血清脂联素和抵抗素与2型糖尿病及其大血管病变相关

测定2型糖尿病患者血清脂联素和抵抗素水平,发现2型糖尿病组血清脂联素浓度(2.51±1.42)mg/L低于正常对照组(5.26±0.78)mg/L,2型糖尿病大血管病变组为(1.38±0.77)mg/L又低于非大血管病变组(3.66±0.91)mg/L,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).2型糖尿病组血清抵抗素浓度(7.07±1.11)μg/L高于正常对照组(6.09±0.47)μg/L,2型糖尿病大血管病变组为(7.96±0.65)μg/L又高于非大血管病变组(6.10±0.43)μg/L,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).     

糖尿病合并高血压大鼠瘦素和神经肽Y水平变化

目的探讨糖尿病合并高血压大鼠血清、下丘脑神经肽Y(NPY)和瘦素水平变化。方法 30只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病组、糖尿病合并高血压组,分别制作2型糖尿病模型和糖尿病合并高血压模型,各剔除1只。测定空腹血糖水平、血清NPY和瘦素水平,免疫组织化学法测定下丘脑瘦素和NPY表达情况。结果与对照组比较,糖尿病组及糖尿病合并高血压组空腹血糖、瘦素和NPY水平均升高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。糖尿病合并高血压组瘦素和NPY水平高于糖尿病组和对照组,数值为[(0.73±0.24)μg/L vs.(0.46±0.14)μg/L]、[(0.73±0.24)μg/L vs.(0.24±0.05)μg/L],[(300.53±35.74)ng/L vs.(247.46±40.36)ng/L]、[(300.53±35.74)ng/L vs.(133.52±16.58)ng/L],差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。糖尿病组及糖尿病合并高血压组的瘦素和NPY表达水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。同时,糖尿病合并高血压组的下丘脑瘦素和NPY水平均高于糖尿病组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。糖尿病合并高血压组大鼠的血清瘦素和NPY水平呈正相关(r=0.952,P0.05)、下丘脑瘦素和NPY表达水平呈正相关(r=0.956,P0.05)。结论糖尿病合并高血压大鼠血清、下丘脑瘦素和神经肽水平升高,代谢紊乱加重。     

内皮抑素和血管内皮生长因子与2型糖尿病大血管病变的关系

目的探讨内皮抑素和血管内皮生长因子与2型糖尿病大血管病变发生的关系。方法用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测100例2型糖尿病患者(34例2型糖尿病无合并症、40例伴发一种大血管病变、26例伴发多种大血管病变)和30例正常对照者血清内皮抑素和血管内皮生长因子表达水平的变化。结果内皮抑素和血管内皮生长因子在2型糖尿病大血管病变各组(包括合并一种大血管病变组、合并两种以上大血管病变组)血清含量分别显著高于2型糖尿病无合并症和正常对照组(内皮抑素为32.4±15.6μg/L和35.1±20.2μg/L比11.2±8.6μg/L和9.9±6.7μg/L;血管内皮生长因子为133.5±36.8ng/L和302.1±52.4ng/L比90.2±42.4ng/L和81.3±33.5ng/L,P<0.01),两者在正常对照和2型糖尿病无合并症组间比较差异不显著;血管内皮生长因子在伴发一种大血管病变、多种大血管病变组间比较表达水平显著上调(133.5±36.8ng/L比302.1±52.4ng/L,P<0.01),而内皮抑素的表达差异不显著;在2型糖尿病伴发一种大血管病变组,内皮抑素和血管内皮生长因子成显著正相关(r=0.540,P<0.01)。结论血管内皮生长因子的表达水平与2型糖尿病大血管病变程度密切相关,内皮抑素和血管内皮生长因子可能以自稳态调节机制参与动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展。     

持续气道正压通气治疗对OSAHS患者呼出气冷凝液和血清中瘦素水平的影响

目的 探讨自动调节持续气道正压通气(auto-CPAP)治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者呼出气冷凝液(EBC)和血清中瘦素水平的影响.方法 根据多导睡眠监测确诊的42例中重度OSAHS患者,随机分为治疗组22例和对照组20例,对治疗组进行三个月auto-CPAP治疗,对治疗组和对照组患者均采取常规治疗,分别测定治疗组及对照组三个月前后EBC和血清中的瘦素.结果 ①治疗组患者EBC和血清中瘦素治疗前[(5.67±1.07) μg/L、(40.20±5.40)μg/L]高于治疗后[(3.75±1.09)μg/L、(30.46±5.82)μg/L](P＜0.01);②对照组患者EBC和血清中Lep治疗前为[(5.52±1.14) μg/L、(42.19±4.96) μg/L],治疗后为[(5.95±1.26) μg/L、(42.69±4.33)μg/L],治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③OSAHS患者EBC和血清中瘦素水平与呼吸暂停低通气指数呈正相关(r=0.787,P＜0.01; r=0.775,P＜0.01),与最低血氧饱和度、平均血氧饱和度呈负相关(r=-0.829,P＜0.01;r=0.794,P＜0.01)、(r=-0.890,P＜0.01;r=-0.830,P＜0.01).结论 OSAHS患者存在高瘦素血症,auto-CPAP治疗可以改善OSAHS患者的高瘦素血症.     

2型糖尿病合并大血管病患者血浆纤维组织母细胞生长因子-21的水平及临床意义

目的 探讨2型糖尿病及其合并大血管病变患者血浆纤维组织母细胞生长因子(FGF)-21水平变化,并研究胰岛素强化治疗对血浆FGF-21水平的影响.方法 实验对象分为三组,A组:正常对照组,B组:2型糖尿病组,C组:2型糖尿病合并大血管病组,其中B组为新诊断2型糖尿病患者.B及C组患者进行2 w的胰岛素强化治疗,血浆FGF-21水平采用ELISA法测定,血浆胰岛素采用放射免疫法,血糖采用酶法.结果 B组及C组患者血浆FGF-21水平分别为(4.66±1.12) μg/L和(2.68±0.16) μg/L,明显高于对照组(1.02±0.06) μg/L(P＜0.05),C组血浆FGF-21水平高于B组(P＜0.05).B及C组患者经胰岛素强化治疗后患者餐前及餐后血糖都能控制在比较理想的范围内,经治疗后血浆FGF21 水平明显下降.结论 2型糖尿病合并大血管病变血浆FGF-21水平较高,胰岛素强化治疗可明显降低空腹及餐后血糖,并可降低血浆FGF-21水平.     

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者血清瘦素水平观察

目的 观察自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(AITD)中Graves病(GD)和桥本氏甲状腺炎(HT)患者血清瘦素水平,探讨瘦素在AITD发病机制中的免疫学作用.方法 102例体质量指数(BMI)和年龄等因素相匹配的女性AITD初诊患者,根据临床表现及实验室检查结果分为3组:GD甲亢组,HT甲低组,亚甲低组,另设性别、年龄、BMI匹配的对照组.免疫化学发光法检测血清FT3、FT4、sTSH,ELISA法检测血清瘦素水平.结果 GD甲亢组血清FT3、FT4水平[(19.74±15.39)、(78.25±58.68)pmol/L]明显高于对照组[(4.87±0.25)、(15.96±3.15)pmol/L],而sTSH[(0.15±0.08)mU/L]和瘦素水平[(8.73±1.92)μg/L]明显低于对照组[(3.81±0.19)mU/L、(12.38±3.51)μg/L].组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01或＜0.05).而HT甲低组兀FT3、FT4水平[(3.36±0.26)、(6.95±3.29)pmol/L]均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),而sTSH[45.48±35.83)mU/L]和瘦素水平[(17.17±3.82)μg/L]明显高于对照组(P＜0.01或＜0.05).亚甲低组FT3、FT4水平[(4.67±0.60)、(14.87±2.14)pmol/L]与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而sTSH[(13.67土8.66)mU/L]和瘦素水平[(16.25±3.67)μg/L]均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01或＜0.05).结论 瘦素在AITD发病机制中可能具有一定的免疫调节作用,而AITD患者瘦素水平也可能受sTSH影响.     

高血压患者血清骨桥蛋白水平与舒张性心力衰竭的关系

目的 探讨血清骨桥蛋白水平与舒张性心力衰竭的关系.方法 入选患者67例,其中对照组22例,单纯高血压组22例,高血压合并舒张性心力衰竭组23例.入院时测量血压,同时应用心脏彩超检测患者E峰、A峰、E/A比值、左室射血分数(LVEF)、室间隔侧二尖瓣瓣环E '(舒张早期二尖瓣环运动速度).采用ELISA法检测血清OPN水平.比较三组间血清OPN浓度的变化.结果 高血压合并舒张性心力衰竭组血清OPN浓度[(143.82±43.67) μg/L]高于对照组[(117.10 ±34.64)μg/L]及单纯高血压组[(114.53±26.55) μg,/L],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组与单纯高血压组血清OPN浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).高血压合并舒张性心力衰竭患者血清OPN浓度与E/E’值呈正相关.血清OPN浓度均值心功能Ⅱ级组[(107.76±36.51) μg/L]＜心功能Ⅲ级组[(143.67±16.76)μg/L]＜心功能Ⅳ级组[(180.02±37.90) μg/L],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 高血压合并舒张性心力衰竭患者的血清OPN浓度增高,与E/E’值呈正相关,并随心功能分级升高而增加.     

长期吸烟慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者炎症因子表达水平与体质量指数的相关性研究

目的 探讨有长期吸烟史的COPD患者其血液中各个炎症因子(IF)的水平与体质量指数(BMI)间的相关性.方法 选取我院自2014年8月至2015年8月间收治的稳定期COPD患者56例作为观察组,选取同时期进行身体检查的健康人40例作为对照组,分别测定2组研究对象血清中C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、瘦素的表达量,同时测定2组研究对象的BMI,分析各炎性因子与BMI之间的关系.结果 观察组患者瘦素、TNF-α和CRP水平[(6.75±1.16) μg/L,(9.13±2.77) ng/L,(11.07±3.44) mg/L]高于对照组[(4.64±1.17) μg/L,(5.26±2.61) ng/L,(3.89±2.52) mg/L](P＜0.05).BMI＞18.5 kg/m2的COPD患者其瘦素表达量[(9.96±0.87) μg/L]明显低于BMI≤18.5 kg/m2患者组[(11.05±0.74) μg/L],数据对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而TNF-α和CRP的表达量2组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 长期吸烟史COPD患者体内的炎性因子表达量明显升高,其中瘦素会影响患者的BMI指标.     

内皮脂肪酶与2型糖尿病大血管病变的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血清内皮脂肪酶与糖尿病大血管病变的关系.方法 66例2型糖尿病患者根据有无大血管并发症分为大血管病变组(32例)及无大血管病变组(34例),30例健康者为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定各组血清内皮脂肪酶水平,并进行组间比较.结果 大血管病变组血清内皮脂肪酶水平(3.31±1.30 ng/L)显著高于无大血管病变组(2.54±1.11 ng/L)和对照组(2.36±0.91 ng/L,P＜0.05),无大血管病变组与对照组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).相关分析表明2型糖尿病血清内皮脂肪酶与糖化血红蛋白及高敏C反应蛋白呈明显正相关(r分别为0.54和0.59,P＜0.01),与高密度脂蛋白呈负相关(r=-0.36,P＜0.05).结论 血浆内皮脂肪酶增高可能参与2型糖尿病患者大血管病变的发生、发展.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9与2型糖尿病早期大血管病变的相关研究

目的:探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)与2型糖尿病(2DM)发生早期大血管病变的关系。方法:170例2DM患者接受降糖、降压、降脂等综合性治疗,1年后有24例出现大血管病变,以此作为观察组;选择24例未发生大血管病变的患者作为对照组。比较2组MMP-9水平。结果:治疗1年后发生大血管病变的患者的MMP-9水平较对照组高[(167.2±112.0)μg/L∶(119.6±55.8)μg/L,P<0.05)]。结论:2DM患者早期大血管病变的发生与其血浆MMP-9浓度升高有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.