盐酸格拉司琼中有机溶剂残留量的毛细管GC测定

目的建立了毛细管气相色谱法测定盐酸格拉司琼中氯仿、二氯甲烷、甲苯的有机溶剂残留量。方法用HP-FFAP毛细管柱,程序升温法。结果各溶剂的线性关系良好(r>0.997),精密度较好。     

盐酸纳洛酮中有机溶剂残留量的毛细管GC测定

建立盐酸纳洛酮原料中多种有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法.采用气相色谱法,载气为氮气,FID检测器,色谱柱为HP-50毛细管柱,程序升温,外标法测定盐酸纳洛酮中乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲苯的残留量.5种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内具有良好的线性,r为0.9998～0.9999,平均回收率为96.6%～101.9%,精密度RSD均小于10%,检测限为0.10～0.19μg·mL-1.本方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于盐酸纳洛酮中多种有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

气相色谱法测定盐酸帕洛诺司琼中的有机残留溶剂

目的:建立测定盐酸帕洛诺司琼中有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:采用气相色谱法测定,FID检测器,以氮气为载气,色谱柱为AT.CE-30（60 m×0.53 mm,5.0μm）;程序升温,起始温度为40℃,维持5 min,以15℃·min^-1的速率升温至140℃,维持10 min。结果:3批样品中有机溶剂残留量符合要求,建立的方法对各溶剂峰能很好分离,线性关系良好,各溶剂回收率均得到满意结果。结论:该方法简单、快速、灵敏度高,能有效的控制盐酸帕洛诺司琼中残留溶剂量。     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸利托君中有机溶剂残留量

建立盐酸利托君原料中有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法.采用顶空气相色谱法,载气为氮气,FID检测器,色谱柱为HP-INNOWax毛细管柱,流速为2.0mL·min-1,外标法测定盐酸利托君中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲醇的残留量.3种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内具有良好的线性,r为0.9992～0.9997,平均回收率为95.7%～102.1%,精密度RSD均小于10%,检测限为0.21～2.02μg·mL-1.本方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于盐酸利托君中有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

司帕沙星中8种有机溶剂残留量的测定

目的建立测定司帕沙星中8种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法采用静态顶空气相色谱-质谱法,程序升温,初始温度40℃维持5 min,以30℃.min-1升温至200℃,保持3 min,溶剂为二甲亚砜,色谱柱为HP-INNOWAX毛细管柱(30 mm×0.25 mm,0.25μm),载气为氮气,测定司帕沙星中甲醇、二氯甲烷、乙腈、三氯甲烷、甲苯、吡啶、二甲苯和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺8种有机溶剂残留量。结果在确定的色谱条件下各组分能基线分离,线性关系良好,平均回收率为94.1%～101.1%。最低检测限为0.003～0.230μg.mL-1。结论该方法灵敏度和准确度均达到有机溶剂残留量检测的要求,可用于司帕沙星中8种有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定恩曲他滨中多种有机溶剂残留量

建立恩曲他滨原料中多种有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法.采用顶空气相色谱法,载气为氮气,FID检测器,色谱柱为HP-1毛细管柱,程序升温,外标法测定了恩曲他滨中甲醇、乙醇、正己烷、四氢呋喃、苯的残留量.5种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内具有良好的线性,r为0.9992～0.9996,平均回收率为91.8%～101.8%,精密度RSD均小于10%,检测限为0.002～0.36μg·ml-1.本方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于恩曲他滨中多种有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

顶空气相色谱法测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星中多种残留溶剂

目的 建立甲磺酸帕珠沙星原料中多种有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法.方法 采用顶空气相色谱法,载气为氮气,FID检测器,色谱柱为HP-INNOWax毛细管柱,程序升温,以外标法测定了甲磺酸帕珠沙星中乙醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、二氧六环、二甲基甲酰胺的残留量.结果 5种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,r为0.999 1～0.999 8,平均回收率为91.5%～102.5%,精密度RSD均小于10%,检测限为0.02～0.8μg/mL.结论 所用方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于甲磺酸帕珠沙星中多种有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

顶空气相色谱法测定阿莫西林钠中残留溶剂

目的：建立阿莫西林钠原料药中有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法.方法：采用顶空气相色谱法,载气为氮气,FID检测器,色谱柱为HP-1毛细管柱,程序升温,外标法测定了阿莫西林钠中乙醇、异丙醇、二氯甲烷、二乙胺、三乙胺的残留量.结果：5种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,r为0.999 0～0.999 5,平均回收率为92.9%～105.7%,RSD均小于10%,最低检测限为0.004～0.05μg·ml-1.结论：方法快速、灵敏,适用于阿莫西林钠中有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

顶空气相色谱法测定格拉司琼中的残留溶剂研究

目的建立测定格拉司琼中甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃残留有机溶剂含量的顶空气相色谱法。方法采用顶空气相色谱法,FID检测器,以二甲基亚砜为溶媒,顶空预热温度为95℃,预热时间为25min,进样口温度为180℃,检测器温度为250℃,以氮气为载气,使用DB-624交联毛细管柱(30m×0.53mm.i.d,3μm),采用程序升温,实现了各组分的基线分离。结果甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃在各自对应的浓度范围内,线性关系良好;甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃的最小检测限分别为0.01μg/mL、0.19μg/mL、0.02μg/mL、0.18μg/mL、0.02μg/mL、0.003μg/mL;加样回收率均在95%以上,精密度良好。结论经方法学验证,该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可适用于格拉司琼中甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃残留有机溶剂的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定左旋氟比洛芬有机溶剂残留量

建立了左旋氟比洛芬原料中几种有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法.采用顶空气相色谱法,载气为氮气,FID检测器,色谱柱为HP-5毛细管柱,程序升温,以正丙醇为内标,测定左旋氟比洛芬中乙醇、乙酸乙酯和苯的残留量.几种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内具有良好的线性,r=0.9993～1.000,平均回收率为96.5%～102.4%,检测限为0.05～2.47ng·mL-1.本方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于左旋氟比洛芬中有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.