早先受照生物剂量计的现状和前景

如何准确估算职业受照人员过去受照剂量,对于推算辐射致癌危险度、放射损伤诊断和已患肿瘤受照者的病因学诊断等,都是至关重要的.本文简述了近几年发展起来的各种生物剂量计在该领域应用概况的比较,进而提出了可望作为早先受照的生物剂量计.     

分子辐射生物剂量计发展潜势

生物剂量估算无论在辐射事故或职业流行病学调查等方面都是不可缺少的重要手段。以细胞遗传学方法为代表的生物剂量计经过半个多世纪的发展已经非常成熟,并被广泛应用。为了更好地应对辐射突发事件,寻找具有快速、简便、适合大范围人群应用的新型分子水平生物剂量计成为目前研究的热点。为此,着重介绍近年来研究期望价值比较高的分子水平生物指示剂。     

胞浆分裂阻滞微核法用作辐射生物剂量计的研究进展

胞浆分裂阻滞技术的建立，使人淋巴细胞微核分析成为估价染色体损伤的一个可靠和经济的方法。目前，不少研究已证实该法是除经典染色体畸变分析之外又一个可靠的生物剂量计。该法的简便快速加之其在自动化方面的新进展，将成功地应用于监测受照人群，尤其是在大量受照人员的辐射事故中将发挥其快速为临床提供生物剂量的优势。然而，由于该法建立时间尚短，还存在一些有待探讨和解决的问题，本文针对该法在用于辐射生物剂量计中的有关     

生物剂量估算技术在核与辐射事故医学救援中的应用

核与辐射事故医学救援中,对事故人员进行分类诊断可使医疗资源得以充分利用,从而大大提高救援效率。生物剂量估算技术是目前判断外照射放射损伤程度的有效方法。利用生物剂量估算技术进行受照人员的分类诊断,对核与辐射事故医学救援的高效、有序具有重要意义。该文针对现有生物剂量估算技术的特点及其在核与辐射事故医学救援分类诊断中的应用进行了分析讨论。     

《荧光原位杂交分析染色体易位估算辐射生物剂量技术方法》解读

国家职业卫生标准——《荧光原位杂交分析染色体易位估算辐射生物剂量技术方法》是在收集整理、全面阅读了与该标准有关的国内外文献资料和我国现行有效的放射性疾病诊断标准,将资料汇总分析后经实验室反复验证的基础上制定的.此标准主要用于早先事故受照人员的生物剂量估算,为临床放射损伤的诊断提供科学依据.为了使放射性疾病临床工作者更好地理解、贯彻执行该标准,该文对标准的相关内容进行了解读.     

亚洲地区生物剂量估算比对结果的分析

外周血淋巴细胞是反映电离辐射损伤的良好指标,染色体非稳定性畸变分析是辐射生物剂量估算的金标准[1-2].目前国内外已有多起用染色体畸变的剂量-效应曲线估算事故受照者的生物剂量,在国内历次事故处理过程中生物剂量资料起到非常重要的作用[3-4].近年来国际上加紧对核恐怖事件的防范,核和放射技术在国内已得到广泛应用,已建和在建的核电站已达到19个,我国政府非常重视核事故医学应急体系的建立,生物剂量估算是其中非常重要的部分,国内放射生物剂量估算队伍的能力是影响我国放射医学与防护领域处置核突发事件的重要因素.     

亚洲地区生物剂量估算比对结果的分析

外周血淋巴细胞是反映电离辐射损伤的良好指标,染色体非稳定性畸变分析是辐射生物剂量估算的金标准[1-2].目前国内外已有多起用染色体畸变的剂量-效应曲线估算事故受照者的生物剂量,在国内历次事故处理过程中生物剂量资料起到非常重要的作用[3-4].近年来国际上加紧对核恐怖事件的防范,核和放射技术在国内已得到广泛应用,已建和在建的核电站已达到19个,我国政府非常重视核事故医学应急体系的建立,生物剂量估算是其中非常重要的部分,国内放射生物剂量估算队伍的能力是影响我国放射医学与防护领域处置核突发事件的重要因素.     

3例~(60)Co源辐射事故病人受照生物剂量(微核法)估算

目的　用胞质分裂阻滞微核法 (CBMN)对河南“4 2 6”6 0 Co源辐射事故中 3例受照者进行生物剂量估算。方法　照后 10d取血培养 ,0 3ml全血加入到 4ml培养基中 ,37℃培养 44h加松胞素B最终浓度为 6mg·L- 1 ,继续培养 2 8h收获制片 ,CBMN以千分数表示。结果　根据照后 10dCBMN频率估算受照者“梅”、“天”和“旺”的生物学剂量分别为 5 45Gy、2 84Gy和 2 78Gy。该剂量与染色体双 环及物理剂量相近 ,与临床放射损伤的诊断也相符合。结论　在放射事故中检测CBMN可作为生物剂量计。     

3例60Co源辐射事故病人受照生物剂量(微核法)估算

目的：用胞质分裂阻滞微核法（CBMN）对河南“4.26”^60Co源辐射事故中3例受照者进行生物剂量估算,方法：照后10d取血培养,0.3ml全血加入到4ml培养基中,37℃培养44h加松胞素B素终常浓度为6mg.L^-1,继续教育28h收获制片,CBMN以千分数表示,结果：根据照后10dCBMN频率估算受照者“梅”,“天”和“旺”的生物学剂量分别为5．45Gy,2.84Gy t 2.78Gy,该剂量与染色体双＋环及物理剂量相近,与临床放射损伤的诊断也相符合,结论：在放射事故中检测CBMN可作为生物剂量计。     

生物剂量学技术在放射流行病学中的应用

低剂量电离辐射致癌危害的流行病学研究遇到了很大的困难，以研究电离辐射与生物效应定量关系主核心的放射生物剂量学与相关技术可望对流行病的剂量重建，辐射致癌危险估算，生物学模型建立和危险预测有人群中癌易感性和辐射致癌敏感性检测等提供帮助，两者的结合将把放射流行病学推向分子放射流行病学的新阶段。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.