烟台5市区0~6岁儿童营养状况调查

目的:了解及掌握烟台5市区儿童营养状况及健康水平,有效地干预目前儿童健康中存在的问题。方法:采用问卷形式,由调查人员询问并填写,对烟台5市区740名0~6岁儿童的身高、体重进行测量,采用WHO推荐的美国国家卫生统计中心的不同体重身高为标准参考值,评价营养状况。结果:调查的儿童营养正常率为84.0%,总营养不良率为7.8%,总营养过剩率为8.2%。儿童营养状况受性别、地区、年龄的影响,男女儿童营养状况无显著差别;农村儿童营养不良率为10.5%,城市为6.0%,两者差异有显著性意义(χ2=10.32,P<0.05);0~岁年龄段的儿童营养过剩率最高,3~岁年龄段的儿童营养过剩率最低,不同年龄段儿童营养过剩率有显著性意义(χ2=8.94,P<0.05)。结论:应加强母亲的健康育儿知识教育,普及母乳喂养,积极提倡科学饮食,同时通过适量的有氧运动,减少儿童肥胖率的发生。     

家长对学龄期儿童体形认知情况及影响因素

目的 了解湖南省长沙市部分家长对学龄期儿童体形认知情况,分析其影响因素,为今后预防儿童肥胖提供依据.方法 于2012年4月对长沙市2 224名4～6年级学龄儿童进行体格测量(身高、体重),根据世界卫生组织2007年体质指数(BMI)评分标准进行体形分组;通过问卷调查了解家长对儿童体形的认知,并采用logistic回归分析认知的影响因素.结果 图形估计结果显示,有53.7％的家长低估了学生体形;多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,导致家长对儿童体形认知产生数值低估的危险因素为学生体形较胖(OR=35.763,95％ CI=23.745 ～ 53.863);保护因素为女性家长(OR =0.623,95％ CI =0.400 ～0.969);导致家长对儿童体形认知产生图形低估的危险因素有居住在农村(OR=1.464,95％ CI=1.090 ～1.966)、学生年级较高(OR =1.272,95％CI=1.067 ～1.517)、学生体形较胖(OR=32.089,95％ CI=16.810 ～ 61.255);保护因素有家长受教育程度高(OR=0.870,95％ CI =0.773～0.979)、家长体形超重或肥胖(OR =0.578,95％ CI =0.403 ～0.830).结论 长沙市家长对学龄期儿童体形认知存在低估偏倚,应加强宣传教育,使家长能够正确评估儿童的体形并且认识到儿童超重和肥胖问题的严重性.     

不同地区5岁以下儿童营养不良及影响因素分析

[目的]了解不同地区5岁以下儿童营养状况,分析相关影响因素,为改善本地区儿童营养状况提供依据。[方法]采用多层随机抽样方法,抽取郑州市不同地区5岁以下的儿童作为研究对象,对儿童营养状况,辅食添加情况,儿童出生时情况、母亲的文化程度等进行全面问卷调查。[结果]共调查5岁以下儿童3013人,其中低体重94人,占3.12%,生长发育迟缓166人,占5.51%,超重195人,占6.47%;儿童母亲的文化程度在初中及以下(含初中)的1786人,占59.28,高中及以上(含高中)的1227人,占40.72;在230名4个月以内的婴儿中,纯母乳喂养151人,占65.65%;在5～24个月儿童的辅食添加中,添加谷类、薯类的占80.96%,添加奶制品的占58.19%,添加肉类的占53.97%,添加蛋类的占57.80%,添加蔬菜水果的占80.18%;在1249名2岁以下的儿童中,低出生体重41人,占3.28%。[结论]儿童母亲的文化程度与儿童的营养状况有相关关系,随着母亲文化程度的提高,儿童的营养不良患病率逐渐下降;纯母乳喂养婴儿的生长发育显著优于非纯母乳喂养的婴儿;辅食添加的质量影响儿童的营养状况,婴儿在5个月后添加奶类和蛋类辅助食品的,2岁以内营养不良患病率明显低于不添加的儿童。     

北京市6～18岁儿童青少年体形认知现状分析

目的通过了解北京市6～18岁儿童青少年对自我体形的认知状况,分析其对超重肥胖儿童的影响,为制定儿童肥胖的干预措施提供理论依据。方法2004年北京市儿童代谢综合征调查总样本中的19593名6～18岁人群,其中男生9815名,女生9778名。问卷调查对儿童体形的自我认知状况进行研究,测量身高、体重等指标。结果调查对象的合并超重检出率和肥胖检出率分别是21.5%和9.7%;男生(26.5%)高于女生(16.5%),城市(26.9%)高于农村(15.9%),10～12岁学龄儿童的合并超重肥胖率最高;超重肥胖儿童自我体形的评价为正常、有点胖和太胖了比例分别为12.7%、60.6%和26.7%;而超重肥胖儿童对将采取何种措施选择为增加体重、保持现在的体重和减体重的比例分别为0.4%、38.3%和61.2%。结论北京市儿童青少年对自我体形的评价较为宽松,重视程度随年龄的增长而增加;需从儿童早期即采取干预措施以防止儿童肥胖的流行。     

综合干预改善儿童体形认知准确性的效果研究

  目的  探讨综合干预对儿童体形认知准确性的改善效果, 为建立儿童正确的体形认知提供理论依据。  方法  采用整群分层随机抽样方法, 按行政区进行分层, 对北京、长治、乌鲁木齐24所小学四年级1 287名儿童进行综合干预(2018年9月—2019年6月), 干预组12所学校648名学生, 对照组12所学校639名学生。通过"Ma体形图"测量体形认知准确性, 采用线性混合模型分析综合干预对儿童体形认知准确性的作用。  结果  基线时, 干预组和对照组儿童的体形认知准确率分别为56.6%和51.5%, 体形低估率分别为42.0%和47.7%, 体形高估率分别为1.4%和0.8%。干预后, 与对照组相比, 干预组儿童体形认知不准确率(OR=0.50, 95%CI=0.37~0.68, P < 0.01)和体形低估率下降(OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.26~0.54, P < 0.01), 体形高估率在两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.51)。分层分析结果显示, 干预对不同性别、营养状况、地区、独生/非独生子女儿童的体形认知准确性均有改善作用(交互项P值均>0.05)。  结论  儿童的体形认知不准确率较高, 以体形低估为主。综合干预可以有效减少体形低估, 改善儿童体形认知准确性。     

临夏县贫困农村5岁以下儿童营养状况分析

目的:评价临夏县贫困农村5岁以下儿童的营养状况,为改善该地区儿童营养状况提供依据。方法:采用整群抽样方法于2010年对临夏县贫困农村5个乡镇10个行政村所有5岁以下儿童的家庭进行问卷调查,以儿童身高和体重作为儿童营养状况的评价指标。结果:该地区5岁以下儿童消瘦、生长迟缓和低体重的患病率分别为2.3%、21.4%和8.1%,男童生长迟缓率(24.0%)高于女童(18.1%)(P<0.05);2岁以下儿童初乳喂养率63.1%。结论:临夏县贫困农村5岁以下儿童营养状况低于世界卫生组织儿童生长标准。应改进喂养方法,促进初乳喂养,建议纯母乳喂养至6个月,继续母乳喂养至2岁或更长时间,同时合理添加辅食。     

北京市中学生营养状况及其与家长营养认知的关联分析

了解北京市中学生家长对子女营养状况的认知现状及其与学生营养状况的关联,为有效预防儿童青少年肥胖提供科学依据.方法 采用分层随机整群抽取北京8所初中、8所高中学生共2 308名进行体格测量(身高、体重),根据中国肥胖问题工作组2004年制订的“中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数分类标准”及“中国6~19岁学龄儿童青少年分年龄BMI筛查消瘦界值”进行营养状况评价,并通过问卷调查了解家长对儿童营养状况的认知情况.结果 家长对子女主观营养评价与BMI评价结果总符合率为57.8%,33.4%的家长出现低估偏倚,8.8%的家长出现高估偏倚,一致程度不够理想(Kappa=0.32,u=26.80,P<0.01).认知正确组家长了解孩子偏食挑食的比例、鼓励孩子闲暇时间进行体育运动的比例、了解孩子身高体重变化情况的比例、选择最科学减肥途径的比例均高于认知错误组家长(x2值分别为6.06,13.02,11.94,6.15,P值均<0.05).结论 家长对子女的营养状况存在认知偏差,应进一步加强宣传教育,使家长能够正确评估儿童的营养状况,并在日常生活中培养孩子健康的生活行为.     

我国5岁以下儿童及其母亲贫血状况及相关因素分析

目的 :　分析我国城市与农村 5岁以下儿童贫血状况、影响因素以及儿童贫血与母亲贫血的关系。方法 :　用 HEMOCUE光度计 ,测定指血血红蛋白。统计分析方法采用描述性与多因素 Logistic回归分析方法。结果 :　城市 5岁以下儿童贫血患病率 1 2 .2 8% ,农村 2 6.71 % ,全国平均 2 1 .67%。母亲贫血率城市 1 1 .8% ,农村 2 6.2 8% ,全国平均 2 0 .1 4%。通过 Logistic回归分析 ,1 8m以内婴幼儿贫血因素有 :哺母乳 OR=3 .92 ,母亲贫血 OR=2 .2 3 ,低出生体重 OR=1 .65 ,未加蛋类 OR=1 .3 8,未加奶类 OR=1 .5 4。 1 8～ 60个月儿童贫血因素有 :母亲贫血 OR=2 .74,哺母乳 OR=1 .87,生长迟缓 OR=1 .85 ,低体重 OR=1 .60。结论 :　我国农村 5岁以下儿童及母亲贫血率均高于城市。儿童贫血与低出生体重、辅食添加、哺母乳和母亲的营养状况都有密切关系。     

江苏和浙江省15县(市)3～6岁儿童体格发育不良影响因素分析

目的 分析江苏和浙江省15县(市)3～6岁农村儿童体格发育不良的影响因素.方法 研究数据来源于北京大学医学部生育健康研究所2000年对江苏和浙江省15县(市)183 295名3～6岁农村儿童随访研究和相关围产保健监测资料.采用WHO标准对儿童体格发育进行评价,结合儿童母亲的围产期健康资料和儿童出生资料分析儿童体格发育不良的影响因素.结果 江苏和浙江省农村3～6岁儿童的平均生长迟缓率为7.95%,体重低下率为1.55%.儿童性别、出生体重、是否早产、儿童母亲身高、母亲初次孕检BMI、母亲文化程度、母亲职业与儿童体格发育不良明显相关.出生体重对儿童体重影响最大.出生体重＜2500、≥2500 g儿童的体重低下率分别为7.77%、1.46%.低出生体重儿童发生体重低下的OR值为3.68(95%CI:3.11～4.37).母亲身高对儿童身高影响最大,母亲身高＜155、155～160、160～165、≥165 cm的儿童生长迟缓率分别为13.01%、8.76%、6.21%、4.14%.与母亲身高≥165 cm的儿童相比,母亲身高＜155cm的儿童发生生长迟缓的OR值为3.08(95%CI:2.82～3.37).结论 出生体重和母亲身高是儿童体格发育的重要影响因素,为促进儿童体格发育应提高围产保健服务水平,改善孕妇营养状况.     

海南省海口市农垦地区集体儿童营养状况调查分析

目的:了解海南省海口市农垦地区集体儿童营养状况,为制定相应的干预策略和措施提供依据。方法:选取该管辖区内2所2～6岁儿童共820名进行调查,取2010年4月份体检数据,测量身高、体重,根据WHO推荐的身高标准体重法进行营养状况评价。结果:2所托幼机构2～6岁儿童营养不良检出率为6.83%,超重检出率为14.76%,肥胖检出率为7.07%,中重度肥胖占36.20%,不同性别及各年龄组间均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2～5岁各个年龄段男女间营养不良、超重和肥胖差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),5～6岁组男女童肥胖率分别为10.53%、2.25%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:海南省海口市农垦地区儿童营养不良及营养过剩同时并存,应及早采取切实可行的干预措施。     

Weight status and body image perception in Italian children.

BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests there is a tendency in overweight subjects to underestimate their weight status. This study investigated the perception of body image in Italian children, with particular regard to overweight children. METHODS: Primary school children (n = 866) were recruited for this cross-sectional nutritional survey in northern Italy. Anthropometric measurements were performed to determine body mass index (BMI). Body image perception was assessed with the Body Silhouette Chart for preadolescent children shown to the children and to their mothers (n = 778) during an interview. A new scheme to identify wrong (F.1, F.2) or inappropriate (F.3) self figure responses in overweight subjects was used. RESULTS: More than one-third of the Italian children examined were above the normal BMI range (prevalence of overweight: 35.8%, girls; 37.2%, boys). A higher degree of dissatisfaction was expressed by girls than by boys, and the percentage increased in overweight/obese children. A discrepancy between the self figure perception and the real nutritional status of the subject occurred in 6-9% of the overweight/obese children. CONCLUSION: The comparison of body image perception and anthropometric assessment of nutritional status could play an important role in future programs of nutritional surveillance as they provide indications of dissatisfaction and body image disturbances.     

Stunting in Brazilian children: relationship with social-environmental conditions and maternal nutritional status]

The relationship between stunting in Brazilian children with their mother's nutritional status and their social-environmental situation was assessed in a probabilistic sample of the Brazilian population in 1989. Data from 12644 mother-son pairs were analyzed. Maternal nutritional status was classified based on the body mass index and stunting was identified in children with stature or length for age Z < or = -2 of the American growth reference curve (NCHS). Stunting was observed in 14.4% of the children (15.9% of boys and 12.9% of girls) There was an inverse relationship between the level of stunting and maternal education, income and house living conditions. Children of illiterate mothers showed more stunting (OR = 17.2) than children whose mothers had had at least 9 years of formal education. Stunting was more frequently observed in children whose mothers were underweight (OR = 2.5), and who were from the first quartile of family income in comparison to the fourth quartile (OR = 11.0) and lived in the poorest living conditions (OR = 7.6). These results suggest a positive association between stunted children and underweight mothers.     

攀枝花市主城区939名学龄前儿童生长发育状况评价

目的:了解攀枝花市主城区学龄前儿童生长发育及营养状况。方法:采用全国统一的测量方法,测量儿童体重、身高;同时对视觉、龋齿、血红蛋白进行检查,以评价3所幼儿园939名3~6岁学龄前儿童的生长发育和营养现状。结果:主城区3所幼儿园学龄前儿童体重和身高正常率分别为93.93%、96.17%。年体重增长≥2 kg者为79.63%,年身高增长≥5 cm达到91.10%。3所幼儿园在年体重、身高增长上有差异(P<0.05)。低体重、超重、轻度肥胖、生长迟缓、消瘦发生率分别为0.85%、4.26%、0.96%、0.75%、6.71%;贫血、龋齿、包茎、色盲、视觉异常率分别为1.92%、19.38%、8.31%、0.43%、1.17%。男孩在不同年龄段的生长迟缓和龋齿有差异(P<0.05),女孩的贫血、龋齿在不同年龄段有差异(P<0.05),男孩和女孩间的正常体重、身高率在不同年龄段间有差异(P<0.05),总体上男孩优于女孩。结论:攀枝花市主城区3所幼儿园学龄前儿童的生长发育和营养状况良好,但不同性别和不同幼儿园间的营养状况不平衡现象依然明显。     

Can mothers identify malnutrition in their children?

To assess mothers' perceptions about malnutrition and theirability to identify malnutrition in their own children, 339children aged 3–35 months and their mothers were studiedin two urban hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and in a communityclinic. The weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumferenceof the children were measured, and their mothers were interviewed.Child nutritional status according to their mother's statementand anthropometrically assessed nutritional status were compared.Sixty per cent of the mothers correctly identified better nutritionalstatus (weight/age >75% of NCHS median) and 67% mothers correctlyidentified malnutrition (weight/age < 75% of NCHS median)in their children. Sixty-one per cent of mothers with less than5 years of formal education correctly identified better nutrition(weight/age >75%) whereas 38% mothers with more than 5 yearsof education correctly identified better nutrition. Correctidentification of malnutrition was made by 70% of mothers withless than 5 years of formal education, and 74% of educated mothersdid the same. As regards causes of malnutrition, 33% of mothers stated thatlack of food at home resulted in undernutri-tion in their children(mean weight-for-age of these children was 65% of the NCHS median).Mothers' suggestions for improving child health were: betterfood in 31% cases; treatment of illnesses in 22% cases; andboth in 42% cases. The results suggest that most of the mothersare able to identify malnutrition in their children, and 95%of them are aware of ways to improve it, and that the provisionof adequate food and health care may improve child nutritionalstatus.     

Household food security and nutritional status of Hispanic children in the fifth grade

BACKGROUND: Food insecurity is a critical variable for understanding the nutritional status of low-income populations. However, limited research is available on the relation between household food insecurity and children's nutritional status. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the relations among household food insecurity, household food supplies, and school-age children's dietary intakes and body mass indexes (BMIs). DESIGN: A sample of 124 predominantly Hispanic, fifth-grade children and their mothers were surveyed as part of a school-based obesity-prevention program. Data on the children's weights and heights were collected and three 24-h dietary recalls were conducted. The mothers provided reports of household food insecurity and household food supplies. RESULTS: Food insecurity was negatively associated with the children's BMIs and household food supplies but not with the children's food intakes. However, a secondary analysis showed that as payday approached, children from the most food-insecure households had significant decreases in energy intakes and meat consumption. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first studies to report a significant association between food insecurity and children's nutritional status. The ages and sex-adjusted BMIs of the food-insecure children were lower than those of the food-secure children but were still within the normal range. The lower BMIs in the food-insecure children may have been due to short-term, yet periodic food restrictions that resulted as household food supplies diminished before payday. Future research is needed to assess the physiologic and psychological effects of periodic food restriction on children's health.     

Cash cropping, subsistence agriculture, and nutritional status among mothers and children in lowland Papua New Guinea

The influence of cash crop income, subsistence agriculture, and purchased foods on nutritional status was examined among three ethnic groups in lowland Papua New Guinea. In their home areas, these groups had been hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists, and hunter-gatherers with limited agriculture. Multiple regression revealed that cash crop income was positively associated with anthropometric status and energy intake among children. Expenditure on food was related to the child's arm circumference but not to nutrient intake. The amount of food planted in the garden was not related to child nutritional status. In contrast, the amount of food planted was positively associated with body mass index of mothers. Consumption of rice and fish was related to food expenditures. Nutritional status was better among families who were agriculturalists prior to resettlement than among hunter-gatherers. The former had more income from cash crops, smaller households, and planted more food in their gardens. Therefore, cash cropping need not decrease nutritional status if home gardens are maintained.     

Food behaviors of young children: Cognitive and attitudinal factors

Young children's diets are determined to a large degree by their mothers' nutritional knowledge and food attitudes. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of mothers' nutritional knowledge and food attitudes on their children's nutritional knowledge and food behavior.

The subjects were 159 children. They ranged in ages from 7 to 9 years old. Their mothers also participated in the study.

Bivariate relationships between pairs of variables were tested using the Pearson product-moment correlation. The major findings were:

(1) Children's nutritional knowledge was related to their mothers' nutritional knowledge and attitudes of sociability.

(2) Mothers' nutritional knowledge was related to their attitudes of sociability and frugality. Nutritional knowledge was negatively correlated with mother's attitudes toward health and social status.

(3) Children's food behavior was related to their nutritional knowledge and their mothers' nutritional knowledge.     

Nutritional status of mothers and children in the Arab Gulf countries

The nutritional problems of mothers and children in the ArabGulf countries were analysed. Although these countries haveexperienced a significant improvement in economic and healthstatus, several nutritional disorders are still prevalent. Irondeficiency anaemia and obesity are the main nutritional problemsamong mothers, while low birth weight, undernutrition, irondeficiency anaemia, vitamin D deficiency and dental caries arecommon among children. Health programmes in this area shouldinclude effective measures to promote nutritional status ofmothers and children.     

Mothers of undernourished Jamaican children have poorer psychosocial functioning and this is associated with stimulation provided in the home

OBJECTIVES: To compare mothers of undernourished children with mothers of adequately nourished children on maternal depression, parenting self-esteem, social support and exposure to stressors and to determine if these variables are independently related to undernutrition and stimulation provided in the home after controlling for socio-economic status. DESIGN: A case control study. SETTING: Children and their mothers were recruited from 18 government health centres in the Kingston, St Andrew and St Catherine parishes of Jamaica. SUBJECTS: One hundred and thirty-nine mothers of undernourished children (WAZ< or =-1.5z scores) aged 9 - 30 months and 71 mothers of adequately nourished children (WAZ > -1z scores) matched for sex and age group were enrolled into the study. RESULTS: Mothers of undernourished children came from poorer homes but had similar social support to mothers of adequately nourished children. They were more depressed, had lower levels of parenting self-esteem (both P<0.01), reported higher levels of economic stress (P<0.001) and provided a less stimulating home environment (P<0.05). However, after controlling for social background variables there was no independent relationship between either psychosocial function or home stimulation and nutritional status. Undernutrition was found to be mainly explained by economic factors. The mothers' self-esteem was independently associated with the level of stimulation provided to the child. CONCLUSIONS: When caring for undernourished children attention should be paid to the psychosocial status of the mother as well as the physical condition of the child. SPONSORSHIP: Thrasher Research Fund; Campus Research and Publication Fund, UWI, Jamaica.