后路腰椎内固定术后手术部位感染的危险因素分析

目的:探讨后路腰椎内固定术后手术部位感染的危险因素,为降低手术部位感染的发生率提供参考依据。方法:回顾我科2016年1月1日～2018年12月31日实施后路腰椎内固定手术的1073例患者,男516例,女557例,年龄18～84岁(54.67±13.23岁),将术后手术部位感染的患者纳入感染组,其余患者纳入非感染组。收集两组患者的性别、年龄、诊断、体重指数(BMI)、合并糖尿病和高血压情况、手术时间、术中出血量、是否输血、吸烟史、术前美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级、术前使用激素情况、内固定节段数、是否固定至慨骨或骨盆、是否为翻修手术、手术开始时段等资料,进行单因素分析,对阳性结果进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:1073例患者中发生手术部位感染19例,感染发生率为1.77%,其中男11例,女8例,年龄18～77岁(54.89±16.67岁)。单因素分析显示两组肥胖(BMI≥28kg/m~2)、合并糖尿病、手术时间、手术开始时段等因素存在统计学差异(P0.05);性别、年龄、疾病种类、合并高血压、出血量、是否输血、吸烟史、术前ASA分级、术前使用激素、内固定节段数、是否固定至慨骨或骨盆、是否为翻修手术等因素无统计学差异(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归结果显示肥胖(OR=6.704,P=0.005)、合并糖尿病(OR=4.071,P=0.008)、较长手术时间(OR=7.102,P=0.000)、手术开始时段为晚间(OR=3.981,P=0.018)是术后手术部位感染的独立危险因素。结论:肥胖、合并糖尿病、较长手术时间、手术开始时段为晚间的患者后路腰椎内固定术后发生手术部位感染的风险较高,应采取有针对性的预防措施,以期最大限度降低术后手术部位感染的发生。     

脊柱内固定术后手术部位感染的原因分析及防治措施探究

目的回顾分析脊柱内固定术后感染患者的临床资料,采用Logistic回归分析相关危险因素确定独立危险因素,针对独立因素探究防治措施。方法分析2006年6月至2015年6月在贵州医科大学附属医院骨科行脊柱内固定手术的1 042例患者,其中23例患者确诊为脊柱内固定术后感染,分析每例术后感染患者的感染因素。参考国内外文献报道,选取感染相关的危险因素作为观察指标,将所选病例按观察指标分为感染组与非感染组,计数各分组病例数,统计方法选择χ~2检验、单因素二元Logistic回归分析及多因素Logistic回归分析,探寻脊柱内固定术后感染的风险因素及独立危险因素并总结相应的预防及治疗措施。结果经统计分析,九年内我科行脊柱内固定手术的1 042例病例中,术后的感染率为2.20%(23/1 042)。经χ~2检验及单因素二元Logistic回归分析得出:年龄、肥胖、营养不良、美国麻醉医师协会评分、手术部位、手术入路、激素的应用、失血量及输血量、术后脑脊液漏、引流管放置时间等风险因素,在本次研究中与脊柱内固定术后感染相关性不高;再经多元Logistic回归分析脊柱内固定术后感染的独立危险因素为患糖尿病、长期吸烟、不规范使用预防性抗生素、大小便失禁、手术节段、手术时间、脊柱手术创伤指数。本组研究对感染危险因素进行回归分析,明确术后感染的独立危险因素。针对独立危险因素,总结相应的预防措施,术后感染的治疗方法常规分为非手术治疗和手术治疗两大类。结论临床上存在7项独立危险因素的脊柱内固定术后患者,需注意预防感染的发生,针对不同原因造成的感染采用对应的防治措施。对于已确诊术后感染的患者,应使用敏感高效抗生素+彻底清创灌洗引流等方法综合治疗。     

糖尿病患者脊柱后路内固定术后手术部位感染的危险因素:一项多中心研究

[目的]探讨糖尿病患者脊柱后路内固定术后发生手术部位感染的危险因素。[方法]回顾性分析三家医院自2011年1月²013年9月间共322例合并糖尿病的脊柱后路内固定手术患者的临床资料,分为感染组与未感染组,单因素分析对比两组患者在危险因素方面的差异性,并进行Logistic多因素回归分析。[结果]本组322例患者中13例发生手术部位感染,感染率为4.0%。感染组与未感染组单因素分析发现BMI、手术时间、尿蛋白阳性和术前依赖胰岛素等4个指标的差异有统计学意义;多因素回归分析显示,导致手术部位感染的独立危险因素包括BMI(OR=1.867,P=0.032)、尿蛋白阳性(OR=2.978,P=0.001)和手术时间(OR=1.366,P=0.028)。[结论]体重指数、尿蛋白阳性和手术时间是糖尿病患者行脊柱后路内固定术后发生手术部位感染的独立危险因素。     

脊柱结核术后手术部位感染的相关危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的：探讨脊柱结核术后手术部位感染的危险因素,总结预防策略并为临床治疗提供参考。方法：回顾性分析2018年1月~2020年1月于我院实施手术治疗的脊柱结核患者161例。其中男性101例,女性60例,年龄46.9±17.9岁。发生术后手术部位感染10例,感染发生率为6.21%。术后手术部位感染患者中男性5例,女性5例;病原学培养结果：金黄色葡萄球菌4例,铜绿假单胞菌3例,阴沟肠杆菌2例、鲍曼不动杆菌1例。记录患者相关因素信息包括：年龄是否＞60岁、性别、血清白蛋白浓度是否＜30g/L、血沉是否≥20mm/h、体质指数（body mass index,BMI）是否<18.5kg/m2、患者是否患有糖尿病、术后72h峰值血糖值是否≥11.1mmol/L、患者是否有吸烟史、是否合并脊髓损伤、病灶部位（颈段、胸段、胸腰段或腰段）及范围（病灶范围是否＜3个节段）、是否存在后凸畸形、患者是否存在寒性脓肿,手术相关因素包括：是否使用脉冲式冲洗枪、是否使用内固定、是否进行前柱重建、手术时间是否<300min、是否有术中输血、术中是否局部使用链霉素及手术入路为前入路或后入路等内容。采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析,用非条件Logistic回归法进行多因素分析。结果：单因素分析结果显示,血清蛋白浓度＜30g/L（感染率16.7%）、血沉≥20mm/h（感染率14.0%）、BMI＜18.5kg/m2（感染率16.7%）、患有糖尿病（感染率15.2%）、峰值血糖≥11.1mmol/L（感染率24%）、合并寒性脓肿（感染率3.0%）等患者相关因素是脊柱结核术后手术部位感染的危险因素（P<0.05）,手术时间长（≥300min）（感染率12.7%）、术中进行了输血（感染率10.9%）、局部未使用链霉素（感染率15.8%）等手术相关因素是脊柱结核术后手术部位感染的危险因素（P<0.05）,而年龄、性别、是否有吸烟史、是否合并脊髓损伤、病灶部位、范围、是否存在后凸畸形等患者相关因素不是脊柱结核术后手术部位感染的危险因素（P>0.05）,是否使用脉冲式冲洗枪、是否使用内固定、是否进行前柱重建及手术入路为前入路或后入路等手术相关因素不是脊柱结核术后手术部位感染的危险因素（P>0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,血清蛋白浓度＜30g/L、峰值血糖≥11.1mmol/L、合并寒性脓肿是脊柱结核术后手术部位感染的独立危险因素（P<0.05）,术中局部使用链霉素作为一项保护因素,可有效预防脊柱结核术后手术部位感染。结论：脊柱结核术前应尽量调整患者营养状态,积极控制血糖,纠正低蛋白血症;术中链霉素对术区感染病灶的局部应用以及寒性脓肿病灶的彻底清除都可以有效降低患者术后手术部位感染的发生。     

脊柱手术部位感染相关研究的进展

手术部位感染一直是脊柱手术中十分严重的并发症,相关危险因素的研究一直倍受重视,近年来世界各地的研究者分别以年龄、肥胖、吸烟、其他部位感染存在、糖尿病、修正手术、血糖水平、内固定使用及术中失血等事件的存在等作为危险因素开展了广泛的临床试验。随着一系列研究的不断深入,对手术部位感染也出现了一些更敏感的指标,同时手术部位感染的预防和管理也开始出现新的模式,本文就目前相关研究的进展作一综述。     

脊柱手术部位感染的危险因素及预防措施研究进展

随着医疗技术的不断发展,人们对生活质量要求的提高,越来越多的脊柱疾病可以通过外科手术治疗,同时手术所带来的并发症也不容忽视。手术部位感染（surgical site infection,SSI）是脊柱术后常见的并发症之一,它是指无置入物手术30d内、有内置物（如椎弓根螺钉、椎体间融合器、人工椎间盘等）手术后1年内发生的与手术相关感染,包括浅表切口感染、深部切口感染以及器官/组织间隙感染。脊柱术后感染的危险因素很多,包括年龄、美国麻醉医师协会评分（ASA score）、肥胖、糖尿病、吸烟,此外手术入路、内置物、骨移植、手术时间及输血都被认为是SSI的危险因素。脊柱术后SSI发生率在0.7%～12%之间,近些年发病率呈增高趋势,延长了治疗时间,增加了治疗费用,甚至增加了死亡率[1],预防脊柱手术感染,确保医疗安全意义重大。笔者对脊柱手术部位感染的危险因素及预防措施综述如下。     

脊柱后路内固定手术后手术部位感染的危险因素及治疗策略

目的:探讨脊柱后路内固定手术后手术部位感染的相关危险因素及治疗策略。方法 :回顾性分析2015年1月～2018年1月在我院骨科行脊柱后路内固定手术患者3780例。其中男性1970例,女性1810例,年龄18～92岁(44.9±18.4岁),随访1.5±0.3年。根据患者术后1年内是否出现感染分为感染组和非感染组。收集两组患者的年龄(是否>60岁)、性别、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)(是否>30kg/m²)、融合节段(是否>2个)、手术持续时间(是否>3h)、低蛋白血症(白蛋白是否<35g/L)、是否贫血、是否合并糖尿病、是否异体输血、术后引流时间(是否>48h)、失血量(是否>1000ml)以及是否合并其他部位感染等资料进行独立样本t检验。对阳性结果进行进一步多因素Logistic回归分析,将感染组根据感染灶是否穿破深筋膜分为浅表感染组和深部感染组,收集感染组细菌培养结果,χ²检验分析病原菌构成比。结果:3780例患者中发生手术部位感染患者95例,感染发生率为2.51%,其中男性...     

脊柱手术部位感染相关危险因素的研究进展

手术部位感染（surgical site infection,SSI）是脊柱手术中十分严重的并发症,相关危险因素的研究也一直倍受重视。近年来,世界各地的研究者分别以年龄、肥胖、吸烟、其他部位存在感染、糖尿病、修正手术、血糖水平、内固定使用及术中失血等事件作为危险因素开展了广泛的临床试验。随着一系列研究的不断深入,对SSI也出现了一些更敏感的指标,同时SSI的预防和管理也开始出现新的模式,本文就相关研究的进展作一综述。     

退行性脊柱侧凸长节段固定融合手术早期并发症的危险因素分析

目的:探讨成人退行性脊柱侧凸(ADS)后路长节段固定融合手术早期并发症的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2011年12月～2018年12月我院收治的行后路长节段固定融合手术ADS患者的临床资料,按术中和术后6周内是否出现早期并发症(肺部感染、泌尿系感染、切口感染、胃肠道反应或不完全性肠梗阻、硬脊膜破裂、胸腔积液、心律失常、肝功能损害和休克)分为早期并发症组和无早期并发症组。收集患者基本资料,包括性别、年龄、骨密度、合并症;术前风险评估指标,包括麻醉风险分级、营养风险筛查、深静脉血栓风险分级、手术风险评估;术前影像学测量指标,包括主弯冠状面Cobb角、冠状面平衡距离、脊柱失状位轴;术中相关指标,包括患者手术时间、手术固定节段数、手术椎间融合节段数、减压节段数、术中截骨分级、术中失血量和输血量;术后相关指标,包括患者住院输血总量、住院输血次数、术后血红蛋白最低值、术后白蛋白最低值、住院时间。比较两组间各指标差异和单因素Logistic回归分析来发现潜在危险因素,多因素Logistic回归分析筛选发生早期并发症的独立危险因素。结果:纳入研究的64例患者,男性23例,女性41例,平均年龄60.8±7.9(50～78)岁,早期并发症发生率32.8%(21/64)。有合并症(57.1%vs 25.6%)、术前营养风险筛查≥1分(42.9%vs16.3%)、手术风险评估≥2分(52.4%vs 25.6%)和手术时间(279.3±97.8min vs 238.8±59.3min)、手术固定节段数(8.1±1.6 vs 6.9±2.1)两组间比较存在统计学差异(P0.05);性别、年龄、骨密度、冠状面Cobb角、CBD、SVA、术前麻醉风险分级、深静脉血栓风险分级和术中失血量、术中输血量、椎间融合节段个数、减压节段个数、截骨等级以及术后血红蛋白最低值、术后白蛋白最低值、住院时间、住院输血总量、住院输血两组间比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。将有统计学差异的参数进行单因素Logistic回归分析显示术前营养风险筛查分值、术前手术风险评估分值、手术时间、手术固定节段数是早期并发症的潜在危险因素,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前营养风险筛查分值和手术时间是ADS长节段固定融合手术早期并发症的独立危险因素。术前营养风险筛查分值每增加1分(OR=3.114,P=0.032)、手术时间每增加1min(OR=1.010,P=0.033),发生手术早期并发症的风险分别增加2.11倍和0.01倍。结论:改善患者营养状况,降低术前营养风险筛查分值、缩短手术时间,对降低退行性脊柱侧凸患者长节段固定融合手术相关早期并发症有益。     

胃肠手术患者医院感染的危险因素分析

回顾性分析我院收治的282例胃肠手术患者,采用单因素分析结合多因素分析的方法研究影响患者发生医院感染的危险因素。结果显示,高龄、糖尿病、手术时间长、使用呼吸机、动静脉插管、术后留置导尿、术后引流管、应用激素是胃肠手术患者发生医院感染的危险因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.