宁波市人群中非O1群霍乱弧菌携带及其毒性研究

目的：非O1群霍乱弧菌是我市感染性腹泻的常见病原菌，通过研究其在人群中携带频度和产生毒素的种类，有利于对该疾病采取针对性措施。方法：用筛检方法分离菌株，经系统生化血清分型确定型别，K-B法测定菌株的耐药性，用PCR、ELISA和动物等试验测定细菌的毒性。结果：从18416份标本中检出O1群霍乱弧菌236株，检出率为1．28％，其中腹泻病人检出率为8．3％，健康人群为0．3％，分属于25个血清型、9个噬菌体，除对青霉素有较高的耐药性外，其他常用抗生素敏感在67．6％-100．0％之间，发现有15．3％的菌株对弧菌抑制剂O／129抗性。92．0％的非O1群霍乱弧菌对小鼠有毒性，CT毒素检出率为1．3％；ST毒素检出率为78．8％；溶血素血平板法阳性率为94．4％、试管法阳性率为88．9％；未检出耐热性溶血素、Vero毒素等多种。结论：宁波市人群中携带一定数量的非O1群霍乱弧菌，腹泻病人中检出率较高，健康人群携带率稍低，与报道一致。7-10月份为检出高峰，与疾病流行规律相符。菌株的生化和药敏特征未发现变异，但抗弧菌抑制剂O／129现象较严重，在鉴定、鉴别时应加以关注。从细菌中检出多种致病毒素，并对小鼠的有较强的致病作用。说明该菌的综合毒力较强。结果提示我们，非O1群霍乱弧菌的致病因子复杂程度高于O1群霍乱弧菌，应引起我们的重视。     

鳖卵带菌情况与实验感染霍乱弧菌的研究Ⅱ.鳖卵中弧菌科致病菌携带情况的调查

[目的]调查研究鳖卵中弧菌科致病菌的携带情况,特别是霍乱弧菌的携带频率及其血清型分布.[方法]采用碱性蛋白胨水增菌,庆大霉素和麦康凯琼脂分离,按有关文献鉴定目的菌;应用非O1群霍乱弧菌分型血清(VBO)对非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌进行血清学分型.[结果]在4批208枚卵中,弧菌科阳性卵53枚(25.5%),分属弧菌科2属6种,其中非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌、拟态弧菌、河弧菌的阳检率分别为11.0%、1.0%和1.0%;豚鼠气单胞菌、亲水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌的阳检率分别为7.7%、4.3%和0.5%.4批卵中均检出非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌阳性卵,阳检率6.6%～25.0%,平均11.1%;从中鉴定出O9、O10、O51、O31、O35、O40和O77等7个血清型,后4型为省内新检出.[结论]鳖的种卵中携带弧菌科致病菌相当普遍,特别是霍乱弧菌,但尚未检出引发霍乱的O1和O139血清群.     

抗O/129弧菌抑制剂的非O1群霍乱弧菌特征

非O1群霍乱弧菌的鉴定常用生化、血清学等试验来确定，其中二氨基二异丙基喋啶磷酸盐(O1／129弧菌抑制剂)试验是鉴别非O1群霍乱弧菌等弧菌科细菌与其他细菌的特异性试验。常作为细菌命名的重要依据，在重要的微生物学检验专著上都认为弧菌属细菌对O／129弧菌抑制剂10，150μg敏感。本文对从业人员和腹泻病人中检出的非O1群霍乱弧菌抗O／129弧菌抑制剂菌株进行耐药性、毒力等检测，探讨其与致病力的相关性。现将鉴定结果报告如下。     

鸭绿江中上游水中70株非O_1群霍乱弧菌的血清学分型和药敏分析

目的对鸭绿江中上游水中70株非O1群霍乱弧菌进行实验研究。方法采用手工生化和全自动细菌鉴定/药敏系统相结合的方法,进行血清学分型和药敏测定。结果 41株能被非O1群霍乱弧菌诊断血清(VBO)分型,其中16株有生化变异,12株生化结果全部符合非O1群霍乱弧菌但未确定血清型别。70株非O1群霍乱弧菌对环丙沙星全部敏感,对氨苄青霉素、红霉素有较高的耐药性,对其他12种抗生素敏感率为37.7%～95.7%。结论本研究为非O1群霍乱弧菌感染防治提供科学依据。     

成都市91株副溶血性弧菌血清型、 耐药性及毒力基因检测

摘要:目的　了解成都市副溶血性弧菌食物中毒疫情分离菌株和生鲜冻水产品分离菌株血清型分布、耐药性及毒力基因携带状况,为成都市副溶血弧菌疾病防治提供科学依据。方法　对检出的91株副溶血性弧菌采用血清凝结实验血清分型;采用E-test药敏试验进行耐药性检测;用荧光PCR检测菌株的tdh、trh、tlh毒力基因。结果　91株菌分属于8个群26个血清型,主要为O1群（36.26%）,其次是O4群（23.07%）和O2群（16.48%）;46株疫情患者肛拭分离株O4群（48.71%）、O1群（35.89%）为主;22株鲜冻海产品分离株O1群（45.45%）为主;18株生鲜淡水产品分离株O2群（55.55%）为主。91株副溶血性弧菌均检出tlh,检出tdh基因均为食物中毒患者肛拭菌株,仅有1株食物中毒患者肛拭菌株检出trh基因。E-test实验结果显示,除青霉素和氨苄西林外的其他12种试验抗生素均敏感。结论　成都市引起食物中毒疫情的副溶血性弧菌主要为携带tdh基因的O4、O1群菌株。     

非O1群霍乱弧菌噬菌体-生物学分型

目的：了解用霍乱弧菌噬菌体和溶血性等4项生物学试验对非O1群霍乱弧菌进行噬菌体-生物学分型实际应用意义。方法：用VP1-VP55组弧菌噬菌体对非O1群霍乱弧菌进行噬菌体分型；用溶源性噬菌体敏感试验、溶源性测定、山梨醇发酵和溶血试验对非O1群霍乱弧菌进行生物学分型。结果：236株非O1群霍乱弧菌中能被5组O1群霍乱弧菌噬菌体分型的62株，总分型率为26．3％，其中腹泻病人52株，从业人员10株，分型率分别为22．0％和9．3％，分属于11个噬菌体型，腹泻病人以21、26噬菌体型居多，从业人员无优势型别，对5组O1群霍乱弧菌体均不敏感的174株；62株非O1群霍乱弧菌分属于e、f、k、l等4个生物型，23个噬菌体-生物型在8-31型之间，均属非流行株范畴；对第Ⅳ组噬菌体（10^9／ml）及其常规稀释噬菌体和溶原性噬菌体、溶源性表现为不裂解。结论：非O1群霍乱弧菌进行噬菌体分型，对预测非O1群霍乱弧菌流行具有一定的实用和指导性意义。现成的噬菌体分型方法对非O1群霍乱弧菌进行噬菌体分型存在一定的缺陷，应寻找更适宜于非O1群霍乱弧菌分型的噬菌体用于实际应用。     

广州海珠地区非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌流行状况调查及生物学特征研究

目的 了解广州海珠地区2001-2009年非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌的流行、分布状况及生物学特征,为防控该类病原菌引起的急性腹泻病提供科学依据.方法 参照<霍乱防治手册>(第5版)中的检测方法,对本区珠江河水、饮用水、养殖水、各种海(水)产品、市售熟食等外环境标本764份、健康人群标本189份及肠道门诊腹泻患者标本3398份,共计4351份标本进行非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌的检定.结果 4351份标本共检出非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌101株,总检出率为2.32%;其中有66株可分型,分属于26个血清型,分型率为65.3%;VBO9、VBO38和VBO76为优势菌.外环境与腹泻患者标本中分离到9株同型别非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌,提示两者可能存在关联.结论 非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌在本地区的血清型分布呈现多样性,在人群中有一定的感染率;外环境中该类菌群广泛存在,对人群是一个潜在的危害因素.     

非O_Ⅰ群霍乱弧菌VBO_2型致腹泻4例

非O1群霍乱弧菌是一群与O1群霍乱弧菌生化性状相似，菌体抗原不同的细菌。它可引起散发及局部流行性腹泻,并可引起食物中毒’‘1992年～1995年我们从465例腹泻病人粪便中检出4株非O1群霍乱弧菌，均为VBO；型．现将签定结果报告如下。菌体形态与生长特性《株菌均为革兰氏阴性孤菌。在碱性胆盐琼脂平板上生长菌落与（）1群霍乱弧菌相同·光滑湿润．透明扁平·直径Z一3run。菌落周围有明显菌景：几件F巾励下车＊林非0；群星乱弧菌＊B乙型生化结果续表血清分型4株菌均与VBO多价血清（MI）和单价血清2型凝集呈’”＃”．与生理盐水不凝集。…     

广西130株非O1群霍乱弧菌血清学分型及噬菌体-生物分型研究

目的 将噬菌体－生物分型方法应用到非Ｏ１群霍乱弧菌的分型,以掌握广西地区非Ｏ１群霍乱弧菌血清型别的分布,并对此分型方法进行探讨。方法 收集广西部分地区１３０株非Ｏ１群霍乱弧菌进行血清学分型和噬菌体－生物分型,并用多聚酯链反应（ＰＣＲ）进行霍乱肠毒素检测。结果 在１３０例菌株中有９０株可以分型,占６９．２３％,分布于３４个血清型,腹泻病人菌株可分为１４个血清型,其中以Ｏ２以优势血清型,外环境菌株分布     

57株非O_1群弧菌噬菌体及生物学分型研究

非O1群弧菌是重要的病原微生物[1~3]，近年来对其生化特性、毒素原性和血清分型等方面的研究较多[4、5]，但利用弧菌噬菌体分型和生物学分型还未见报道。为了作这方面的探索，我们将两年多来收集保存的57株非O1群弧菌作了分型研究，现报告如下：1材料和方法1．1菌株来源：57株非O1群弧菌由我市部分县、市、区卫生防疫站从本地医院的肠道门诊腹泻病人粪便标本中分离获得。1．2弧菌噬菌体：5株（VP1～VP5）弧菌噬菌体、溶原性噬菌体（R7）、第Ⅳ组霍乱弧菌噬菌体（109／ml）及其常规稀释噬菌体（106／ml），由江苏省卫生防疫站提供。1．3S…     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.