针灸的现状与未来

20世纪即将结束，全世界都在准备以崭新的姿态迎接21世纪的到来。为了迎接新世纪的来临，各行各业都在回顾20世纪已经走过的历程，瞻望对世纪的发展前景。我们针灸医学界为了加快针灸在全世界的发展进程，也很有必要在回顾过去与分析现状的基础上，对于针灸的未来加以预测，以期使我们的思想与行为更符合针灸的发展规律。120世纪的针灸发展特点与现状具有悠久历史的中国针灸学，进入20世纪以来，其发展历程具有两个明显的时代特点，其一是走向世界，其二是与现代科学结合。前者促进了针灸国际化，后者推进了针灸现代比。尽管18～19世纪在欧…     

论计算针灸学

21世纪是信息科学时代,信息的载体就是数据。计算机等学科的迅猛发展,为针灸学领域储备了大量的数据,但是这些数据背后蕴含哪些尚未发现的特征与规律,缺乏系统深入的挖掘研究,严重制约了针灸学的学科发展。作为传统针灸学与现代科学相结合而形成的新兴前沿交叉学科,计算针灸学应运而生,以针灸学中的现象和规律、理论作为研究对象,以解决针灸医学的关键科学问题和提高针灸临床疗效为最终目标,为针灸科学研究铺开一条多学科交叉融合的高速路。     

关于针灸学及其研究思路和方法的若干认识

从针灸学的内涵及其与生命科学的关系出发,联系国内外针灸学术界现状,就21世纪针灸学的研究思路和方法发表见解。认为针灸学是基础与临床相结合的学科,针灸学和针灸（疗法）是既密切相关又明显有别的研究领域;没有创造就没有针灸学的传统,要正确认识针灸现代化涵义和理论－技术－产品的关系以发展“针灸产品”;要从生命科学高度思考针灸学研究,贯彻《针灸临床研究指南》以提高临床研究水平。提出借助BIO－X模式开展针灸学多学科协作研究,推进针灸学术发展。     

Akupunktur und Schmerz – eine Historie in 3 Teilen: Teil 1: Geschichte des Schmerzes und der Akupunktur vom Altertum bis ins lange 19. Jahrhundert

Background

The issue ‘pain’ has preoccupied mankind from the very beginning. Still, this individual phenomenon, which depends on physical, emotional, spiritual, and cultural factors, has yet to be fully understood, but is of vital interest.Acupuncture is one of the oldest and most effective means of pain therapy. In its theory, it provides an interface for body, emotion, mind, and culture.

Aim

By portraying and analyzing the historical evolution it will be shown that a modern understanding of both pain and acupuncture can lead to an integrative therapeutic approach, and that acupuncture – due to its physiological concepts and its idea of man – can lead to an all-encompassing approach in pain therapy.

Methods

In-depth study of literature, long-time practical experience in the therapy of acute and chronic pain, intensive study of acupuncture in historical context, as well as practical, own clinical and basic research, and knowledge in medical history as well as sinology, thereby joining the competences of two university institutes.

Results

The first part analyzes the history from ancient times up to the 19^th century. It is found that within the course of history, the interpretation of pain has always been a synthesis of individual sensation and cultural, philosophical concepts in both the Eastern and Western world, and that by the time of the 16^th century, both worlds had come to influence each other. In the 18^th and 19^th centuries, acupuncture experienced its first heyday in Europe, which came to an abrupt ending due to the pharmacological breakthrough discoveries of potent analgesics, both in Europe and in China.

Discussion

The rationalization of the concepts of pain in the historical course from ancient times until the 19^th century, and its dissociation from the individual lead to an increase in reputation of modern pharmacological pain therapy over acupuncture, both in Europe and the East. It may be postulated that still today, the results of this historical process stand in the way of the evolution of a much needed, all-encompassing approach including biological, psychological, and sociological factors. It would be necessary to establish an effective theoretical system integrating scientific findings while at the same time paying tribute to the subjectivity of pain.The following parts trace the development of the understanding of pain, modern pain therapy, and various approaches by acupuncture in the 20^th and 21^st centuries in order to finally, using a model, show a way out of this dilemma.     

微针系统之我见

目的:探讨微针系统的实用性.方法:通过临床对150例中风后遗症患者采用体针、头针、眼针进行分组治疗,对132例腰椎间盘突出症患者采用体针、耳针、腕踝针进行分组治疗,并对不同针法的疗效进行统计比较.结果:对比所采用的微针系统几种针法的临床有效率没有一种优于体针疗法.结论:微针系统不应是21世纪针灸研究继续发展的方向.     

定性研究在针灸临床研究中的应用

针灸临床定性研究已经成为国外医学定性研究的关注点之一,迄今已有近百篇学术研究发表,内容涉及针灸疗效评价、患者对针灸治疗的感受及期望、针灸师对针灸本身的理解和经验等针灸临床中的各个关键方面。当前,对针灸整体性治疗模式和对针灸疗效评价的定性研究已经成为了国外研究的焦点。相比之下,国内尚无相关文章发表。本文介绍国外针灸定性研究的发展概况、当前针灸定性研究领域的焦点和主要发展方向,分析在国内开展针灸定性研究的特点,对其在国内针灸临床研究中的应用做出展望。     

Is sham acupuncture a real placebo: Skeptical for sham acupuncture

Since acupuncture came to western countries, research has been done to try and prove whether or not it is effective. Current Acupuncture research is most often based on the sham needle which was first designed by K Streitberger and J Kleinhenz in 1998. The sham acupuncture needles are developed for the control group and do not penetrate the skin. Sham acupuncture has been used in randomized controlled trial (RCT) for diseases which normally benefit from acupuncture treatment. The sham needle is not the best placebo needle though. Because of the use of sham acupuncture, the result of those research shows acupuncture having no effect or it shows there is no significant difference between real acupuncture (verum) and sham acupuncture (placebo). However, a detailed introduction of the Nine Classical Needles (ancient) and the Nine Modern Needles (SHI's nine needles) shows that the use of sham acupuncture in RCT research is flawed by design. This then casts doubt on the findings and conclusions reached by using sham acupuncture in RCT acupuncture research.     

脉诊在针刺治疗中的现状及研究进展

脉诊是中医诊断中的重要手段,针刺是中医治疗里的重要方法,为了解脉诊在近代针刺治疗中的运用情况,并了解近代临床针刺运用脉诊的适应范围及临床意义,检索"针刺+脉诊"相关文献后发现近代针刺治疗中配合诊脉的文献较少,然而诊脉对临床针刺的指导意义有理论依据可循,脉诊对针刺得气的重要性确有依据,脉诊指导针刺的原则多源于《黄帝内经》...     

针灸人才培养之道

新的世纪已经到来,我国政府高度重视针灸事业,人民群众广泛需求针灸治疗,国际社会也越加关注针灸特色,可以说,针灸学迎来了大好的发展时机.但是,目前针灸人才培养现状不容乐观,针灸教材、课程设置、师资力量及临床基地相对不足,国际针灸人才培养混杂不清.今后,应努力改变这一现状,走临床实用、多学科交叉及国际化发展之路,培养出高层次针灸人才,以主动适应社会发展的客观要求.     

中医综合实验课教学改革的探索与实践

面对21世纪高等教育的发展，我校开展了中医实验教学改革，以适应培养高素质中医药人才的要求。从目前中医实验教学的现状分析着手，说明开展融合多学科、多方法、多指标的中医综合性实验教学的必要性与可行性，介绍了中医综合性实验教学的教学目标、内容、安排，以及教学效果，以提高高等中医药院校的中医实验教学水平。     

系统生物学将会促进中医药学的发展

系统生物学是生命科学中的一个新兴领域,代表21世纪生物学的未来,在医药方面的应用具有无限的潜力,将对基础医学研究、临床研究及药物的研发具有重要影响。中医药的研究若能与系统生物学相结合,将有可能从系统的角度诠释中医药多靶点、平衡调理、标本兼治的治病机理和分子机制,为中医药的研究提供新的思路。     

中药专业本科生科研能力的培养与措施

加强中药专业本科生科研能力的培养,是21世纪我国中药事业发展的需要.在教学过程中我们采取有效措施,注重加强和改进实验教学,鼓励学生自愿参加教师的科研活动,并对优秀学生实行导师制,加强专业实习,提倡勤工助研等,为学生科研、创新能力的培养奠定基础.     

P物质与针灸效应的研究进展

探索P物质与针刺效应之间的关系,分析近30多年来P物质与针刺效应的研究进展。发现20世纪末,P物质主要集中在循经感传现象的解释和针刺镇痛机制的研究。21世纪后,P物质在针灸作用中的研究仍以针刺镇痛和信息传递为主,基于以往的基础研究,本时期的研究更偏向于临床应用的机制研究,除此之外还发现P物质在针刺免疫调节、胃肠运动调节、神经保护、抗缺血、抗哮喘等方面中发挥了重要作用。     

略谈针灸在尼泊尔的发展

针灸传入尼泊尔的历史源远流长,但其进一步发展始于近半个世纪前。本文介绍了针灸在尼泊尔的发展历史,并从临床治疗、教育、相关研究及法律等方面介绍了针灸目前在尼泊尔的现状。1972年第一名尼泊尔留学生来华学习中国针灸,开启了针灸在尼泊尔的现代发展史。目前在尼泊尔针灸治疗已被公众所接受,成为一种既定替代医学方式之一,针灸课程相关项目已经取得批准,针灸教育正逐步进入正轨教育体系,很多学者也同外国学者共同开展了多项针灸的相关研究,尼泊尔政府已着手制定针灸临床应用规范、针灸师注册等相关法律。     

实验针灸学及其在针灸教育中的意义——在针灸教育中开设实验针灸学课程的建议

<正> 实验针灸学是我院根据针灸医学发展趋势和针灸专业培养目标的要求,于1983年新创建的一门专业课。这门课程的研究对象与任务及其在针灸教育中的意义简述如下。     

国外针灸发展现状与展望

当前,世界范围内针灸在不断的发展,主要表现在立法与管理的不断加强,教育与培训的逐渐活跃,临床适应症的不断扩大,临床研究水平不断提高。世界针灸发展的趋势是针灸越来越得到国际主流医学的重视,针灸临床研究的重点仍然是疗效的确定,同时,针灸在治疗疑难病症方面将大有作为。了解和把握针灸医学在国外的发展状况以及今后的发展趋势,对国内针灸的发展以及针灸如何进一步走向世界具有十分重要的意义。     

The Analogy Between the Tradition Chinese Acupuncture and Phlebotomy in Medieval Bohemia

The common opinion is that in Europe acupuncture was introduced in China at the end of the XVII century. However there are some publications, which describe the similar treatment method in the Stone Age Europe. From ancient to late middle century theoretical and practical aspects of medieval medicine in Europe were very similar to the Tradition Chinese medicine. So it is possible that historical phlebotomy in Europe (bloodletting) played the same role as the acupuncture in the Chinese therapy and they had one scientific source. In this article we are comparing the modern acupuncture with some Bohemian medical tractates (Practica medicinalis by Sigismundus Albicus from 1408–1424, De sanguinis minucione by Cristannus de Prachaticz from 1430). We can see the close relationship between localizations and indications of medieval phlebotomy and modern acupuncture points. 40% of the bloodletting points have close localization with the modern acupuncture points and 57% of their indications are common or very similar. The similarity of two methods may be explained in two ways. First is a common scientific source and intensive interaction and crosscultural transmission of knowledge during medical development in China and Europe up to the beginning of the XV century. This possibility indicates also some linguistic coincidences. On the other hand, both methods could have been developed separately based on common clinical empire and objective neuro-physiological patterns of human body.     

中医高等学历教育在欧洲发展的几点思考

进入21世纪以来,随着中医在欧洲越来越广泛的传播,作为中医传播的主要形式——中医教育也得到了蓬勃的发展。欧洲许多国家正规高等院校纷纷开设中医学位或文凭课程。介绍了欧洲中医高等教育的现状及其特点,并对中医高等教育在欧洲得到全面的发展提出几点建议。     

健康状态中医辨识研究前景分析

健康状态中医辨识是基于中医原创思维和健康理论,运用中医健康状态评价的方法和技术,形成中医健康状态评价方法体系,对健康状态进行辨识。世界卫生组织指出,21世纪的医学,不应继续以疾病为主要研究对象,而应以人类健康作为医学研究的主要方向。进行健康状态中医辨识相关研究,符合21世纪的医学将从疾病医学向健康医学转变的趋势,也符合新医改形势下卫生保健提倡的“关口前移”,对促进人群健康有重要意义。