基于IFA技术检测微线体蛋白2在艾美耳属球虫的空间分布

微线体蛋白2（Microneme protein2,Mic2）是艾美耳球虫入侵宿主细胞时分泌的主要功能蛋白之一。本研究中,以抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫微线体蛋白2（EtMic2）单克隆抗体为检测抗体,利用间接免疫荧光实验（IFA）检测了Mic2在柔嫩艾美耳球虫、和缓艾美耳球虫、斯氏艾美耳球虫和无残艾美耳球虫等不同种艾美耳属球虫的空间分布。结果显示,Mic2在不同种艾美耳属球虫中均定位于子孢子的顶部（微线体部位）,但表达强度存在差异。这提示Mic2可作为研究艾美耳属球虫相关蛋白空间分布的“参照物”。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫发育相关基因的cDNA阵列检测及分析

为从分子水平上了解球虫发育的相关信息,本文以柔嫩艾美耳球虫的4个发育阶段(未孢子化卵囊、孢子化卵囊、子孢子和裂殖子)为试材,分别与本实验室制备的柔嫩艾美耳球虫cDNA阵列进行杂交。经过分析,在4个不同发育阶段共有484个基因特异表达,其中仅79个为功能注释基因,其余为功能未知基因。在子孢子阶段筛选到了以下重要基因:1.糖代谢相关基因如糖原磷酸化酶、葡萄糖酸透性酶和丙酮酸激酶;2.入侵宿主细胞相关基因如微线蛋白2(MIC2)、黏液素和类黏液素蛋白。信号转导相关基因如磷脂酰激醇4激酶在未孢子化卵囊阶段特异低丰度表达,但是根据4个发育阶段杂交数据的趋势线,这些基因在子孢子和裂殖子阶段应高丰度表达。本研究为研制新的抗球虫药物提供了实验依据。     

毒害艾美耳球虫江苏分离株抗原基因NA4的克隆与序列分析

采用直肠接种毒害艾美耳球虫（Eimeria necatrix）裂殖子方法对毒害艾美耳球虫卵囊进行纯化,用柔嫩艾美耳球虫子孢子表面抗原TA4基因特异性引物,以纯化E.necatrix孢子化卵囊总RNA为模板,RT-PCR方法克隆出了一段新基因序列。该基因全长747bp,共编码248个氨基酸,与国外Brothers等（1991）从E.necatrix孢子化卵囊表面得到的NA4基因同源性达99.7%,与柔嫩艾美耳球虫TA4（No.AJ586531.2）基因同源性达到91.4%,拥有与柔嫩艾美耳球虫TA4抗原基因相同序列的一段信号肽。从结果可得出,新克隆的基因为E.necatrix NA4基因。此基因已登录GenBank,登录号为EU523548。     

宿主日龄对艾美耳球虫 (Eimeria)早熟虫株感染力及雏鸡球虫免疫力的影响(英文)

用 10 0 0个柔嫩艾美耳球虫 (E .tenella)早熟株孢子化卵囊 ,10 0 0个毒害艾美耳球虫 (E .neca trix)早熟株孢子化卵囊和 5 0 0个巨型艾美耳球虫 (E .maxima)早熟株卵囊分别接种 1,7和 2 5日龄雏鸡 ,接种后 14天分别用相应的 2 0 0 ,2 0 0和 10 0个亲本毒株孢子化卵囊进行攻虫。初次接种和攻虫后分别检查卵囊总产量。结果表明 ,3种早熟虫株的卵囊都能够成功的感染 1日龄和 7日龄雏鸡。初次接种后雏鸡都产生了不同程度的球虫免疫力。本研究证实 ,艾美耳球虫早熟株卵囊能够诱导初生和幼龄雏鸡产生球虫免疫力     

宿主日龄对艾美耳球虫（Eimeria）早熟虫株感染力及雏鸡球虫免疫力的影响

用1000个柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)早熟株孢子化卵囊,1000个毒害艾美耳球虫(E.necatrix)早熟株孢子化卵囊和500个巨型艾美耳球虫(E.maxima)早熟株卵囊分别接种1,7和25日龄雏鸡,接种后14天分别用相应的200,200和100个亲本毒株孢子化卵囊进行攻虫.初次接种和攻虫后分别检查卵囊总产量.结果表明,3种早熟虫株的卵囊都能够成功的感染1日龄和7日龄雏鸡.初次接种后雏鸡都产生了不同程度的球虫免疫力.本研究证实,艾美耳球虫早熟株卵囊能够诱导初生和幼龄雏鸡产生球虫免疫力.     

表达H9N2禽流感病毒HA1蛋白的转基因和缓艾美耳球虫的构建

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒已经被证实可以传播到人类,对它存在的潜在危害已受到越来越多的关注。因此,研究安全而有效的H9N2禽流感病毒疫苗已迫在眉睫。为研究和缓艾美耳球虫作为活载体表达及运输禽流感病毒抗原的潜能,本研究构建了可稳定表达H9N2禽流感病毒HA1蛋白的转基因和缓艾美耳球虫。利用黄色荧光蛋白（YFP）及融合的乙胺嘧啶抗性基因（DHFR-TSm2m3）作为报告基因及筛选基因,我们将表达H9N2禽流感病毒HA1抗原的质粒载体核转球虫子孢子,接种鸡后在乙胺嘧啶药物的选择压力下进行筛选并连续传代获得转基因和缓艾美耳球虫系。利用染色体步移和免疫印迹证实了HA1基因的成功插入和表达;利用间接免疫荧光证实HA1蛋白定位于球虫子孢子细胞膜表面和头部。研究进一步发现,转基因球虫的繁殖力与野生球虫相当,感染后亦于第6d达到排卵囊高峰。该转基因和缓艾美耳球虫株具有作为疫苗活载体的潜能。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫cDNA文库构建与表达序列标签分析

为系统分析鸡球虫敏感虫株和抗药虫株不同发育阶段的基因表达情况,利用柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株和抗马杜霉素株(由敏感株诱导)的未孢子化卵囊、孢子化卵囊、子孢子和裂殖子为材料构建了一个混合cDNA文库,并用该文库获得了2806条3'端高质量的表达序列标签(ESTs)。通过生物信息学分析:EST序列拼接出1424个假定独立转录本(TUTs),冗余度为49.3%。从cDNA文库中筛选出大量的低丰度表达基因,约占TUT总数的91.5%,且功能未知基因约占TUT总数的83.6%。在功能注释基因中,编码MIC2蛋白、BT1家族蛋白和核糖体蛋白等入侵和发育相关的基因高丰度表达。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫田间分离株对马杜霉素耐药性检测

以对马杜霉素完全敏感和柔嫩艾美耳球虫豪顿株为参照 ,检测柔嫩艾美耳球虫 2个河北分离株(HBZ、HBH)、 2个山东分离株 (SDZ、SDT)对马杜霉素的耐药程度。按每羽 5× 1 0 4个孢子化卵囊的剂量接种 7日龄试验鸡只 ,接种后第 7天剖杀所有试验鸡 ,观察盲肠病变 ,计算平均增重、盲肠内容物卵囊数、粪便中卵囊排出量和抗球虫指数 (ACI)。以ACI值作为判定耐药程度的标准 ,ACI≥ 1 80判为敏感 ,1 6 0≤ACI<1 80判为部分耐药 ,ACI<1 6 0判为耐药。结果是柔嫩艾美耳球虫豪顿株的ACI为 1 98 3,柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北分离株HBZ、HBH组的ACI分别是 1 4 7 5、 1 5 3 7,山东分离株SDZ、SDT组的ACI分别是1 2 7 2、 1 30 0。试验证明柔嫩艾美耳球虫 2个河北分离株 (HBZ、HBH)、 2个山东分离株 (SDZ、SDT)对马杜霉素具有耐药性     

鸡感染巨型艾美耳球虫后的体液、粘膜与细胞免疫应答

鸡的7种艾美耳球虫中,巨型艾美耳球虫免疫原性最强。为研究巨型艾美耳球虫激发宿主产生的免疫应答,我们检测了巨型艾美耳球虫3次感染后鸡只的抗体应答及细胞应答特征。ELISA检测显示,感染鸡只产生了显著高于未感染鸡只的特异性IgY和sIgA（肠道及胆汁）抗体;而酶联免疫斑点法（ELISPOT）检测显示,被感染鸡只脾脏中分泌IFN-γ的球虫特异性淋巴细胞的数量显著高于对照组。粪便中卵囊的检测则显示,第3次感染后的鸡只几乎无卵囊排出,证实巨型艾美耳球虫产生的免疫应答可对同源感染提供完全的免疫保护。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫表面抗原基因sag10在毕赤酵母中的表达及鉴定

sag基因家族是制备基因工程疫苗重要的候选基因。本研究通过在毕赤酵母Pichiapastoris中表达柔嫩艾美耳球虫Eimeriatenella表面抗原基因sag10,来探讨sag10表达后的生物学活性。本文首先提取柔嫩艾美耳球虫北京株第2代裂殖子总RNA,根据GenBank报道序列(AJ586552)设计引物,应用RT-PCR技术扩增得到鸡球虫表面抗原sag10基因。然后将sag10与真核表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建了pDQ052分泌型真核表达质粒,并转化毕赤酵母GS115,利用G418抗性筛选多拷贝重组菌株,进行优化表达。SDS-PAGE和Westernblot检测表达结果,在43kDa处有明显的免疫印迹条带,表明目的蛋白得到表达,而且能被特异性抗体所识别,说明表达的SAG10蛋白具有生物学活性。     

Enhanced egress of intracellular Eimeria tenella sporozoites by splenic lymphocytes from coccidian-infected chickens

Egress, which describes the mechanism that some intracellular parasites use to exit from parasitophorous vacuoles and host cells, plays a very important role in the parasite life cycle and is central to Eimeria propagation and pathogenesis. Despite the importance of egress in the intracellular parasite's life cycle, very little information is known on this process compared to other steps, e.g., invasion. The present study was conducted to investigate the interplay between the host adaptive immune system and Eimeria egression. Splenic lymphocytes or soluble immune factors were incubated with parasite-infected host cells for 3 or 5 h, and the percentage of egress was calculated according to an established formula. Viability of egressed parasites and host cells was tested using trypan blue exclusion and annexin V and propidium iodide staining, respectively. We found that premature egression of sporozoites from Eimeria tenella-infected primary chicken kidney cells or from chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells occurred when the cells were cocultured in vitro with spleen lymphocytes from E. tenella-infected chickens but not when they were cocultured with splenocytes from uninfected chickens. Eimeria-specific antibodies and cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], interleukin-2 [IL-2], and IL-15), derived from E. tenella-primed B and T lymphocytes, respectively, were capable of promoting premature egress of sporozoites from infected host cells. Both egressed parasites and host cells were viable, although the latter showed reduced reinvasion ability. These results suggest a novel, immune-mediated mechanism that the host exploits to interrupt the normal Eimeria life cycle in vivo and thereby block the release of mature parasites into the environment.     

Induction of secretion and surface capping of microneme proteins in Eimeria tenella

Micronemes are secretory organelles of the invasive stages of apicomplexan parasites and contain proteins that are important for parasite motility and host cell invasion. We have examined the induction of microneme secretion in the coccidian Eimeria tenella. When sporozoites were added to MDBK cells in culture, microneme proteins were secreted, capped backwards over the parasite surface and deposited onto underlying host cells from the posterior end of gliding parasites. Induction of secretion was also achieved by the addition of foetal calf serum, or purified albumin, to extracellular sporozoites. Microneme secretion per se was not dependent on parasites being able to move or to invade host cells. However, in the presence of cytochalasin D, which disrupts actin polymerisation and prevents parasite movement, microneme proteins were secreted from the apical tip but were not capped backwards over the sporozoite surface. These observations support the hypothesis that microneme proteins function as ligands which, when secreted out onto the parasite surface, form a link, either directly or indirectly, between the sub-pellicular actin–myosin cytoskeletal motor of the parasite and the surface of target host cells.     

Induction of secretion and surface capping of microneme proteins in Eimeria tenella

Micronemes are secretory organelles of the invasive stages of apicomplexan parasites and contain proteins that are important for parasite motility and host cell invasion. We have examined the induction of microneme secretion in the coccidian Eimeria tenella. When sporozoites were added to MDBK cells in culture, microneme proteins were secreted, capped backwards over the parasite surface and deposited onto underlying host cells from the posterior end of gliding parasites. Induction of secretion was also achieved by the addition of foetal calf serum, or purified albumin, to extracellular sporozoites. Microneme secretion per se was not dependent on parasites being able to move or to invade host cells. However, in the presence of cytochalasin D, which disrupts actin polymerisation and prevents parasite movement, microneme proteins were secreted from the apical tip but were not capped backwards over the sporozoite surface. These observations support the hypothesis that microneme proteins function as ligands which, when secreted out onto the parasite surface, form a link, either directly or indirectly, between the sub-pellicular actin–myosin cytoskeletal motor of the parasite and the surface of target host cells.     

A microneme protein from Eimeria tenella with homology to the Apple domains of coagulation factor XI and plasma pre-kallikrein

Microneme organelles are present in all apicomplexan protozoa and contain proteins that are critical for parasite motility and host cell invasion. One apicomplexan-wide family of microneme proteins has been identified with members that are characterised by the possession of thrombospondin type I repeats, conserved adhesive motifs which are implicated in binding to glycosaminoglycan chains. In this paper we describe a micronemal glycoprotein, EtMIC 5, from Eimeria tenella which contains eleven cysteine-rich motifs that have striking similarity to the adhesive Apple (A-) domains of blood coagulation factor XI and plasma pre-kallikrein. EtMIC 5 is confined to an intracellular location in resting sporozoites but is translocated to the parasite surface and secreted into the culture supernatant during parasite infection of MDBK cells. During intracellular replication, the protein is switched off in early schizogony and is then re-expressed within the apical tips of newly formed merozoites. A-domain sequences were also found in microneme proteins from Sarcocystis muris and Toxoplasma gondii and in a protein of unknown localisation from Eimeria acervulina. These studies suggest that A-domain containing proteins may comprise a novel apicomplexan-wide family of microneme adhesins.     

Survival and antigenic profile of irradiated malarial sporozoites in infected liver cells.

Exoerythrocytic (EE) stages of Plasmodium berghei derived from irradiated sporozoites were cultured in vitro in HepG2 cells. They synthesized several antigens, predominantly but not exclusively those expressed by normal early erythrocytic schizonts. After invasion, over half the intracellular sporozoites, both normal and irradiated, appeared to die. After 24 h, in marked contrast to the normal parasites, EE parasites derived from irradiated sporozoites continued to break open, shedding their antigens into the cytoplasm of the infected host cells. Increasing radiation dosage, which has previously been shown to reduce the ability of irradiated sporozoites to protect animals, correlated with reduced de novo antigen synthesis by EE parasites derived from irradiated sporozoites.     

Apical organelle discharge by Cryptosporidium parvum is temperature, cytoskeleton, and intracellular calcium dependent and required for host cell invasion

The apical organelles in apicomplexan parasites are characteristic secretory vesicles containing complex mixtures of molecules. While apical organelle discharge has been demonstrated to be involved in the cellular invasion of some apicomplexan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., the mechanisms of apical organelle discharge by Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites and its role in host cell invasion are unclear. Here we show that the discharge of C. parvum apical organelles occurs in a temperature-dependent fashion. The inhibition of parasite actin and tubulin polymerization by cytochalasin D and colchicines, respectively, inhibited parasite apical organelle discharge. Chelation of the parasite's intracellular calcium also inhibited apical organelle discharge, and this process was partially reversed by raising the intracellular calcium concentration by use of the ionophore A23187. The inhibition of parasite cytoskeleton polymerization by cytochalasin D and colchicine and the depletion of intracellular calcium also decreased the gliding motility of C. parvum sporozoites. Importantly, the inhibition of apical organelle discharge by C. parvum sporozoites blocked parasite invasion of, but not attachment to, host cells (i.e., cultured human cholangiocytes). Moreover, the translocation of a parasite protein, CP2, to the host cell membrane at the region of the host cell-parasite interface was detected; an antibody to CP2 decreased the C. parvum invasion of cholangiocytes. These data demonstrate that the discharge of C. parvum sporozoite apical organelle contents occurs and that it is temperature, intracellular calcium, and cytoskeleton dependent and required for host cell invasion, confirming that apical organelles play a central role in C. parvum entry into host cells.     

A member of a conserved Plasmodium protein family with membrane-attack complex/perforin (MACPF)-like domains localizes to the micronemes of sporozoites

Pore-forming proteins are employed by many pathogens to achieve successful host colonization. Intracellular pathogens use pore-forming proteins to invade host cells, survive within and productively interact with host cells, and finally egress from host cells to infect new ones. The malaria-causing parasites of the genus Plasmodium evolved a number of life cycle stages that enter and replicate in distinct cell types within the mosquito vector and vertebrate host. Despite the fact that interaction with host-cell membranes is a central theme in the Plasmodium life cycle, little is known about parasite proteins that mediate such interactions. We identified a family of five related genes in the genome of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii encoding secreted proteins all bearing a single membrane-attack complex/perforin (MACPF)-like domain. Each protein is highly conserved among Plasmodium species. Gene expression analysis in P. yoelii and the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum indicated that the family is not expressed in the parasites blood stages. However, one of the genes was significantly expressed in P. yoelii sporozoites, the stage transmitted by mosquito bite. The protein localized to the micronemes of sporozoites, organelles of the secretory invasion apparatus intimately involved in host-cell infection. MACPF-like proteins may play important roles in parasite interactions with the mosquito vector and transmission to the vertebrate host.     

主动入侵的疟原虫子孢子通过CSP蛋白诱导DC成熟

目的观察约氏疟原虫子孢子能否诱导DC成熟,并探讨其机制。方法GM-CSF常规诱导小鼠骨髓前体细胞,获得足量的DC,然后,解剖按蚊唾液腺子孢子与DC共培养,分别于2、4和24 h后,荧光显微镜下观察子孢子与DC的相互关系,同时采用流式细胞分析技术检测DC表面的MHC-Ⅱ类分子、CD80和CD86共刺激分子的表达情况,最后转染重组pFLAG-CMV8-CSP质粒后24 h,检测DC表面的共刺激分子的表达情况。结果在共培养后2h,子孢子便逐渐向DC迁移甚至黏附于DC表面;4 h后部分子孢子便进入DC且仍然保持子孢子的弯月形形态;24 h后DC内的部分子孢子逐渐变圆,类似肝期裂殖体的形态。流式检测发现共培养2 h后对DC共刺激分子表达无明显影响,而共培养4 h和24 h后DC共刺激分子的表达均上调。转染pFLAG-CMV8-CSP重组质粒至DC中后同样能诱导DC的共刺激分子的表达上调。结论在体外共培养的情况下,大部分子孢子可以主动侵入DC而少部分可以被DC吞噬,主动入侵DC的子孢子可能是通过其表面的CSP由纳虫空泡进入胞浆内后诱导DC成熟。