脊柱外科手术中严重脑脊液漏的治疗及护理

脑脊液漏是脊柱外科手术中的一种并发症 ,由于脑脊液不断外溢 ,使得漏口及伤口难以愈合 ,同时存在逆行性蛛网膜下腔感染的可能性。自 1997年以来 ,我们治疗 10例严重脑脊液漏患者 ,全部采用脑室引流管作局部引流 ,现报道如下。临床资料1.一般资料 :本组 10例 ,男 7例 ,女 3例 ,年龄 13～ 70岁。本组病例均为胸腰椎疾患 ,其中胸腰椎骨折并截瘫 4例 ,胸椎黄韧带骨化症 1例 ,蛛网膜囊肿 2例 ,硬膜下肿瘤 2例 ,脊髓栓塞综合征 1例。所有病人术中硬脊膜均被切开 ,4例因骨折腹侧硬脊膜存在撕裂 ;1例胸椎黄韧带骨化症因硬脊膜与黄韧带骨化块粘连 ,…     

颈前路后纵韧带骨化切除术并发脑脊液漏的处理及疗效分析

目的:探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)患者经颈椎前路手术并发脑脊液漏的处理方法及临床疗效。方法:2008年1月~2012年1月,采用颈前路后纵韧带骨化切除术治疗颈椎OPLL患者126例,男89例,女37例;年龄46～72岁,平均61岁;病程3d～7年,平均4.2年。骨化物在矢状面上范围涉及1～3个椎体。术中发现11例患者合并硬脊膜骨化,其中7例术中发生硬脊膜破损(4例为硬脊膜撕裂,3例形成硬脊膜缺损);115例未合并硬脊膜骨化患者中,4例发生硬脊膜撕裂。术中均采用明胶海绵覆盖及生物蛋白胶封堵,术后采用常压引流、卧床休息、预防感染及营养支持等方法综合处理,观察患者脑脊液漏情况及转归。结果:11例术中硬脊膜破损的患者术后均发生脑脊液漏,脑脊液漏发生率为8.7%(11/126),其中合并硬脊膜骨化患者术后脑脊液漏发生率为63.6%(7/11),未合并硬脊膜骨化患者术后脑脊液漏发生率为0.03%(4/115),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。经综合处理后,3例于术后3～5d内痊愈;8例患者切口愈合拔管后形成间隙性脑脊液囊肿,经反复穿刺抽吸、颈部环形加压包扎治疗,均于术后14～30d内痊愈,其中1例合并颅内感染,经腰大池置管持续引流加鞘内注射抗生素治疗痊愈。11例患者均获随访,随访时间为1～36个月,平均12.8个月,无神经症状加重及持续性头痛等后遗症发生,术后平均神经功能改善率为51.2%。结论:颈椎OPLL患者行颈前路手术术中易发生硬脊膜损伤,术中一期修复极为困难,术后脑脊液漏发生率高,应采取综合措施处理,以获痊愈。     

颈前路手术并发脑脊液漏的原因及处理

目的探讨颈前路手术并发脑脊液漏(CSFL)的原因及处理方法。方法2006年4月~2009年4月我治疗组共行颈前路手术728例,术后发生CSFL6例,其中3例为颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者,1例为多节段颈椎病患者,1例为外伤后颈椎脱位患者,1例为颈椎后纵韧带骨化合并硬膜囊骨化患者。6例患者均于术中发现脑脊液漏。除1例后纵韧带骨化合并硬膜囊骨化患者在切除后纵韧带骨化块后发现硬膜有一处约3×2mm左右缺损外,余患者均未发现明显硬脊膜缺损。1例正中部位硬膜囊破损患者术中行硬膜囊修补术,其余5例无法修补硬脊膜患者采用自体筋膜和明胶海绵、生物蛋白胶填塞处理。全部病例术后采用头高脚低卧位,常规使用抗生素、补足液体及应用白蛋白并加强伤口换药,保持伤口清洁干燥。结果经上述处置后,全部6例患者在术后5~17d脑脊液漏完全治愈,未并发椎管内及颅内感染、脊髓及神经根症状、脑脊液囊肿形成。术后患者神经功能恢复良好。JOA评分提高4~6分(平均4.8分)。结论对颈前路手术发生CSFL的患者术中尽量修补破损的硬脊膜,并采用自体筋膜填塞,术后采用头高脚低位并重视补液及加强换药,可以有效治疗脑脊液漏。该方法操作简单易行,无严重并发症发生,是值得应用的治疗措施。     

颈椎手术发生脑脊液漏的多因素分析

目的 :探讨颈椎手术发生脑脊液漏的危险因素,为临床预防脑脊液漏的发生提供依据及处理措施。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月~2016年12月接受颈椎手术的514例患者的临床资料,选择性别、体重指数、病程、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压、糖尿病、颈椎骨折、颈椎间盘突出、颈椎管狭窄、骨质增生、后纵韧带骨化、黄韧带肥厚、硬脊膜粘连、手术入路、手术节段16个可能对发生脑脊液漏有影响的因素,应用多因素Logistic回归分析,研究其与脑脊液漏发生的相关性,并探讨其发生原因及处理措施。结果:514例患者中25例发生脑脊液漏,经过术中修补或术后对症处理,2~15d后患者脑脊液不再漏出,未出现严重并发症。颈椎术后脑脊液漏的整体发生率为4.9%,其中合并硬脊膜粘连的脑脊液漏发生率(38.1%)最高。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,硬脊膜粘连、后纵韧带骨化、骨折、狭窄与脑脊液漏的发生具有显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:硬脊膜粘连、后纵韧带骨化、颈椎骨折和颈椎管狭窄是发生脑脊液漏的危险因素,需要根据不同的患病特点选择相应的处理措施来预防和应对脑脊液漏的发生。     

颈椎手术并发脑脊液漏的危险因素Logistic回归分析

目的探讨颈椎手术中并发脑脊液漏的相关因素,为临床提供一定的参考。方法本研究收集了我院骨科自2010-02-2016-02开展的颈椎手术患者310例,其中发生脑脊液漏19例,现统计其性别、体重肥胖指数、吸烟和饮酒史、内科合并症(糖尿病和高血压)、病程、骨折与否、局部病变类型(椎间盘突出、颈椎管狭窄、后纵韧带骨化或骨质增生、黄韧带肥厚、硬脊膜粘连),手术入路和手术节段等可能的相关因素,并进行组间单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析显示,骨折、颈椎管狭窄、硬膜粘连和后纵韧带骨化有显著的组间差异(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,上述四项均为独立的危险因素之一。结论骨折、后纵韧带骨化、颈椎管狭窄和硬脊膜粘连均为颈椎手术并发脑脊液漏的独立危险因素,应予以重视。     

止血海绵覆盖治疗腰椎后路减压术中硬膜囊撕裂的临床疗效观察

目的 :观察止血海绵覆盖治疗腰椎后路减压术中硬膜囊撕裂导致显性脑脊液漏的临床疗效,探讨其治疗硬膜囊撕裂的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月～2016年6月在我院行后路腰椎手术治疗的1896例患者资料(初次手术1850例,翻修手术46例),术中发现硬膜囊撕裂86例(初次手术78例,翻修手术8例),其中男35例,女51例,年龄18～72(53.8±8.3)岁,所有硬膜囊破口术中均行缝合修补。根据是否适用止血海绵覆盖分为两组,A组(46例)术中使用止血海绵覆盖硬膜囊联合明胶海绵加压处理缝合后的硬膜囊破口,B组(40例)术中常规皮下深筋膜覆盖硬膜囊联合明胶海绵覆盖加压处理缝合后的硬膜囊破口。收集患者一般资料、疾病类型、手术时间、硬膜囊撕裂长度、术中失血量,记录两组患者术后脑脊液漏的发生率及其每日引流量、引流管留置时间、起床活动时间、术后脑脊液漏早期并发症情况。术后出现脑脊液漏患者末次随访均复查腰椎MRI,观察术后脑脊液漏远期并发症,是否形成硬膜囊假性囊肿或脑脊液窦道形成。结果 :A组与B组之间性别、年龄、疾病类型、术中硬膜囊撕裂大小、手术时间、术中失血量无统计学差异(P0.05),A组术后脑脊液漏发生率15.2%(7/46)低于B组35.0%(14/40),两组间有统计学差异(P0.05);A组中术后出现脑脊液漏患者引流管留置时间(3.5±1.3d)及平均每日脑脊液引流量(125.0±59.3ml)明显低于B组(10.5±2.1d;329.0±103.1ml),两组间有统计学差异(P0.05);A组中术后出现脑脊液漏患者起床活动时间7.5±1.6d,B组为14.5±2.2d,两组间有统计学差异(P0.05);末次随访时A组出现低颅压性头痛(2/7)、切口渗漏不愈(0/7)、切口感染(0/7)等早期脑脊液漏并发症低于B组(8/14、2/14、1/14)(P0.05)。术后出现脑脊液漏患者术后随访复查腰椎MRI,A组未见明确硬膜外脑脊液囊肿或皮下窦道形成,B组存在硬膜外脑脊液囊肿1例,无皮下脑脊液窦道形成。结论:应用止血海绵覆盖硬膜囊治疗后路腰椎减压术中硬膜囊撕裂导致的显性脑脊液漏有效,可减少脑脊液漏引流管留置时间及引流量,降低术后脑脊液漏的发生率及其相关的早期并发症。     

脊柱手术中硬脊膜损伤及术后脑脊液漏的处理

目的 探讨脊柱外科手术的常见并发症——术中硬脊膜损伤及术后脑脊液漏的外科处理措施，并观察其疗效。方法 回顾性分析2002年6月-2006年3月接受脊柱手术的405例患者资料。其中男298例，女107例；年龄11～78岁，平均46．2岁。病程3个月～5年。术中硬脊膜损伤或切开者28例（6．91％），其中颈椎3例，胸椎和腰椎19例，骶椎6例：28例中术后有6例发生脑脊液漏。术中未发现硬脊膜损伤而术后发生脑脊液漏2例。术后脑脊液漏的总发生率为1．98％。采用修复硬脊膜裂口、严密缝合切口各层、卧床休息和伤口加压包扎等综合措施处理。观察并记录处理疗效。结果 所有患者获随访3个月～4年，平均1年5个月。术前症状获不同程度缓解。8例术后脑脊液漏患者均获临床治愈，其中6例硬脊膜囊背侧瘘主要通过卧床休息、伤口加压包扎和再次手术缝合治愈，2例硬脊膜囊腹侧和侧方瘘尚需附加持续腰椎蛛网膜下腔引流。并发中枢神经系统感染1例，经多科协作治疗而愈合。结论 及时、正确地进行术中干预和术后处理，可有效治疗脊柱手术中硬脊膜损伤并预防术后脑脊液漏形成。     

带蒂筋膜脂肪片修复椎管联合持续引流预防腰椎管狭窄症并硬脊膜损伤术后瘢痕粘连的效果观察

目的比较带蒂筋膜脂肪片修复椎管联合持续引流与硬脊膜修补联合透明质酸钠注射预防腰椎管狭窄症并硬脊膜损伤术后瘢痕粘连的效果。方法回顾性分析自2015-05—2018-05采用手术治疗的64例腰椎管狭窄症并硬脊膜损伤,32例采用带蒂筋膜脂肪片修复椎管联合持续引流预防硬脊膜粘连(观察组),32例采用硬脊膜修补联合透明质酸钠注射预防硬脊膜粘连(对照组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、切口愈合时间、脑脊液漏发生率、并发症发生率,以及术后12个月狭窄节段椎管矢状径、狭窄节段硬膜囊面积、疼痛VAS评分、JOA评分。结果观察组与对照组手术时间、术中出血量差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组切口愈合时间较对照组短,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。观察组术后无并发症发生,对照组术后7例脑脊液漏,4例切口深部感染,1例假性硬脊膜囊肿。与对照组比较,观察组术后脑脊液发生率、并发症发生率较低,术后12个月狭窄节段硬膜囊面积较大,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。2组术后12个月狭窄节段椎管矢状径、疼痛VAS评分、JOA评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腰椎管狭窄症并硬脊膜损伤术中采用带蒂筋膜脂肪片修复椎管联合持续引流能使伤口及时愈合,减少并发症的发生,可以更好地预防术后出现硬膜外瘢痕粘连。     

腰椎管探查术合并脑脊液漏的防治

<正> 腰椎椎管探查术是骨科最常用手术方法,术中稍有不慎,极易撕裂硬膜,形成脑脊液漏。对于硬膜破裂者,为预防和治疗脑脊液漏,我们采用硬膜修补加肌片缝合修补及术后综合治疗等方法,取得了较好效果。1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料 34例术中硬膜撕裂,其中6例发生脑脊液漏另2例系外院转入。34例中男20例,女14例;年龄28～76岁,平均42岁;腰3·4椎间盘突出2例,腰4·5椎间盘突出16例,腰5骶1椎间盘突出6例,腰椎管狭窄10例。病程3～15年,平均6年零4个月。脑脊液漏形成者,术前均经保守治疗无效。1.2 防治方法 发现硬脊膜破裂后,即将硬脊膜缝合,外用肌片加强缝合,两侧肌肉紧密拉合缝合,以消灭死腔。如果不能消灭死腔者可用明胶海绵填充。术后病人俯卧、侧卧交替,床     

颈椎病患者后纵韧带与硬脊膜粘连的判断

目的回顾性评估经前路手术证实的脊髓型颈椎病后纵韧带与硬脊膜粘连特点。方法2005年12月至2007年1月，治疗18例脊髓型颈椎病患者，男11例，女7例；年龄55～72岁，平均65．4岁。术前行颈椎CT与MR检查，未发现有后纵韧带及硬脊膜骨化。二节段颈椎间盘突出12例（66．7％），三节段颈椎间盘突出6例（33.3％）。二节段手术方法为单椎节椎体次全切除＋钛网（或髂骨）＋颈前路钢板固定；三节段手术方法为单椎节椎体次全切除植骨内固定，另一病变节段用颈椎cage植入融合。手术中证实存在后纵韧带与硬脊膜粘连，术中以“漂浮”方法处理后纵韧带与硬脊膜粘连。应用配对计数资料Kappa系数检验两种影像学提示存在后纵韧带和硬脊膜粘连的吻合度。结果全部病例手术后神经功能均有不同程度改善，按JOA评分法，术前平均9．6分，术后平均12．1分。4例术中损伤硬脊膜未直接修补，术后发生脑脊液漏，经适当加压处理，伤口均获得愈合。颈后纵韧带与硬脊膜粘连的CT横断位扫描示椎间盘与硬脊膜接触不光滑，有毛刺现象；MRI示后纵韧带增厚，粘连处硬膜下间隙与邻近间隙不对称。统计分析结果Kappa系数=0．40，P〈0．05，表明CT与MRI显示后纵韧带和硬脊膜粘连情况时，两者比较差异有统计学意义。结论脊髓型颈椎病前路减压术前MR检查能判断后纵韧带与硬脊膜粘连，其准确率优于CT扫描。手术中采用“漂浮”方法能有效处理粘连病变。     

Unrecognized durotomy after lumbar discectomy: a report of four cases associated with the use of ADCON-L

STUDY DESIGN: This report describes four cases of symptomatic cerebral spinal fluid leak after lumbar microdiscectomy where ADCON-L was used. OBJECTIVES: To report that ADCON-L may exacerbate cerebral spinal fluid leak from unrecognized, small dural tears after lumbar discectomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: ADCON-L is a porcine-derived polyglycan that is used with increasing frequency in spinal surgery. It is advocated to reduce postoperative peridural fibrosis and adhesions. METHODS: Four cases of symptomatic cerebral spinal fluid leak after lumbar microdiscectomy were identified. Information on these patients was obtained by chart review. RESULTS: Three patients had small, inadvertent durotomies that were not appreciated at surgery even with the aid of a microscope. The dural violation in the fourth patient occurred at the previous epidural steroid injection site located on the contralateral side of the laminotomy. CONCLUSION: ADCON-L may inhibit dural healing and exacerbate cerebral spinal fluid leak from microscopic durotomies not recognized at the time of surgery.     

Incidental durotomy in lumbar spine surgery: incidence and management

There is increasing awareness of the need to inform patients of common complications that occur during surgical procedures. During lumbar spine surgery, incidental tear of the dural sac and subsequent cerebrospinal fluid leak is possibly the most frequently occurring complication. There is no consensus in the literature about the rate of dural tears in spine surgery. We have undertaken this study to evaluate the incidence of dural tears among spine surgeons in the United Kingdom for commonly performed spinal procedures. Prospective data was gathered for 1,549 cases across 14 institutions in the United Kingdom. The results give us a baseline rate for the incidence of dural tears. The rate was 3.5% for primary discectomy, 8.5% for spinal stenosis surgery and 13.2% for revision discectomy. There was a wide variation in the actual and estimated rates of dural tears among the spine surgeons. The results confirm that prospective data collection by spine surgeons is the most efficient and accurate way to assess complication rates for spinal surgery.This research was carried out at the Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK.     

Incidence,prognosis, and risk factors for bladder and bowel dysfunction due to incidental dural tears in lumbar microendoscopic surgery

BACKGROUND CONTEXTDespite the common occurrence of incidental dural tears, the incidence and prognosis of bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) due to incidental dural tears in lumbar spinal surgery are not well known because of the lack of reported cases.PURPOSETo analyze the incidence, prognosis, and risk factors for BBD after lumbar microendoscopic surgery with or without incidental dural tears.STUDY DESIGN/SETTINGA retrospective cohort study.PATIENT SAMPLEWe analyzed 2,421 patients who underwent lumbar microendoscopic surgery and investigated patients with BBD after an incidental durotomy during surgery.OUTCOME MEASURESPatients were divided into three groups on the basis of dysuria and defecation disorders: severe BBD, mild BBD, and no BBD. The post void residual volumes before and after surgery were compared using an ultrasound bladder scanner or bladder catheterization after confirmation of urination. Bowel dysfunction was evaluated by subjective symptomatic deterioration and the increase in the frequency and duration of postoperative medical care.METHODSRisk factors for BBD were analyzed using surgical video documentation to determine the dural tear site and cauda equina exposure from the dural sac. Patients with BBD were prospectively followed up for prognosis determination. The chi-square test was used to compare the incidence of BBD between patients with dural tears and those without. Propensity score-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of various factors on the incidence of postoperative BBD.RESULTSThe incidence of dural tears was 6.9% (168/2,421). The overall incidence of BBD was 3.0% (73/2,421), while the incidences of BBD (mild+severe BBD) and severe BBD due to incidental dural tears were 1.2% (30/2,421) and 0.8% (20/2,421), respectively. The incidence of BBD in patients with dural tears and those without tears was 17.9% [30/168] and 1.9% [43/2,253; p<.001]), respectively. BBD rates at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery were 64.0%, 44.0%, 40.0%, 28.0%, and 13.6%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the male sex (odds ratio [OR], 4.20), dural tears in the central area (OR, 10.15), and exposure of the cauda equina (OR, 51.04) were significant risk factors.CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of dural tears in lumbar microendoscopic surgeries are associated with an increased incidence of BBD. The recovery rate for BBD due to incidental dural tears is generally good; however, some patients experience long-term symptoms. Clinicians should be aware that incidental dural tears with cauda equina exposure can increase the risk of BBD.     

Cranial fat dissemination following fat grafting for lumbar dural tear: First case report in the literature

Introduction and importanceDural tear and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is among the most common complications in lumbar spine surgery. Although primary dural suturing is the preferred method for repair, this is not always achievable specially with ventrolateral tears. Autologous fat grafting is one of the oldest and effective methods for dural repair which can also be used along with other methods of repair. This case report highlights a unique post spinal surgery complication with comment on how to avoid it. To our knowledge, this has not been previously reported in the literature.Case presentationThe authors report a sixty-seven-year-old male with lumbar pseudomeningocele and cranial fat dissemination following fat grafting for non suturable lumbar dural tear. This was demonstrated on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after her presented with low-pressure headache.Clinical discussionIntraoperative dural tear is one of the most common complications in spinal surgery. Methods for optimal dural repair including fat grafting have been described but the choice still heavily dependent on the surgeon’s preference and experience. Fat graft can migrate leading to potential undesirable further complications like hydrocephalus and aseptic meningitis.ConclusionCranial fat dissemination following fat grafting for lumbar dural tear should be recognized as a post-operative complication in lumbar spine surgery. It should be considered in case of hydrocephalus or aseptic meningitis post dural fat grafting. Surgeons should utilize adjunct methods to minimize its incidence.     

老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者术中硬膜囊撕裂位置及术中术后处理对策

目的探讨老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者手术发生硬膜囊撕裂的解剖学机制,比较撕裂位置及术中、术后处理对策。方法回顾性分析2012年01月~2014年01月本院行腰椎后路手术的216例〉70岁老年患者,记录患者一般资料、病程时间、术前诊断、手术方式和节段、术中硬膜囊撕裂的位置、术后脑脊液漏情况和处理方法以及并发症等。结果共计151例患者入选,其中男89例,女62例,年龄70~93岁,平均78.12岁。术中发生硬膜囊撕裂共计34例,术后出现脑脊液漏23例,硬膜囊撕裂位置发生率硬膜囊后外侧〉根袖〉硬膜囊外侧〉硬膜囊腹侧。术中采取硬膜囊缝合修补、明胶海绵压迫、生物蛋白胶粘合等处理,术后常规给予预防感染、神经根脱水、补液等治疗,均于术后3~10 d拔管,3~4周切口愈合,全部患者未出现严重并发症。结论 〉70岁老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者术中硬膜囊撕裂及术后脑脊液漏的发生率高于整体人群,且多位于硬膜囊后外侧及根袖,术中及时发现并仔细缝合或修补破损的硬膜、术后间断夹闭引流管、延长拔管时间能获得良好的效果。     

Incidental durotomy during spine surgery: Incidence,management and complications. A retrospective review

Study designRetrospective review of a series of patients who underwent spinal surgery at a single spine unit during a 1 year period.ObjectivesTo assess the incidence, treatment, clinical consequence, complications of incidental durotomy during spine surgery and results of 37 months clinical follow-up.Summary of background dataIncidental durotomy is an underestimated and relatively adverse event during spinal surgery. Several consequences of inadequately treated dural tears have been reported.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted on 1326 consecutive patients who underwent spinal surgery performed in one French spine unit from January 2005 to December 2005. We excluded from this study patients treated for emergency spine cases.ResultsFifty-one dural tears were identified (3.84%). Incidental durotomies were associated with anterior cervical approach in 1 case, with posterior cervical approach in 1 case, with anterior retroperitoneal approach in 1 case and with posterior thoracolumbar approach in 48 cases. In addition, any clinically significant durotomy unrecognised during surgical procedure were included. Thirteen patients presented postoperative complications including 7 cerebrospinal fluid leaks, 2 wound infections, 2 postoperative haematomas, and 2 pseudomeningoceles. Nine of these 13 patients required a revision procedure. A mean follow-up of 37 months showed good long-term clinical results.ConclusionsIncidental durotomy is a common complication of spine surgery. All incidental durotomies must be repaired primarily. Dural tears that were immediately recognised and treated accordingly did not lead to any significant sequelae at a mean follow-up of 37 months. However, long-term follow-up studies will be needed to confirm this finding. The risks associated with dural tears and cerebrospinal fluid leaks are serious and should be discussed with any patients undergoing spine surgery.     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化合并硬膜囊骨化的CT影像特点及临床意义

目的探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化合并硬膜囊骨化的CT影像特点及临床意义。方法前路手术治疗21倒颈椎后纵韧带骨化患者,术前均行CT三维重建检查,明确后纵韧带骨化诊断及骨化物类型。术中5例患者被证实合并硬膜囊骨化．其中3例手术切除骨化物时造成硬膜囊缺损而出现脑脊液漏,另2例采用骨化物漂浮法减压。结果4例患者的CT横断面影像具有典型的双影征,矢状面成像表现为分层结构。3例脑脊液漏患者经非手术治疗均得以痊愈。随访1～3年,合并硬膜囊骨化患者的神经功能平均恢复率低于其他患者。结论CT三维影像有助于患者术前硬膜囊骨化的诊断,这对前路手术治疗后纵韧带骨化具有重要意义。     

Anterior dural laceration caused by thoracolumbar and lumbar burst fractures

A retrospective review of the records of 60 patients with thoracolumbar and lumbar burst fractures was undertaken to document the incidence and evaluate the sequelae of dural injuries found during anterior procedures. In the entire series, six (10%) patients each had a preexisting vertically oriented dural tear. All patients with anterior dural lacerations were male and had associated neurologic deficits. In all six patients, preoperative computed tomography showed an asymmetrically retropulsed bone fragment. Dural tears were repaired primarily. A postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak developed into the chest cavity of one patient, who was treated successfully with subarachnoid drainage. In patients with anterior dural laceration, primary repair is warranted and can be performed more easily after intraoperative correction of kyphosis. Subarachnoid drainage may be effective in cases of continued postoperative anterior cerebrospinal fluid leakage before repeated operation is considered.     

Subdural hematoma after microdiscectomy: a case report and review of the literature

Background contextSubdural hematomas (SDHs) have been described as a rare complication from durotomy after lumbar spine surgery. In half of the reported cases, the durotomy was unnoticed intraoperatively. The most common presenting symptom was persistent headache.PurposeTo report a case of SDH after routine microdiscectomy and to review the literature.Study designCase report and review of the literature.MethodsRetrospective review of patient's history and imaging studies.ResultsA 39-year-old female underwent routine microdiscectomy for L5–S1 herniated disc. There were no complications, and no dural tear was noted. Approximately 1 week postoperatively, the patient complained of severe headaches. Imaging revealed a right intracranial chronic SDH and a lumbar pseudomeningocele. Operative exploration of her lumbar wound revealed a dural tear, which was closed primarily. The patient had subsequent resolution of her SDH.ConclusionsThe authors present a case of a routine microdiscectomy complicated by delayed cerebrospinal leak causing a chronic SDH. This report illustrates the need for a comprehensive evaluation of headaches after spine surgery.     

Complications in the first 40 cases of microdiscectomy

From 1984 to 1986, a single surgeon treated 40 patients suffering from lumbar disc herniation by the technique of microdiscectomy. While the advantages of working under magnification are endorsed, the complications encountered are analysed with the aim of giving warning to surgeons keen to start the technique. The complications included intraoperative dural tears (two cases), discitis (two cases), and recurrence of back pain (two cases). The intraoperative dural damage did not require specific treatment, while the patients with discitis responded readily with antibiotics. The recurrent cases were found to be caused by adhesion bands produced by hanging tags of incompletely removed yellow ligament. It is therefore concluded that in microdiscectomy prophylactic antibiotics should be given and a complete removal of the yellow ligament on the side of surgery should be ensured to avoid infection and recurrent root impingement.