Median age was 55 years (range, 20-70 years). Twenty-four patients (60%) were men and 16 patients (40%) were women. Histopathological diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma in all of the patients. N+ disease was present in 3 patients (7%). Stage I and II disease was present in 25 patients (63%) and stage III and IV disease in 15 patients (37%). Two patients (5%) had T1a disease, 11 patients (27%) had T1b, 15 patients (38%) had T2, 11 patients (27%) had T3a and 1 (3%) patient had T3b. In the radiotherapy group, renal bed and regional lymphatic fields were irradiated with daily fractions of 180-200 cGy/fraction to a total dose of 46-50 Gy, using parallel opposing fields. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival rates were 70% in the postoperative radiotherapy group and 20% in the no adjuvant treatment group, showing no significant difference (P = 0.1). The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 66% in the radiotherapy group and 16% in the no treatment group, with a significant difference in both univariate and multivariate analyses (P = 0.045 and P = 0.0007, respectively). Stage III and IV disease, tumor size 27 cm, presence of distant metastasis and lactate dehydrogenase level > 450 U/L were found to be adverse prognostic factors for overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Analyzing the factors affecting disease-free survival, absence of postoperative radiotherapy and tumor size > or = 7 cm were found to be adverse prognostic factors in univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: Multi-institutional prospective randomized trials using modern radiotherapy techniques such as conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy are necessary to evaluate the real role of radiotherapy and its effect on survival in renal cell carcinoma, especially in selected patients with a high risk of local or regional failure.     

Primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathological analysis.

A retrospective analysis of 70 patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid treated at this institute between 1965-1983 has been conducted. The clinicopathological features and prognostic factors have been studied. The mean age was 67.5 years and there was a marked female:male ratio of 8:1. A total of 32 (45.7%) Stage IE and 38 (54.3%) Stage IIE patients were identified. In 64 cases histological material was reviewed and classified employing the Kiel classification. All the tumors were of B cell lineage and the majority were follicle center cell type. A biopsy only was performed in 27 patients, lobectomy in 11 patients, subtotal thyroidectomy in 27 and macroscopic thyroidectomy in 5 patients. All patients were treated with radiotherapy. The overall 5-year survival was 42%, with 63% for Stage IE and 27% for Stage IIE. The corrected overall 5-year survival was 49% with 68% for Stage IE and 36% for Stage IIE. The corresponding overall relapse free survival was 42% with 60% for Stage IE, and 31% for Stage IIE. Factors of prognostic significance for relapse and survival were stage, radiotherapy dose, stridor, retrosternal extension and fixation.     

Laryngeal carcinoma--multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 1252 consecutive patients treated with primary radiotherapy

Multivariate analyses of prognostic factors were carried out in 1 252 consecutive patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with primary radical radiotherapy. Ten percent of patients had positive neck nodes. Most of the patients were in stage I (48%), the remainder in stage II (24%), III (18%) and IV (10%). Of these patients, 746/1 252 (60%) were controlled by primary treatment but 506/1 252 (40%) had residual tumor or recurrent disease. The larynx was preserved in 62% of patients. The 5-year actuarial values for disease-specific and overall survival were 78% and 60%, respectively. The results of a univariate analysis showed multiple significant prognostic factors, and in a Cox proportional hazards model it was found that gender and T-classification were significant for T-failure, locoregional failure, death from cancer and death from all causes. The region of origin, nodal involvement, differentiation and pretreatment hemoglobin value were significant for several of the above-mentioned endpoints. Laryngeal carcinoma is curable when treated with primary radiotherapy, and this treatment confers a high degree of organ preservation. Independent prognostic factors in the multivariate analyses were gender, region of origin, T-stage, nodal involvement, differentiation and hemoglobin.     

Adenocarcinoma of the Fallopian Tube: Results of a Multi-Institutional Retrospective Analysis of 72 Patients

Purpose/Objective: To determine the prognostic factors for predicting outcome of patients with adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube and to evaluate the impact of treatment modalities in managing this uncommon disease.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the tumor registries from 6 major medical centers from January 1, 1960 up to March 31, 1995 yielded 72 patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. The Dodson modification of the FIGO surgical staging as it applies to carcinoma of the fallopian tube was utilized. Endpoints for outcome included overall and disease-free survival. Univariate analysis of host, tumor, and treatment factors was performed to determine prognostic significance, and patterns of failure were reviewed.Results: The median age of the study cohort was 61 years (range 30–79 years). Stage distribution was 24 (33%) Stage I; 20 (28%) Stage II; 24 (33%) Stage III; and 4 (6%) Stage IV. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 54 (75%) patients, and postoperative radiotherapy was employed in 22 (31%). In the latter treatment group, 14 (64%) had whole pelvic external beam irradiation, 5 (23%) whole abdominal radiotherapy, 2 (9%) P-32 instillation, and 1 (4%) vaginal brachytherapy alone. Chemotherapy was used in 67% of Stage I and in 79% of Stages II/III/IV disease (not significant); radiotherapy was more commonly employed in Stage I than in Stages II/III/IV (46% vs. 23%, p = 0.05). The 5-, 8-, 15-year overall and disease-free survival for the study patients were 44.7%, 23.8%, 18.8% and 27.3%, 17%, 14%, respectively. Significant prognostic factors of overall survival included Stage I vs. II/III/IV (p = 0.04) and age ≤60 years vs. >60 years at diagnosis (p = 0.03). Only Stage I vs. II/III/IV (p = 0.05) was predictive of disease-free survival. Patterns of failure included 18% pelvic, 36% upper abdominal, and 19% distant. For all patients, upper abdominal failures were more frequently found in Stages II/III/IV (29%) than in Stage I (7%) (p = 0.03). Relapses solely outside of what would be included in standard whole abdominal radiotherapy portals occurred for only 15% of patients (6 of 40) with failures. Furthermore, patients having any recurrence, including the upper abdomen, were more likely (p = 0.001) to die (45%) than those without any type of relapse (18%).Conclusion: This retrospective, multi-institutional study demonstrated the importance of FIGO stage in predicting the overall and disease-free survival of patients with carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Future investigations should consider exploring whole abdominal irradiation as adjunctive therapy, particularly in Stage II and higher.