低分子肝素钙联合奥扎格雷钠治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察低分子肝素钙联合奥扎格雷钠治疗急性脑梗死的疗效。方法 70例急性脑梗死患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各35例。2组均给予常规治疗,治疗组加用低分子肝素钙联合奥扎格雷钠治疗,对照组给予口服小剂量肠溶阿司匹林治疗。观察2组疗效和神经功能缺损程度评分（NDS）变化。结果治疗组总有效率为94.3%高于对照组的80.0%（P〈0.05）;2组治疗后NDS评分均降低（P〈0.05）,且治疗组低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论低分子肝素钙联合奥扎格雷钠治疗急性脑梗死的疗效确切,值得临床推广应用。     

银杏达莫联合低分子肝素治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的：观察银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法：来本科治疗的87例急性脑梗死患者被随机分为对照组43例和观察组44例,对照组给予复方丹参注射液及肠溶阿司匹林治疗;观察组给予银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素钙进行治疗,2周后比较两组的临床疗效。结果：观察组总有效率为93.2%,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组治疗后神经功能缺损程度改善情况与对照组相比,差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素可显著改善脑梗死患者的临床症状,促进神经功能恢复。     

肠溶阿司匹林、氯吡格雷联合低分子肝素钙治疗高海拔地区颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的疗效观察

目的 观察肠溶阿司匹林、氯吡格雷联合低分子肝素钙治疗高海拔地区颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的临床疗效及安全性.方法 120例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各60例.对照组单用肠溶阿司匹林,治疗组低分子肝素5000IU腹壁皮下注射,联合口服肠溶阿司匹林、氯呲格雷联合治疗1个月,观察2组患者的临床疗效,检测出凝血指标.结果治疗组总有效率为91.7%高于对照组的68.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组患者治疗前后出凝血指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论肠溶阿司匹林、氯吡格雷联合低分子肝素治疗TIA疗效显著、安全可靠,临床应用方便,对血液生化指标无明显影响,且出血的发生率低.     

奥拉西坦联合低分子量肝素钙治疗高龄急性脑梗死的临床观察

目的观察奥拉西坦联合低分子肝素钙治疗高龄急性脑梗死的临床效果。方法高龄急性脑梗死患者50例随机分为治疗组28例和对照组22例。对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上给予奥拉西坦联合低分子量肝素钙治疗。比较2组临床疗效。结果治疗组总有效率为92.9%,高于对照组的86.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论奥拉西坦联合低分子肝素钙治疗高龄急性脑梗死临床安全、有效。     

肠溶阿司匹林、氯吡格雷联合低分子肝素治疗短暂性脑缺血发作疗效观察

目的:观察肠溶阿司匹林、氯吡格雷联合低分子肝素治疗短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的临床疗效及安全性。方法:62例TIA患者随机分为对照组和治疗组。对照组单用肠溶阿司匹林,治疗组用肠溶阿司匹林、氯吡格雷联合腹壁皮下注射低分子肝素,治疗2周时进行两组临床疗效评价。结果:治疗组的总有效率为93.5%,高于对照组的64.5%(P<0.01)。不良反应:两组在脑出血、消化道出血无差异。牙龈、皮肤黏膜出血两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:肠溶阿司匹林、氯吡格雷联合低分子肝素治疗短暂性脑缺血发作疗效显著,安全可靠。     

低分子肝素钙联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的临床观察

目的观察低分子肝素钙联合依达拉奉对急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法将86例急性脑梗死患者随机分为两组,对照组给予血塞通注射液0.5g,胞磷胆碱注射液0.75g,分别加入0.9%氯化钠溶液250ml,静脉滴注,1次/d;肠溶阿斯匹林片0.1g,口服,每晚1次;治疗组在此基础上,加用低分子肝素钙注射液5000U,每12h1次,皮下注射,连用1周;依达拉奉注射液30mg,加入0.9%氯化钠溶液静脉滴注,2次/d,疗程均为14d,治疗前后分别评估其神经功能缺损积分及日常生活能力指数。结果治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）,其神经功能缺损积分及日常生活能力指数明显优于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论低分子肝素钙联合依达拉奉对急性脑梗死的临床疗效安全可靠。     

低分子肝素钙联合丹红注射液治疗急性脑梗死疗效观察

目的观察低分子肝素钙联合丹红注射液治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法将80例急性脑梗死患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各40例。2组均给予常规治疗,治疗组给予低分子肝素钙联合丹红注射液治疗,对照组给予阿魏酸钠针治疗。比较2组临床疗效。结果治疗组总有效率为95．0％高于对照组的67．5％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论低分子肝素钙联合丹红注射液治疗急性脑梗死疗效显著,值得临床应用。     

低分子肝素联合阿斯匹林治疗老年不稳定型心绞痛36例疗效观察

目的观察低分子肝素和阿斯匹林联合治疗老年不稳定型心绞痛的疗效及安全性。方法选择符合不稳定型心绞痛诊断标准的72名老年患者,随机分为治疗组(36例),对照组(36例),治疗组患者在给予硝酸脂类、β受体阻滞剂、钙拮抗剂、阿斯匹林、他汀类药常规治疗基础上加用低分子肝素钙5000单位每次,每日2次,皮下注射,疗程10天,观察治疗前后症状、心电图改善情况。结果治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论低分子肝素联合阿斯匹林治疗老年不稳定型心绞痛安全有效,值得临床推广。     

早期联合低分子肝素钙和阿司匹林治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的:观察低分子肝素钙、阿司匹林及其早期二者联合应用治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法:320例急性脑梗死患者随机分为低分子肝素钙组、阿司匹林组、低分子肝素钙和阿司匹林联合治疗组及对照组。对各组分别进行临床疗效等判定。结果:所有治疗组的神经功能恢复明显优于对照组;联合治疗组的神经功能恢复和临床疗效明显优于单独给药组;每组发病后接受治疗时间不同的总有效率有显著性差异(P<0.05);各组出血等不良反应发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:急性脑梗死早期联合低分子肝素钙和阿司匹林治疗安全、有效,明显优于单独给药治疗。     

低分子肝素治疗老年急性脑梗塞临床观察

目的 观察低分子肝素(立迈青)治疗老年急性脑梗塞的疗效。方法 对80例起病在48小时内的老年急性脑梗塞患者随机分为治疗组和对照组给予低分子肝素及普通治疗。结果 治疗组较对照组治愈率明显提高。结论 本疗法疗效好,应用方便,副反应少,值得临床推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.