Genetic and chemical comparison of Boi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinomeni Caulis</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">et Rhizoma</Emphasis>) and Seifuto (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Caulis Sinomenii</Emphasis>)

Boi and its original plant Sinomenium acutum from Japan were compared with Seifuto and its botanical origins from China in terms of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and major chemical components. Boi, Seifuto, and their botanical origins overall showed seven variable sites in the ITS sequence and six genotypes. Japanese S. acutum and Boi had one nucleotide variation at position 593 to show two genotypes (J1 and J2) and their heterozygote (J3). Seifuto samples and their botanical origins, S. acutum and S. acutum var. cinereum from China, showed three genotypes (C1, C2, and C3), which did not agree with the botanical classification, indicating that they cannot be distinguished according to their ITS sequences. All Seifuto samples from Henan market showed the same ITS genotype (C1). The Japanese and Chinese genotypes differed in the nucleotide position 424, which can be used to distinguish the country of origin of these materials. In the HPLC analysis of six major components, sinomenine (1), magnoflorine (2), menisperine (3), 6-O-methyllaudanosoline glucoside (4), liriodendrin (5), and menisdaurin (6), all were detected in Boi, whereas five (all except for menisdaurin) were detected in Seifuto. The main component in the rhizome of Seifuto was sinomenine, whereas magnoflorine was the main component in the rhizome and the climbing stem of Boi. The content of sinomenine in Seifuto was almost twice that in Boi. Although the individual content of alkaloids 1–4 differed between Boi and Seifuto, the total contents of these alkaloids were comparable between them both in the climbing stem and rhizome.     

紫苏属药用植物的rDNA ITS区SNP分子标记与位点特异性PCR鉴别

目的分析单种属——紫苏属各变种间rDNA ITS区的序列以及存在的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)现象，设计出位点特异性PCR引物，用于紫苏属各变种间的分子标记鉴别。方法对紫苏属各变种多个体的rDNA ITS区全序列进行了准确测定，运用Clustral X 1.8，MEGA 3.0进行排序并进行SNP分析，从而设计出鉴别各变种的等位基因位点特异性PCR鉴别引物。结果紫苏属各变种(紫苏、白苏、鸡冠苏和耳齿紫苏等)的rDNA ITS区全序列共有615～618 bp的长度，ITS1为233～235 bp，5.8S为179 bp，ITS2为203～204 bp，GC含量为61.5%～61.9%。从rDNA ITS区碱基变异的整体情况来看，紫苏属各变种间不仅在非编码的转录间隔区ITS1和ITS2内存在非编码区单核苷酸多态性(ncSNP)，而且在保守的5.8S编码区内也存在3个位点的单核苷酸多态性，即编码区SNP(cSNP)，所有的SNP均只具2等位多态性。5.8S区cSNP的出现与产生该变异的变种出现的显著形态差异关联。本文还利用这些SNP位点设计出了鉴别紫苏属各变种的位点特异性PCR引物，无需测序即可对紫苏属的原植物及“苏子”、“苏叶”等药材进行有效准确的分子鉴别。结论紫苏属药用植物rDNA ITS区存在的SNP可用作紫苏属各变种鉴别的分子标记。     

基于matK和ITS2及二级结构对药材香薷及其混伪品的鉴别研究

目的 快速、准确鉴别药材香薷及其混伪品，保障香薷的药材质量和用药安全。方法 收集石香薷、江香薷和香薷植物材料分别进行matK和ITS2序列的扩增与测序，测序结果经Codon Code Aligner软件校对，同时从GenBank下载石香薷、江香斋及其易混品种海州香薷、香薷、密花香薷、牛至等物种的matK和ITS序列。其中，ITS序列经隐马尔可夫模型去除两端的5.8S和28S序列，共得到16个物种的ITS2序列50条；经Clustal软件校对共获得9个物种的matK序列28条。通过Mega7.0软件分析matK和ITS2序列，计算所有物种种内和种间遗传距离，构建邻接法(neighbor joining，NJ)聚类树，通过ITS2 Database预测ITS2二级结构，采用4Sale软件比对二级结构，通过ProfDistS软件构建基于联合ITS2一级序列及其二级结构的剖面邻接(profile neighbor-joining，PNJ)系统发育树。结果 基于matK和ITS2序列的遗传距离均表明香薷正品与其各种混伪品之间存在明显barcoding gap。NJ和PNJ进化树的拓扑关系一致，可以区分药材香薷及其混伪品。香薷的ITS2二级结构与其各混伪品具有显著差异。结论 建议matK和ITS2序列均可以作为鉴别香薷与其混伪品的DNA条形码，ITS2二级结构信息的加入可丰富鉴定结果，为香薷药材的准确鉴别、香薷属与石荠苎属植物的科学分类提供参考。     

市售覆盆子药材DNA条形码鉴定研究

目的基于ITS2条形码序列检测市场销售覆盆子药材,为保证覆盆子药材使用的正确性和安全性提供一种新的鉴定手段。方法获取掌叶覆盆子及其5种常见同属易混种ITS2序列,以及GenBank上下载的共计48条序列。使用Gene Tool软件分析ITS2序列长度,GC含量和变异位点等情况,利用Clustal X和MEGA 7.0软件计算遗传距离和构建邻接系统发育聚类树。同时随机检测24份市售覆盆子药材,利用中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统和构建邻接系统发育聚类树确定物种,鉴别真伪。结果掌叶覆盆子基原植物可与其同属易混种进行明显区分;市售药材中正品22份,伪品1份,混合物1份。结论基于ITS2序列的DNA条形码技术能够成功鉴定市场销售的掌叶覆盆子及其混伪品。     

基于高通量测序技术的9种铁线莲属药材混合粉末分子鉴定

目的 建立基于高通量测序技术的9种铁线莲属混合粉末分子鉴定方法。方法 采用高通量测序技术,对9种铁线莲属药材混合粉末样品中的总DNA经提取,对ITS2片段进行PCR扩增,利用IlluminaMiSeq平台对DNA片段进行双端测序,最后采用 FLASH、QIIME、GraPhlAn及 MEGA 7.0 软件对序列进行整理并聚类分析,鉴定混合粉末中的物种。结果 混合粉末样品中得到高质量的ITS2序列共496条,铁线莲属物种含有序列72条,比对出棉团铁线莲、女萎铁线莲、短尾铁线莲、灌木铁线莲、单叶铁线莲、黄花铁线莲、粗齿铁线莲等7个物种,未能比对出东北铁线莲和芹叶铁线莲。结论 以ITS2 作为条形码,采用高通量测序技术,可以鉴定出铁线莲属药材混合样品中的 7个物种,为混合药材的鉴定提供依据。     

Molecular authentication of the animal crude drug Sailonggu (bone of Myospalax baileyi)

Two pairs of allele-specific diagnostic primers (SL1L/SL1H and SL2L/SL2H) for distinguishing the Chinese crude drug Sailonggu (bone of plateau zokor, Myospalax baileyi) from its substitutes were designed based on complete sequences of mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cytochrome b genes of the original animals of Myospalacinae, bamboo rat Rhizomys sinensis and black lipped pika Ochotona curzoniae. Total DNA was extracted from crude drug samples and original animals. Allele-specific diagnostic PCRs were performed using these primers with the total DNA as a template annealing at 65 degrees C. Positive amplifications were obtained from all DNA templates of Sailonggu and M. baileyi, whereas negative amplifications resulted from those of other zokors, the bamboo rat and black lipped pika. These results indicate that Sailonggu samples can be definitely distinguished from their substitutes by diagnostic PCR, and no incorrect discrimination was found under the same reaction conditions. Each of the two diagnostic primer pairs can be used to distinguish crude drug Sailonggu from its substitutes or adulterants. The three Sailonggu samples studied were diagnosed as genuine Sailonggu. In addition, the results of sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis are congruent with that of the allele-specific diagnostic PCR.     

基于DNA条形码技术鉴定蒙药材刺柏叶及其混淆品

目的：基于DNA条形码技术鉴别蒙药材刺柏叶及其混淆品。方法：采用国际通用的条形码序列 ITS2、psbA-trnH、matK和rbcL,对刺柏叶及其混淆品圆柏叶共计11份样品进行DNA提取、扩增,采用CodonCode Aligner进行序列拼接,并用MEGA软件对拼接序列进行变异位点分析、邻接(NJ)聚类分析,并计算其平均种内、种间遗传距离。结果：4对引物的PCR扩增产物测序成功率分别为ITS2 100%、 psbA-trnH 100%、rbcL 100%、matK 0%;ITS2序列和psbA-trnH序列均可通过变异位点比较区分刺柏叶及其混淆品;NJ聚类分析的结果显示,psbA-trnH序列的NJ聚类树中刺柏叶与圆柏叶均能分别聚为一支,且psbA-trnH序列的平均种间遗传距离明显大于平均种内遗传距离。结论：psbA-trnH序列能有效区分圆柏叶与刺柏叶,可作为鉴别刺柏叶及其混淆品圆柏叶的条形码序列,为蒙药材刺柏叶及其混淆品的鉴别提供支持。     

基于ITS2序列鉴别维吾尔药材薰衣草及其混伪品

建立了基于ITS2序列鉴别维吾尔药材薰衣草及其混伪品(全叶青兰和夏枯草)的方法.对维吾尔药材薰衣草及其混伪品的ITS2 序列进行PCR扩增和双向测序,使用CodonCode Aligner软件对测序峰图进行序列拼接,用MEGA 6.0 软件对拼接后的序列进行多重比对.并计算种内、种间遗传距离,构建NJ 系统聚类树,预测...     

Physiological characteristics,dry matter,and active component accumulation patterns of Changium smyrnioides in response to a light intensity gradient

Context: Changium smyrnioides Wolff (Apiaceae) is an endangered medicinal plant with numerous pharmacological uses.

Objective: To investigate the effect of light intensity levels on the growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites of C. smyrnioides, cultivated seedlings were subjected to different relative light intensities via sun-shading.

Materials and methods: Changium smyrnioides seedlings were subjected to five irradiance treatments (100, 60.54, 44.84, 31.39, and 10.56% sunlight) in glasshouse for 9 months. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants with spectrophotometric method, photosynthetic parameters with Li-6400XT, dry matter accumulation and active component contents in the root with spectrophotometric and HPLC method were analyzed.

Results: With an increase in relative light intensity levels, activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were increased overall, while net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and dry matter accumulation patter first increased and then declined. The highest net photosynthetic rate (30.68?μmol/m²·s) and dry root weight (5.07?g) were achieved under 60.54% sunlight. Lower relative light intensity levels stimulated the accumulation levels of bioactive compounds in the roots so that the highest contents of mannitol (1.35%) and choline (405.58?μg/g) were recorded under 31.39% sunlight, and the highest polysaccharide content (10.80%) were achieved under 44.84% sunlight. With a decrease in the relative light intensity levels, the water-soluble component content increased first and then decreased.

Discussion and conclusion: The results revealed that 31.39–60.54% sunlight serve as appropriate relative light intensity conditions for cultivated C. smyrnioides.     

明党参活性成分及药理作用研究进展

明党参是中国特有单种属植物,有滋补强壮、润肺化痰、养阴和胃及平肝解毒之功效,常作药膳及滋补强壮剂用,是我国外贸出口药材的重要品种之一。明党参的滋补强壮作用与其增强机体免疫功能、缓解疲劳和提高机体适应能力有关,多糖是其主要的活性成分。对近年来明党参活性成分及药理作用方面的研究进行综述,为合理开发和综合利用明党参提供依据。     

Culture-Independent Study of the Late-Stage of a Bloom of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata: Preliminary Findings Suggest Genetic Differences at the Sub-Species Level and Allow ITS2 Structure Characterization

Available genomic data for the toxic, bloom-forming, benthic Ostreopsis spp. are traditionally obtained from isolates rather than from individuals originally present in environmental samples. Samples from the final phase of the first reported Ostreopsis bloom in European North Atlantic waters (Algarve, south coast of Portugal) were studied and characterized, using a culture-independent approach. In the first instance, a microscopy-based analysis revealed the intricate complexity of the samples. Then, we evaluated the adequacy of commonly used molecular tools (i.e., primers and nuclear ribosomal markers) for the study of Ostreopsis diversity in natural samples. A PCR-based methodology previously developed to identify/detect common Ostreopsis species was tested, including one new combination of existing PCR primers. Two sets of environmental rRNA sequences were obtained, one of them (1052 bp) with the newly tested primer set. These latter sequences encompass both the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene, leading us to an accurate identification of ITS2. In turn, this allowed us to predict and show for the first time the ITS2 secondary structure of Ostreopsis. With 92 bp in length and a two-helix structure, the ITS2 of this genus revealed to be unique among the dinoflagellates. Both the PCR approach as the phylogenetic analyses allowed to place the Ostreopsis cells observed in the samples within the O. cf. ovata phylospecies’ complex, discarding the presence of O. cf. siamensis. The (phylo)genetic results point out a certain level of nucleotide sequence divergence, but were inconclusive in relation to a possible geographic origin of the O. cf. ovata population from the Algarve’s bloom.     

Identification of three seagrass species in coral reef ecosystem by using multiple genes of DNA barcoding

Seagrasses constitute a significant part of coral reef ecosystems, representing high primary productivity and one of the most important coastal habitats in marine ecosystems. Though seagrasses possess irreplaceable ecological services to the marine environment, taxonomical ambiguity still exists due to similar morphological characters and phenotypic plasticity. As an emerging technology, DNA barcoding can effectively identify cryptic species using a short orthologous DNA region. In this study, we collected samples from five different locations (Daya Bay, Xincun Bay, Sanya Bay, Xisha Islands, and Nansha Islands), and three seagrass species Cymodocea rotundata, Thalassia hemprichii and Halophila ovalis was evaluated. Moreover, ITS, matK and rbcL genes were used as DNA barcodes. The results indicated that single ITS and concatenated ITS/matK/rbcL both conducted better species resolution than single matK and rbcL. Nevertheless, single ITS was more convenient. Furthermore, in all the four topology trees, three species resolved as 3 clusters as well H. ovalis and T. hemprichii grouped as sister clade. In the meantime, differentiation lay in intra-species based on the result of single ITS and three-locus analysis. Within H. ovalis and T. hemprichii separately, individuals from Xisha Islands first group together, then grouped with individuals from Nansha Islands and/or Xincun Bay and/or Sanya Bay and/or Daya Bay, which indicated that geographical distribution influenced population evolution. However, intra-species differentiation did not emerge in the tree of matK or rbcL.

     

冬虫夏草的分子鉴定方法

目的 建立专属性强的冬虫夏草分子鉴定方法.方法 通过在ITS1区设计冬虫夏草的特异性引物,并进行不同条件的优化试验,建立冬虫夏草的酶联免疫吸附法(PCR)鉴别体系.结果 建立的酶联免疫吸附法(PCR)体系对冬虫夏草有164bp条带的扩增,而伪品无扩增现象.结论 所建立的PCR体系能够准确、快速的鉴别冬虫夏草及其伪品.     

中药材龟甲及原动物的高特异性PCR鉴定研究

目的:建立一种简便、实用的龟甲药材DNA 分子鉴定方法。方法:根据22 种亚洲产龟类的线粒体12SrRNA 基因片段序列,设计一对专用于鉴定中药材龟甲原动物乌龟的鉴别引物,用该对引物扩增从乌龟和其他18 种龟共48 个样品的DNA 模板。结果:在72℃的复性温度下进行PCR,4 个乌龟的模板DNA 均得到约180 bp 的阳性扩增带,而其他各龟的模板DNA,在同样条件下无扩增产物,用这对鉴别引物经一次PCR 反应便可准确地鉴定受试原动物是否为乌龟。同法对江苏省药品检验所提供的17 块样品龟甲进行了鉴定,结果表明只有4 块样品为正品,其余皆为伪品,与性状鉴定和DNA序列分析鉴定结果完全一致。结论:所设计的鉴别引物对乌龟有高度特异性,所配制的龟甲药材鉴定试剂盒可在龟甲药材鉴定中使用。     

Class 1 integronase gene and tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetC in different water environments of Jiangsu Province, China

Class 1 integronase gene (intI1) and tetracycline resistance genes (tetA and tetC) from various environmental sites in Jiangsu Province (China) were detected using qualitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and quantified with SYBR Green-based qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) in this study. Qualitative PCR assays demonstrated that intI1, tetA and tetC occurred in the water environments of Taihu Lake, the Nanjing section of the Yangtze River, a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Nanjing City, and two drinking water treating bioreactors. qRT-PCR results showed that abundance of intI1 in lake water and sediments was lower than the tet genes, for a given sample site and date (P < 0.05). On a volumetric basis, lake sediments contained higher concentrations of the three genes by four to five orders of magnitude than water samples, and lake water and sediments sampled in April contained fewer copies of all the genes than the samples collected in June and August (P < 0.05). The levels of intI1, tetA and tetC in the Yangtze River water increased significantly after the river flowed through Nanjing City (P < 0.05). 94.1% integron, 97.2% tetA and 98.3% tetC were removed by the activated sludge process in the STP, and more than 80% of each gene was removed in both of the two biofilters in terms of relative concentration based on sample volume. However, on the basis of DNA mass, lower removals were obtained for both the activated sludge and biofiltration processes.     

齿瓣石斛的位点特异性PCR鉴别

目的设计出齿瓣石斛的位点特异性鉴别引物,仅通过PCR就能完成对齿瓣石斛真伪进行准确鉴别。方法根据齿瓣石斛及其他枫斗类、黄草类石斛的rDNA ITS序列数据库,设计了齿瓣石斛的位点特异性PCR鉴别引物JB-Chiban-01S和JB-Chiban-01X。然后,对38种石斛属植物模板DNA进行了PCR扩增,阳性者即为齿瓣石斛正品。结果当退火温度设定为58℃时,只有齿瓣石斛的模板DNA能被扩增出来,而其他的37种石斛属植物均为阴性。该鉴别反应重复性好,已在鉴别齿瓣石斛时发挥重要作用。结论运用位点特异性鉴别引物能成功地对齿瓣石斛进行PCR鉴别,与DNA测序鉴别方法相比,位点特异性PCR具有高效、准确、简便、省时等优点。     

不同产地蒺藜核糖体DNA内转录间隔区序列分析

目的通过测定核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer,rDNA-ITS)基因序列,确定不同产地的蒺藜在种质遗传上是否存在差异。方法利用PCR产物直接测序,测定不同产地蒺藜的rDNA-ITS基因序列。结果测得ITS碱基序列742 bp,其中ITS1全部序列267 bp,5.8 S全部序列167bp,ITS2全部序列209 bp。6个产地的蒺藜样品的ITS的碱基序列完全相同。结论不同地区的蒺藜在种质上没有发生变异。     

中国不同地区蛇床的rDNA ITS序列分析

目的：探讨不同分布区的蛇床Cnidium monnieri的ITS序列变异与其地理分布和化学成分的相关性。方法：设计2对引物,Pf+Pb及P5.8S ITS1+P5.8S ITS2,PCR扩增产物纯化后用银染法或ABI 310测序。结果：得到核糖体DNA中的ITS及5.8S rDNA完全序列,18S和26S rDNA部分序列,共约700 bp。5个地点样品的ITS-1及ITS-2的序列大小分别为210～217 bp和219～224 bp。ITS-1碱基序列的遗传距离0.00～1.93%,ITS-2碱基序列的遗传距离0.46～2.34%,ITS-1较为保守。以NJ法根据ITS-2序列数据重建系统发生树。哈尔滨样品聚为一组,衡水与德州样品和郑州与高淳样品各自聚为一组。结论：ITS-2序列的变异与中国产蛇床的纬度分布相关,而其与蛇床化学型的关系尚需作进一步研究。     

Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in southeast China

This study investigated the molecular types of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates and their clinical manifestations among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients in southeast China in the past 15 years. The molecular types of 109 isolates from 108 patients were analyzed by the PCR fingerprinting method, sequences of internal transcribed spacers of rDNA (ITS region), and sequences of the capsule-associated gene (CAP59). In HIV-positive patients, clinical isolates were grouped into molecular types VNI (75%, 15/20), VNII (15%, 3/20), and VNIII (10%, 2/20). In HIV-negative patients, the majority of the clinical isolates were grouped into molecular types VNI (72%, 64/89), VNII (13%, 12/89), VGI (12%, 11/89), VNIII (1%, 1/89), and VGII (1%, 1/89). In reference to the mating type of the isolates, 97% (106/109) were of the MATα, 2% (2/109) were of the MATα/− and 1% (1/109) were of the MATα/a. As for the clinical manifestations of the molecular types among the patients, the average cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure of the patients infected by the C. gattii was higher than that of the patients infected by the C. neoformans. These results suggest that both HIV-positive and HIV-negative cryptococcal patients in the southeast of China are mostly infected by the C. neoformans strains. No C. gattii strains were found in HIV-positive patients.     

Metabolites with Gram-negative bacteria quorum sensing inhibitory activity from the marine animal endogenic fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium</Emphasis> sp. SCS-KFD08

Three new compounds named penicitor A, aculene E and penicitor B, as well as four known compounds, were isolated from the fermentation broth of Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD08 associated with a marine animal Sipunculus nudus from the Haikou bay of China. Their planar structures and absolute configurations were unambiguously elucidated by spectroscopic data, Mosher’s method, CD spectrum analysis along with quantum ECD calculation. Among them, compounds 2–7 showed quorum sensing inhibitory activity against Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, and could significantly reduce violacein production in N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) induced C. violaceum CV026 cultures at sub-inhibitory concentrations.