痉挛性脑瘫选择性脊神经后根切断术的10年回顾（附825例随访结果分析）

目的：以随访方式对选择性脊神经后果切断术（SPR）解除脑瘫痉挛,改善功能进行疗效观察。方法：自1990年5月始采用SPR治疗的825例得到2年以上随访的脑瘫患者。病理类型：痉挛型661例,僵直型52例,混合型112例。病因：绝大多数病例为早产,产后窒息,难产,持续黄疸等。痉挛程序：Ⅲ级-Ⅴ级。下肢实用能力等情况：独立行走129例,简单介助行走143例,介助站立并有行走动作275例,双下肢交替爬行122例,上肢助力式爬行或不能爬行156例。治疗方法及其技术改进：根据术前判断下戏挛的范围并参考痉挛和下肢主要畸变施行功能性SPR;混合性脑瘫SPR同时选择部分神经节段行SAR;上肢痉挛较重,是痉挛影响手的日常生活的基本动作的脑瘫行CSPR;保留L4椎板和LR－SRR技术;部分病例应用射频技术,术后术后的康复措施应用;SPR后功能训练3－6个月后,针对固定的畸形的矫形手术。治疗结果：术后肌张力情况,Ⅰ级672例,Ⅱ级102例,Ⅲ级12例,Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级10例。癫痫发作频率减少或癫痫控制药物服用量减少31例,流口水减轻或消失70例。眼外斜视减轻132例。发音改善72例。腰骶段SPR上肢痉程度减轻67例。行走功能改变：在介助行走418例病例中263例变为可独立行走,爬行278例病例中91例可独立行走,52例可借助站立或行走。结论：选择性脊神经后根切断术能够长期有效地解除肢体痉挛,改善肢体功能。     

选择性脊神经后根切断术的临床应用

目的：选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗痉挛性脑瘫的临床应用。方法：对经过SPR手术的58例患术后情况进行分析。：SPR手术对解除肌痉挛、降低异常的肌张力效果显，但术后的下肢乏力和脊柱不稳不容忽视。结论：SPR手术是治疗痉挛性脑瘫的有效方法，但应配合术后的康复训练。     

半椎板显露选择性脊神经后根机械灭活治疗痉挛性脑瘫

目的 研究减少选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)治疗痉挛性脑瘫的创伤及并发症的方法。方法 12例痉挛性脑瘫患儿，其中痉挛型7例，僵直型3例，混合性2例，痉挛程度Ashworth5级法：Ⅲ级6例，Ⅳ级5例，V级l例。单肢瘫2例．截瘫6例，四肢瘫2例，三肢瘫2例。智力情况基本正常。采用马尾圆锥区半椎板(7例)和保留椎板(5例)的小开窗选择性脊神经后根非切断性机械灭活阻断治疗痉挛性脑瘫。术后配合采用针对性功能训练的方法，部分肢体严重畸形患儿(4例)行2期肢体矫形术改善和恢复患儿的下肢功能。术后随访15～28个月。结果 术后肌张力情况：1级9例，2级2例，4级1例。肌张力降低率100％。功能明显改善11例(92％)。术后不借助支具恢复独立行走9例，借助支具独立行走2例，行走率为91．7％。其中有9例患儿术后流涎、斜视、语言障碍较术前明显好转。结论 半椎板显露，选择性脊神经机械灭活术也能改善痉挛性脑瘫患者的症状，提高患者生活质量，但其创伤小特点，能够减少SPR的并发症。     

脊髓圆锥部SPR手术治疗成人痉挛性脑瘫

目的探讨脊髓圆锥部选择性后根切断术(SPR)治疗成人痉挛性脑瘫的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2015年10月至2018年3月广州中医药大学金沙洲医院收治的20例成人痉挛性脑瘫患者的临床资料,患者均采用脊髓圆锥部L_2～S_1SPR治疗,观察切口愈合、下肢痉挛缓解、临床症状改善及手术并发症发生情况。结果随访时间3～12个月(平均6个月)。患者术前髋屈肌、膝屈肌和跖屈肌以及上肢各肌群肌张力的异常增高至末次随访时均有明显改善,髌阵挛、踝阵挛全部消失,流涎和发音不清症状明显好转。结论脊椎圆锥部SPR手术操作简单、并发症少、短期疗效显著,是成人痉挛性脑瘫可供选择的治疗方法。     

选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗痉挛性脑瘫

从１９９３年至１９９４年，对７例痉挛性脑瘫患者进行高选择性腰骶神经后根断术，通过随访分析，本手术对痉挛性脑瘫的治疗价值。全部病例术后均可解除肌张力增高及踝阵挛、踺反射亢进。矫正足尖着地行走５例，术后可翻身运动６例，行走步态稳定１例，可扶物行走３例，可下蹲站立１例。     

选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗儿童脑瘫下肢痉挛

目的：本文报道SPR术治疗儿童痉挛性脑瘫下肢痉挛的临床经验。方法：1997年6月－1998年4月共收治脑瘫患儿11例,运用SPR手术治疗,术后追踪随访。结果：术后经过2－2．5年随访9例,均有不同程度的下肢痉挛缓解或消失。并发症：肌张力低下,足内翻转为足外翻。结论：SPR手术治疗痉挛性脑瘫可以缓解下肢肌痉挛,改善下肢步态,但必须严格掌握适应证。与Ⅱ期矫形手术结合可提高疗效。     

脑瘫患者选择性脊神经后根切断术后康复训练效果观察

目的总结脑瘫患者选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)术后康复训练的效果。方法对随机选择的20例实施SPR手术的痉挛性脑性瘫痪患者执行预先拟订的康复训练方法并分别在术前、术后及康复后进行肌力、肌张力和关节活动度的测定,观察坐、立、跪、走的姿势。结果手术后康复训练与否肌力改变差异显著(P<0.05)。手术前、手术后与康复治疗后三者之间关节活动度改变在统计学上均有显著差异(P<0.05)。随访资料完整的18例显示坐位、直跪、站立及行走姿势均有明显改善。结论SPR可解除痉挛、降低部分肌张力,改善运动功能,而术后正确的康复训练是改善运动功能不可缺少的重要环节。     

选择性脊神经后根切断（SPR）治疗下肢痉挛性脑瘫

目的：探讨选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）治疗下肢痉挛性脑瘫疗效。方法：对38例下肢痉挛性脑瘫,将L2－S1各神经后根分开,分为5－8个亚束,用神经阈值探测仪检测,将阈值低的亚束切断1cm,切除比例据病情定。结果：术后肌张力平均下降Ⅲ级,关节畸形平均减轻5－10,腱反射消失30例,正常8例,病理征全部消失,未发现严重并发症。结论：选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）是治疗下肢痉挛性的有效方法。     

胫神经肌支切断术治疗脑瘫痉挛性马蹄内翻足

目的：评价胫神经肌支切断术治疗脑瘫痉挛性马蹄内翻足的疗效。方法：52例痉挛型脑瘫SPR术后马蹄内翻足畸形患者,男33例（38足）,女19例（26足）;年龄6～10岁,平均7.8岁。Ashworsh分级：Ⅲ级34例,Ⅳ级18例;踝阵挛阳性者42例。采用胫神经肌支切断术治疗。结果：随访1～3年,平均2.6年,痉挛步态明显改善,畸形均无复发。根据足部畸形矫正程度及患者的满意程度进行综合判定：优32例,良14例,差6例。结论：胫神经肌支切断术治疗小儿脑瘫痉挛性马蹄内翻足是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

选择性脊神经后根切断术对腰椎稳定性影响的临床分析

目的：探讨SPR术对腰椎的稳定性的影响。方法：收集自1992年10月～2000年12月在本科行SPR手术治疗的脑瘫患者共195例。结果：术前常规行腰椎X线检查，发现胸腰椎侧弯1例，L5峡部裂2例。在61例来院复诊的患者中，有10例行走时表现为明显腰前凸行走姿势，与术前相比，腰前凸角有增大。术后出现L5～Sl椎体不稳者4例，表现为Ⅰ度滑脱；腰后凸畸形1例。结论：脑瘫患者有脊柱发育异常，SPR术破坏脊柱的后柱结构和髂腰肌挛缩等因素可导致部分患者出现腰前凸角的增大及腰椎不稳。     

Functional Assessment of Children with Cerebral Palsy Following Limited (L4-S1) Selective Posterior Rhizotomy – A Preliminary Report

Summary. Summary. Objective: Selective Posterior Rhizotomy (SPR) is effective for reducing spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Nonetheless, extensive sensory deafferentation associated with this procedure can lead to prolonged postoperative hypotonia that delays the functional recovery of the patient. As lumbar rhizotomy provokes suprasegmental hypotonia, we hypothesized that reducing the extent of the deafferentation to the roots of L4-S1 levels would reduce the risk of postoperative hypotonia. Methods and Results: Five patients with spastic cerebral palsy (4 males and 1 females, age range: 4–12 years) underwent limited selective dorsal rhizotomy (LSDR) of three (L4-S1) dorsal roots. All patients were able to walk independently prior to surgery. Functional assessments of these patients were performed pre and post operatively. Assessments included spasticity evaluation, passive range of motion, and sagittal plane kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle during walking. Following surgery, reduced spasticity, increased passive range of motion and improved joint motion during walking was observed. Specifically, peak hip and knee extension and peak ankle dorsiflexion increased while peak plantarflexion decreased. Conclusions: Strength and motor control were not adversely affected by this procedure in any of the subjects and all patients actually demonstrated improvements. Previous studies have demonstrated that LSDR is highly effective in reducing spasticity and achieving functional outcome in spastic children. The results of this study demonstrated improved function during walking as assessed using gait analysis techniques.     

Joint angular velocity in spastic gait and the influence of muscle-tendon lengthening

BACKGROUND: Joint angular velocity (the rate of flexion and extension of a joint) is related to the dynamics of muscle activation and force generation during walking. Therefore, the goal of this research was to examine the joint angular velocity in normal and spastic gait and changes resulting from muscle-tendon lengthening (recession and tenotomy) in patients who have spastic cerebral palsy. METHODS: The gait patterns of forty patients who had been diagnosed with spastic cerebral palsy (mean age, 8.3 years; range, 3.7 to 14.8 years) and of seventy-three age-matched, normally developing subjects were evaluated with three-dimensional motion analysis and electromyography. The patients who had cerebral palsy were evaluated before muscle-tendon lengthening and nine months after treatment. RESULTS: The gait patterns of the patients who had cerebral palsy were characterized by increased flexion of the knee in the stance phase, premature plantar flexion of the ankle, and reduced joint angular velocities compared with the patterns of the normally developing subjects. Even though muscle-tendon lengthening altered sagittal joint angles in gait, the joint angular velocities were generally unchanged at the hip and knee. Only the ankle demonstrated modified angular velocities, including reduced dorsiflexion velocity at foot-strike and improved dorsiflexion velocity through mid-stance, after treatment. Electromyographic changes included reduced amplitude of the gastrocnemius-soleus during the loading phase and decreased knee coactivity (the ratio of quadriceps and hamstring activation) at toe-off. Principal component analyses showed that, compared with joint-angle data, joint angular velocity was better able to discriminate between the gait patterns of the normal and cerebral palsy groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that muscle-tendon lengthening corrects biomechanical alignment as reflected by changes in sagittal joint angles. However, joint angular velocity and electromyographic data suggest that the underlying neural input remains largely unchanged at the hip and knee. Conversely, electromyographic changes and changes in velocity in the ankle indicate that the activation pattern of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex in response to stretch was altered by recession of the complex.     

Relationship between dynamic deformities and joint moments in children with cerebral palsy

A relationship between dynamic flexion-extension motion ranges during walking and the magnitude of flexion and extension moments was analyzed for 38 ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy. Moments tending to flex the hip and the knee were more than a factor of two times greater than those occurring during normal gait. At the knee, the magnitude of the moments was related to the amount of flexion deformity, whereas at the hip there was no correlation between moment magnitude and extension motion range. The maximum dorsiflexion and plantarflexion ankle moments were of less than normal value in all deformity groupings. An understanding of the longterm influence of these abnormal moments on the terms of the progression or stabilization of the dynamic deformities during walking is an important step toward improving our understanding of and, potentially, our ability to treat patients with cerebral palsy.     

改良手术治疗脑瘫痉挛性双侧下肢瘫

[目的]2004年以来对重症脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫治疗方法进行改进,探索提高其治疗效果的方法.[方法]23例重症脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫.男14例,女9例;年龄3～12岁,平均5.7岁;主要症状不能独自站立和行走,双下肢肌紧张,家长扶持站立,双下肢呈剪刀步态,双髋、膝关节屈曲,踝关节跖屈,双足马蹄内翻畸形,足尖着地行走.体格检查双髂腰肌、内收肌、腘绳肌、小腿三头肌、胫前肌、胫后肌、(足母)长屈肌、趾长屈肌部分或多数不同程度肌张力增高.依Ashworth分级,为3～4级.治疗方法对动态性肌痉挛,采用肌内肌腱切断或肌筋膜切断;对静态性肌痉挛行肌腱滑动延长,胫前肌腱劈开外侧1/2移位.然后用自制外固定器矫形固定,保持膝关节伸直,双踝、足中立位,双下肢外展30°,6周后去除外固定康复训练.[结果]本组病例随访1～3年,平均2.2年.优良21例,有效2例.[结论]严重脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫,一期多关节软组织松解,肌力平衡,外固定矫形,术后配合家庭长期康复训练,是一种有效的治疗方法.     

运动疗法在脑瘫儿童选择性脊神经后根切断术后康复中的应用

目的：分析运动疗法在脑瘫儿童选择性脊神经后根切断术后康复中的临床疗效,为脑瘫儿童的康复提供可靠方法。方法：2003年9月至2007年4月脑瘫患儿226例,男125例,女101例;年龄3～10岁,平均6．8岁;随机分为对照组113例和治疗组113例。治疗组：男66例,女47例;年龄3-8岁,平均（6．5±1．2）岁;采用选择性脊神经后根切断术同时辅以运动疗法。,对照组：男59例,女54例;年龄3～10岁,平均（6．9±1．5）岁;采用选择性脊神经后根切断术。两组治疗前后采用小儿脑瘫粗大运动功能测试量表（CMFM）、肌张力评分、被动关节活动度进行评估。结果：226例均获随访,时间6～18个月,平均8个月。治疗后组间进行比较：治疗组GMFM得分平均（134．29±46．43）分,高于对照组（P〈0．05）;肌张力评分平均（1．27±0．42）分,优于对照组（P〈0．05）;关节活动度中踝背屈角度平均（14．2±3．1）°,大于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：运动疗法在脑瘫儿童SPR术后康复中具有明显效果,有助于减轻痉挛状态、降低肌张力、改善脑瘫儿童的运动功能。     

改良式选择性脊神经后根切断术十例报告

目的 探索选择性脊神经后根切断术（ＳＰＲ）改进的方法,以期减少手术创伤和对脊柱后柱的破坏,减少术后远期并发症发生的危险。方法 利用磁共振定位,切除一个半椎板,在圆锥部马尾发出处鉴别分离出Ｌ２￣Ｓ１神经后根,根据电刺激阈值选择性切断部分神经小束,以缓解小儿痉挛性脑瘫人的痉挛状态。手术的关键在于对脊神经后根的节段鉴别。 结果 术后随访４￣６个月,单纯痉挛型９例病人肌张力均下降、交叉腿解除,关节活动度增     

脑瘫SPR术后遗留髋内收畸形的个体化手术治疗

目的评价痉挛型脑瘫患者腰骶段选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）后遗留髋内收畸形的手术方案选择及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年8月至2012年8月北京中医药大学东直门医院收治的126例脑瘫SPR术后遗留髋内收畸形患者的临床资料,根据肌肉挛缩的范围和畸形程度采取不同的手术方式,包括长收肌、短收肌、股薄肌、髂腰肌、闭孔神经前支切断术等。观察患者术后髋外展角度及畸形矫正情况。结果 126例患者随访14~38个月（平均22个月）。术后髋内收畸形均较术前有明显改善,其中术后髋外展角度≥30°118例、20°~30°8例,缓解率100%（126/126）,满意率93.6%（118/126）。未出现下肢感觉障碍、髋外展或外旋畸形。结论对于脑瘫SPR术后遗留的髋内收畸形,根据个体情况不同,采用肌肉切断松解、闭孔神经前支切断术等个体化治疗方案,可取到满意的临床疗效。     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of changes in the muscle architecture of the gastrocnemius with botulinum toxin treatment for lower extremity spasticity in children with cerebral palsy

Background

Botulinum toxin A treatment involves injecting botulinum toxin A to relax muscle spasticity. Using ultrasonography, this study examined changes in the muscle architecture before and after treatment to evaluate the influence of botulinum toxin A injection on muscles.