颈动脉内中层厚度与血压及动脉弹性的关系研究

目的分析血压、动脉弹性及颈动脉内中膜厚度(intima-mediathickness,IMT)之间关系。方法采用血管外超声及美国PMI公司生产的DP200M动脉仪测定2003—2004年北京大学人民医院收治的69例急性脑梗死患者的颈动脉IMT、血压、动脉弹性及顺应性。结果(1)高血压组较血压正常组颈动脉内中膜厚度增加;年龄、胆固醇、甘油三酯、尿酸、血糖、系统血管顺应性(SVC)、系统血管阻力(SVR)、肱动脉顺应性(BAC)、肱动脉扩张性(BAD)及肱动脉阻力(BAR)等,差异均无显著性意义。(2)按脉压(PP)40～60mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)及60～100mmHg分成两组,脉压大的患者比脉压小的SVC、BAC和BAD下降,BAR升高,差异有显著性意义。(3)相关分析:SVC、BAC和BAD明显正相关;PP、年龄与SVC、BAC、BAD明显负相关,与BAR明显正相关;IMT与SVC、SVR、BAC、BAD和BAR无显著相关。结论IMT及SVC、SVR、BAC、BAD、BAR可作为评价高血压和动脉粥样硬化血管结构与功能异常的无创性敏感性指标。     

血压与冠状动脉造影病变的关系

目的研究血压与冠状动脉病变的关系。方法选择可疑冠心病患者540例,根据冠状动脉有无病变分为病变组和无病变组;根据冠状动脉病变的范围分为单支血管病变组、双支血管病变组和三支血管病变组。所有患者入院后测量血压,并对每一个患者进行高血压、吸烟和糖尿病病史的调查,测定血脂水平。采用Judkins法进行冠状动脉造影。结果病变组高血压病程(5.85±8.87年)、收缩压(133±29 mm Hg)、舒张压(83±13 mm Hg)、脉压(51±17 mm Hg)及平均压(100±14 mm Hg)均明显高于无病变组(分别为1.78±4.27年、125±21 mm Hg、80±13mm Hg4、8±15 mm Hg和97±15 mm Hg)(P<0.05)。三支血管病变组高血压病程、收缩压和脉压水平(分别为7.42±10.10年、137±21 mm Hg和54±17 mm Hg)均高于单支血管病变组(分别为4.51±7.21年、132±19 mm Hg和49±16 mm Hg)和双支血管病变组(分别为5.76±8.79年1、34±23 mm Hg和52±17 mm Hg)(P<0.05)。随着高血压病程增加、收缩压、脉压及平均压水平的增高,冠状动脉病变狭窄程度逐渐增大;经多因素回归分析高血压病程(OR值=0.139,P<0.05)、年龄(OR值=1.045,P<0.05)等因素是冠心病发生独立的危险因素。结论随着年龄增大和高血压病程增加,患冠心病的机会增加,并且收缩压和脉压的升高对冠状动脉的危害性较大。     

缬沙坦氨氯地平片对老年高血压患者血压变异性和血管弹性功能的影响

目的观察缬沙坦氨氯地平片对老年高血压血压变异性和血管弹性功能的影响。方法收集2016年1月至2017年12月接受治疗的老年高血压患者400例为研究对象,根据降压方案分为复方组140例(缬沙坦氨氯地平治疗)、氨氯地平组140例(苯磺酸氨氯地平治疗)和缬沙坦组120例,对比组间临床治疗效果和不良反应情况,观察比较治疗前后患者血压变异性(24 h平均收缩压、24 h平均舒张压、24 h收缩压变异系数、24 h舒张压变异系数)和血管弹性功能[心踝血管指数(CAVI)、大动脉弹性指数(C1)、小动脉弹性指数(C2)、颈股动脉脉搏波传导速度(cfPWV)、肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(FMD)]的变化。结果与氨氯地平和缬沙坦相比,缬沙坦氨氯地平能降低高血压患者的血压变异性:复方组的24 h平均收缩压[(139.5±6.2)比(145.7±9.3)、(143.3±8.9)mm Hg],24 h平均舒张压[(75.3±6.9)比(81.3±8.6)、(80.2±8.5)mm Hg],24 h收缩压变异系数[(13.1±1.1)%比(15.2±1.9)%、(14.7±2.1)%],24 h舒张压变异系数[(10.4±1.4)%比(11.9±1.3)%、(12.1±1.4)%]低于氨氯地平组和缬沙坦组,缬沙坦氨氯地平能增强血管弹性功能,提升血压控制效果:复方组的C1[(10.2±1.4)比(8.8±2.4)、(9.1±2.3)mL/mm Hg×10],C2[(3.7±0.9)比(3.0±0.7)、(3.1±0.8)mL/mm Hg×10],FMD[(9.7±2.3)%比(7.4±1.3)%、(7.6±1.5)%],血压控制总有效率(95.7%比82.9%、83.3%)高于氨氯地平组和缬沙坦组,CAVI(8.0±0.9比8.6±0.8、8.5±0.8),cfPWV[(10.1±1.1)比(11.7±1.7)、(11.2±1.8)m/s]低于氨氯地平组和缬沙坦组(均P0.05)。结论缬沙坦氨氯地平片能够较为有效地控制老年高血压患者血压变异性,改善血管弹性功能。     

高血压患者脉压、颈动脉内膜中层厚度和颈股动脉脉搏波传导速度的关系

目的探讨高血压患者脉压、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)与颈股动脉脉搏波传导速度(cfPWV)的关系。方法选择2016年1月至2017年6月期间就诊于福建医科大学附属第一医院全科医学和老年科门诊、住院部的原发性高血压患者469例,正常血压者274人。按2×2设计方法,将所有对象分为高血压组及正常血压组,然后以cfPWV 10 m/s为切点值,分别各自分为cfPWV增高组(cfPWV≥10 m/s)和cfPWV正常组(cfPWV<10 m/s)。再次,以CIMT 1.0 mm为切点,分别各自分为CIMT正常组及CIMT增厚组。最后,以年龄65岁为切点,分别各自分为中青年组(<65岁)及老年组(≥65岁)进行分析。测量所有研究对象的血压并计算脉压。应用Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归分析cfPWV的影响因素。结果与正常血压组比较,高血压患者的cfPWV[(9.56±1.93)比(8.46±1.47)m/s]、脉压[(58.6±13.5)比(49.2±10.3)mm Hg]、CIMT[(0.93±0.18)比(0.82±0.17) mm]升高(均P<0.05)。在高血压人群中,cfPWV增高组的脉压[(66.8±14.1)比(54.1±10.7)mm Hg]、CIMT[(0.98±0.16)比(0.90±0.18)mm]高于cfPWV正常组(均P<0.05);老年组的cfPWV[(10.52±2.11)比(9.00±1.55)m/s]、脉压[(66.1±13.7)比(54.1±11.1)mm Hg]、CIMT[(1.02±0.15)比(0.88±0.17)mm]高于中青年组(均P<0.05)。多元线性回归逐步分析结果显示,脉压(β=0.346)、年龄(β=0.345)、心率(β=0.241)、性别(β=-0.142)、空腹血糖(β=0.096)是所有对象cfPWV的相关因素(均P<0.05);分层分析结果显示,无论哪个年龄段及性别,脉压均是cfPWV的相关因素;而CIMT只在中青年人群中是cfPWV的相关因素。结论脉压是高血压患者cfPWV的相关因素,CIMT只是青中年高血压患者cfPWV的相关因素。     

血脂康在老年高血压患者降压治疗中对血压和脉压的影响

目的 观察血脂康在老年高血压患者降压治疗中对血压和脉压的影响.方法 将经氨氯地平(5 mg,1次/d)降血压治疗后达到轻度高血压标准的老年高血压患者58例随机分为两组,血脂康组30例和对照组28例.对照组采用低脂、低盐饮食及按原剂量服用氨氯地平;血脂康组在此基础上加用血脂康600 mg,2次/d,连续服用12周,比较两组治疗前与治疗12周时血压和脉压的变化.结果 与治疗前比较,血脂康组治疗12周收缩压降低,分别为(149±9)mm Hg与(130±8)mm Hg;脉压缩小,分别为(64±11)mm Hg与(48±7)mm Hg(均为P＜0.05);12周时组间比较,血脂康组优于对照组,收缩压分别为(130±8)mm Hg与(144±9)mm Hg,脉压为(48±7)mm Hg与(60±10)mm Hg(均为P＜0.05).结论 老年高血压患者降压治疗中,应用常规剂量血脂康治疗可以起到降低血压的作用效应.     

高血压患者亚极量运动时血压变化及其影响因素

目的探索原发性高血压患者亚极量运动时血压的变化及其影响因素。方法连续入选2014年12月~2015年7月在北京军区总医院就诊的原发性1、2级高血压患者(高血压组)82例和健康体检者(正常组)54例。观察高血压患者亚极量运动时血压变化,并采用多元线性回归分析运动前血压、脉压及踝臂动脉脉搏波传导速度(ba PWV)等因素与亚极量运动收缩压的关系。结果与正常组相比,高血压组亚极量运动收缩压较高[(190±13.2)mm Hg vs.(136.7±15.3)mm Hg,(1mm Hg=0.133k Pa)P0.05],上升幅度较高[(39.0±12.1)mm Hg vs.(21.7±10.4)mm Hg,P0.05]。多元线性回归分析显示:运动前收缩压、ba PWV及脉压与亚极量运动收缩压线性相关(P0.05)。结论原发性高血压患者亚极量运动时血压升压反应高于正常人,其亚极量运动收缩压与运动前收缩压、ba PWV及脉压紧密相关。     

不同血压水平状态下的中心动脉压与诊室肱动脉血压

目的比较不同血压水平状态下中心动脉压(CAP)与诊室肱动脉血压的差异。方法连续性选取2012年1月至2016年1月就诊于新疆医科大学第一附属医院的原发性高血压患者2647例,另选取同时期在新疆医科大学第一附属医院体检的正常血压者972人。两组研究对象均进行一般情况调查、测定诊室肱动脉血压及无创CAP,比较不同血压水平状态下CAP与诊室肱动脉血压的差异。结果 CAP与诊室血压比较,正常血压组收缩压差值为(12.30±5.00)mm Hg,95%CI为2.50~22.10 mm Hg;舒张压差值为(-1.65±2.12)mm Hg,95%CI为-5.81~2.51mm Hg;脉压差值为(13.97±5.35)mm Hg,95%CI为3.48~24.46mm Hg。高血压组收缩压差值为(13.40±14.19)mm Hg,95%CI为-14.41~40.79mm Hg;舒张压差值为(-1.19±11.87)mm Hg,95%CI为-24.46~22.08mm Hg;脉压差值为(14.52±19.85)mm Hg,95%CI为-24.39~53.40mm Hg。高血压组与正常血压组,中心动脉收缩压(CASP)、中心动脉舒张压(CADP)、中心动脉脉压均随着对应诊室收缩压(OSP)、诊室舒张压(ODP)、诊室脉压的升高而升高(P0.01)。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线示,对于高血压组1级的诊断,OSP与CASP的曲线下面积分别为0.994(95%CI0.992~0.995)和0.982(0.978~0.986);ODP与CADP的曲线下面积分别为0.925(0.917~0.934)和0.914(0.905~0.923)。若以CAP对高血压进行分级,本研究人群CAP 1,2,3级水平分别为123.5/82.5mm Hg(约登指数=0.869,0.678),136.5/96.5(约登指数=0.323,0.750)和155.5/106.5mm Hg(约登指数=0.553,0.654)。结论 CAP与诊室血压的一致性较好,舒张压的一致性好于收缩压、脉压的一致性。诊室血压仍可作为诊断高血压的较为简便、实用、广泛的方法。     

老年高血压患者动脉僵硬度与左心室肥厚关系

目的探讨老年高血压患者动脉僵硬度与左心室肥厚的关系。方法选择原发性老年高血压患者68例,以左心室重量指数(LVMI)作为评价左心室肥厚指标,将患者分为左心室肥厚组(32例)和非左心室肥厚组(36例)。以颈动脉-股动脉肢体动脉搏动波(cfPWV)和脉压作为评价动脉僵硬度指标,进行24 h动态血压监测、cfPWV及超声心动图检测,并进行多因素相关分析。结果左心室肥厚组较非左心室肥厚组患者cfPWV高[(14.45±1.83)m/s vs(10.89±1.94)m/s]、脉压大[(78.66±9.05)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)vs(60.39±7.74)mm Hg],两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),logistic回归分析显示,LVMI与cfPWV、脉压呈正相关。结论动脉僵硬度增加是老年高血压患者左心室肥厚的重要危险因素。     

住院2型糖尿病患者血压控制的影响因素

目的探讨住院2型糖尿病(type2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者血压控制的影响因素。方法 169例合并原发性高血压(高血压)的T2DM患者给予降压等综合治疗,以出院时血压130/80mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)为界限分为达标组(n=97)及未达标组(n=72),比较两组入院时临床及实验室指标,并通过回归分析观察各种因素对出院时平均动脉压水平的影响。结果全组T2DM入院时收缩压为(143±15)mm Hg,舒张压为(78±8)mm Hg,控制达标率仅17.8%;出院时血压达标率57.4%,降压药物种类平均增加1种。未达标组患者入院时收缩压[(151±15)mm Hg vs.(137±12)mm Hg,P0.05)、舒张压[(80±9)mm Hg vs.(77±7)mm Hg,P0.05]均高于达标组,且血清总胆固醇浓度及24h尿白蛋白排泄率显著升高。回归分析显示,平均动脉压与入院时收缩压、舒张压、血清总胆固醇及高血压病程显著正相关,与年龄负相关;平均动脉压与尿白蛋白排泄率显著正相关(r=0.303,P0.01)。合并糖尿病肾病患者随尿白蛋白排泄率增多而收缩压显著升高,大量蛋白尿者需要多种降压药物联合治疗且血压难以控制。结论 T2DM患者门诊血压控制达标率低;住院T2DM患者血压控制受入院时血压水平、高血压病程、高胆固醇血症、高尿白蛋白排泄率等因素影响;尿白蛋白排泄率增加可能是合并糖尿病肾病患者血压难以控制的直接原因。     

中心动脉压与肱动脉压关系的探讨

目的研究中心动脉压与外周动脉压之间的关系及影响因素。方法 100例进行冠状动脉造影检查的患者,术中使用动脉导管直接测压法测量中心动脉压及肱动脉压,分析二者之间关系及年龄和高血压对中心动脉压与肱动脉压问的相关性的影响。结果 100例患者肱动脉收缩压显著高于升主动脉收缩压[(132±22)mmHg比(128±21)mm Hg,P=0.0001],肱动脉舒张压与升主动脉舒张压差异无统计学意义[(66±11)mm Hg比(67±11)mm Hg,P0.05],在老年组、非老年组及各年龄组肱动脉脉压均高于升主动脉脉压(P=0.0001);老年组的升主动脉及肱动脉脉压显著高于非老年组[(72±17)mm Hg比(52±14)mm Hg,(77±18)mm Hg比(57±15)mm Hg,P=0.0001],随着年龄的增长中心动脉脉压及肱动脉脉压均有增高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);高血压患者中心动脉及肱动脉脉压均显著高于非高血压患者[(65±20)mm Hg比(53±14)mm Hg,P=0.004;(69±20)mm Hg比(59±13)mm Hg,P=0.013],但是中心动脉舒张压在高血压与非高血压患者间差异无统计学意义[(68±11)mm Hg比(64±11)mm Hg,P=0.132]。结论外周动脉收缩压及脉压均高于中心动脉,与年龄及是否伴高血压无关;老年组中心动脉及外周动脉脉压均显著高于非老年组;高血压患者外周动脉及中心动脉脉压高于非高血压患者,但两者中心动脉舒张压差异无统计学意义。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.