Three-year report on caries prevention using fluoride varnishes for caries risk children in a community with fluoridated water

Abstract – The Benifit of seminnual application of the sodium fluoride varnish Duraphat^(R) and the silane fluoride varnish Fluor Protector^(R) was studied in 11–13-year-old children with high caries activity and lifelong exposure to fluoridated drinking water (1–1.2 parts/10⁶). Annual clinical and radiographic examinations were made of 62 children in the Duraphat group and 70 children in the Fluor Protector group. Fluoride varnish was applied semiannually using the half-moth technique. After 3 years, for the Duraphat group mean total DMES increments on the control side were 6.2 and on the test side 4.3 ( P <0.001); for the Fluor Protector group the DMES increments were 4.9 and 4.4, respectively (NS). The caries reductions were 30% and 11%. Since ther were no differences between initial mean DMES scores of the groups, it is possible that the lower increment in the Fluor Protector control side compatred to the Duraphat control side was due to fluoride ions from Fluor Protector crossing the midline and providing protection on the control side as well. Therefore, we conclude that Duraphat proved effective, but definite conslusion of the effect of Fluor Protector cannot be made. Children with the highest DMES increment on the control side (duraphat) gained most from the applications.     

A 2-year report on caries prevention by fluoride varnishes in a community with fluoridated water

Abstract – The benefit of semi-annual applications of sodium fluoride varnish (Duraphat®) and silanc fluoride varnish (Fluor Protector®) was studied in 11-13-year-old children with life-long exposure to fluoridated drinking water (1–1.2 parts/ 10⁶). Annual clinical and radiograpic examinations were made on 67 children in the Duraphat group and 71 children in the Fluor Protcctor group. Floride varnish was applied semi-annually using the half-mouth tecnique. At the end of 2 years, the mean overall DMFS- increments on te control side and test side of the Duraphat group were 5.0 and 3.8 ( P 0.01), respectively, and of te Fluor Protector group 3.7 and 3.3 (NS). The caries redutions were 24%and 12%, respectively. Since there were no differences between initial mean DMFS scores of te groups, it was assumed that lower increments in the Fluor Protector group were due to fluoride ions crossing the midline and providing protectioon on the control side as well. When increments in the Duraphat control side and the Fluor Protector test side were compared, the caries reducation of Fluor Protector was 35% ( P <0.01). Fluoride varnishes provide additional benefit even when fluoride intake from drinking water is optimal.     

A 2-year report on caries prevention by fluoride varnishes in a community with fluoridated water

The benefit of semi-annual applications of sodium fluoride varnish (Duraphat) and silane fluoride varnish (Fluor Protector) was studied in 11-13 year-old children with life-long exposure to fluoridated drinking water (1-1.2 parts/10(6)). Annual clinical and radiographic examinations were made on 67 children in the Duraphat group and 71 children in the Fluor Protector group. Fluoride varnish was applied semi-annually using the half-mouth technique. At the end of 2 years, the mean overall DMFS-increments on the control side and test side of the Duraphat group were 5.0 and 3.8 (p less than 0.01), respectively, and of the Fluor Protector group 3.7 and 3.3 (NS). The caries reductions were 24% and 12%, respectively. Since there were no differences between initial mean DMFS scores of the groups, it was assumed that lower increments in the Fluor Protector group were due to Fluoride ions crossing the midline and providing protection on the control side as well. When increments in the Duraphat control side and the Fluor Protector test side were compared, the caries reduction of Fluor Protector was 35% (p less than 0.01). Fluoride varnishes provide additional benefit even when fluoride intake from drinking water is optimal.     

含氟涂料预防儿童和青少年龋齿的研究进展

含氟涂料是20世纪60年代逐渐发展起来的主要预防儿童和青少年龋齿的局部应用的含氟的制剂,相比于含氟漱口液、含氟凝胶等其他局部用氟防龋途径,含氟涂料具有操作简单、容易被接受、在牙面上停留时间长、安全且成本-效益高等优点。本文检索OVID、PUBMED、ScienceDirect等数据库,搜集相关研究,对含氟涂料防龋效果、安全性、存在问题及前景等进行综述。含氟涂料的防龋效果是显著的,如何更有效的利用其防龋效果有待更多高方法学质量的研究。     

Fluorosis and caries prevalence in a community drinking above-optimal fluoridated water

Fluorosis levels and caries prevalence were evaluated in 182 adolescents aged 15-16 yr residing from birth in an area with 5 ppm fluoride in the drinking water. The mean number of surfaces affected by caries in the total study population was 5.46 DMFS. The teeth most susceptible to caries were the first molars. The prevalence of fluorosis was 100% with 53 subjects demonstrating mild fluorosis (according to Dean's index), 83 demonstrating moderate fluorosis, and severe fluorosis diagnosed in 46 subjects. A statistically significant positive association was found between caries prevalence and fluorosis; the more caries experienced, the more severe the fluorosis level. Boys experienced significantly higher fluorosis levels than girls. Further research will investigate the possible variables which may explain this difference in fluorosis by sex.     

The use of fluoride varnishes in the prevention of dental caries: a short review

OBJECTIVES: To review the current literature regarding the anti-caries efficacy of fluoride varnishes. To analyse a series of studies designed to detect the caries preventive efficacy of fluoride varnishes by means of meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Current literature on fluoride varnishes has been reviewed. An evaluation of the results of the available in vitro, animal and human studies on the anti-caries efficacy of these preventive agents was performed. A systematic literature search and a meta-analysis were also performed to assess the caries preventive effects of fluoride varnishes. The purpose of this analysis was to calculate the overall preventive efficacy of clinical fluoride varnishes treatment studies, based on defined methodological criteria. RESULTS: The efficacy of fluoride varnishes in caries prevention is clearly demonstrated in several experimental studies. Clinical trials show caries incidence reduction ranging approximately from 18% to 70%. Nevertheless, available studies show a high degree of heterogeneity and only three were found to meet a series of defined methodological criteria. All the three studies were based on a comparison between 0.2% NaF rinses and a fluoride varnish. The meta-analysis showed no significant differences between the two treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Available data suggest that fluoride varnishes are a useful tool in caries prevention. One may conclude that fluoride varnishes, when applied regularly, demonstrate good caries preventive properties.     

South Australian kindergarten children: Effects of fluoride tablets and fluoridated water on dental caries in primary teeth

ABSTRACT Dental examinations of approximately 5,000 kindergarten children each year over a seven-year period provided the data for a comparative study of the effects of fluoride tablets and fluoridated water on primary teeth. The lifetime use of fluoridated water resulted in caries-free teeth in 80 per cent of children aged 3–4 years, 67 per cent of those aged 4–5 years, and 55 per cent of those aged 5–6 years. After a lifetime use of daily fluoride tablets the percentages were 87, 74, and 72, respectively. When neither fluoridated water nor tablets were available, the percentages were 69, 49, and 41, respectively. Water fluoridation is the most efficient public health measure because only seventeen per cent of the children taking tablets received them daily throughout life.     

Three-year caries increments after fluoride rinses or topical applications with a fluoride varnish

251 9-12-yr-old children completed a 3-yr, double-blind, clinical trial of two caries preventive fluoride programs. Caries increments and progression patterns were compared in two groups of children who rinsed every fortnight with a 0.2% NaF solution or received biannual topical applications with a fluoride varnish (Fluor-Protector). Clinically recorded mean DFS increments were 3.3 +/- 0.2 (SE) in the rinse group and 3.5 +/- 0.2 in the varnish group. In both groups nearly half of these increments were recorded in the occlusal surfaces of second molars. The mean incremental DFS recorded radiographically on approximal surfaces of posterior teeth were 1.1 +/- 0.2 and 1.5 +/- 0.2 in the rinse and varnish group, respectively. None of the inter-group differences were statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Detailed analyses of the radiographic scores revealed a similar and extremely slow caries progression in the two study groups and they strengthened the conclusion of equal clinical efficacy of the two treatments. None of the fluoride programs had been able to change preestablished patterns of caries development among the children.     

Long-term results of prevention of dental caries among children using fluoridated milk in city Maikop

The prevalence of dental caries among preschool and school-age children in Maikop is a consistently high level. The purpose of this study was to examine the state of teeth in children aged 6, 9 and 12 years who drink fluorinated milk during three years they visit kindergartens. The results showed that the irregular production of fluoridated milk due to the economic crisis in the past three years made no possible to achieve adequate antidecay effect in preschool children. Remote prophylactic effect as a result of regular consumption of fluoridated milk registered among children aged 9 and 12 years. It show reducing the decay intensity by 30.9 and 33.2% respectively.     

成膜基质对氟化物涂膜抑制釉质早期龋的效果

目的:比较含不同成膜基质的氟化物涂膜抑制釉质早期龋的效果。方法:将制备的90个釉质试样块随机分成6组,分别应用以5种成膜基质(珂巴树脂、渗透型丙烯酸树脂、甲基丙烯酸乙酯共聚树脂、聚合松香、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛)配制的氟涂膜材料和Duraphat氟涂膜进行处理。采用荧光显微镜和显微硬度计测定各组釉质试样块在pH循环前后的荧光值和硬度值的变化;并通过偏光显微镜观察其脱矿深度。结果:pH循环后各组釉质试样块的荧光值和硬度值均较pH循环前明显降低,其中渗透型丙烯酸组与其他组相比,荧光损失率和硬度值变化率最小,与其他各组相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);偏光显微镜观察显示:各组釉质表面均无实质性缺损,渗透型丙烯酸组釉质脱矿深度最浅。结论:氟化物涂膜具有明显的抑制釉质脱矿的作用,含渗透型丙烯酸树脂的氟涂膜效果最好。     

A systematic review on fluoridated food in caries prevention

Abstract

Objective. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the caries-prevention effect of fluoridated food, excluding water. The main aim of this review was to evaluate the presence of scientific evidence relating to the effects of fluoride intake via food on the occurrence of carious lesions. The outcome was defined as a clinical outcome, so only papers evaluating a decrease in caries indices were included. Materials and methods. Relevant databases (Medline®, Embase®, The Cochrane Library) were searched. The date range was set from 01.01.1966 to 03.31.2011. One hundred and thirty-nine reports were identified and assessed. Only three papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were discussed in detail. Results. No paper related to the use of fluoridated salt in caries prevention fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The use of milk as a vehicle for providing additional fluoride in a dental public health programme was evaluated in two papers. The consumption of fluoridated milk was an effective measure to prevent caries in the primary teeth. The use of fluoridated sugar demonstrated a reduction in caries increment in the permanent dentition in one paper. Conclusions. Literature on the effectiveness of fluoridation in foods in caries prevention is scant and almost all the studies have been conducted in children. There is low evidence that the use of milk fluoridation is effective in reducing the caries increment.     

Root caries in an optimally fluoridated and a high-fluoride community

The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence and distribution of root caries in two New Mexico communities. One community, Deming, had a natural fluoride concentration of 0.7 mg/L in its drinking water, optimum for its climate. The other, Lordsburg, was naturally fluoridated at 3.5 mg/L, five times the optimum. Dental examinations were carried out on 151 adults in Deming (mean age, 39.8 years) and 164 in Lordsburg (mean age, 43.2 years); only persons born in the communities were included. Prevalence of root caries was 23.8% in Deming and 7.3% in Lordsburg; mean number of lesions was 0.69 in Deming and 0.08 in Lordsburg (p less than 0.0001). Although there was more gingival recession in Lordsburg, Root Caries Index scores were five times greater in Deming. Root caries was more prevalent in older age groups, and was correlated with coronal caries experience in both communities. Root caries was correlated with plaque and calculus scores in Deming only. Logistic regression showed that city of residence was the major predictor of root caries, with other significant predictors being age, education, gingival recession, and loss of periodontal attachment. When combined with previous research, these results confirm that root caries experience is directly related to the fluoride concentration in the drinking water.     

Effects of lifelong consumption of fluoridated water or use of fluoride supplements on dental caries prevalence

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dental caries in children ages 6–14, from fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas in British Columbia, Canada, and the effects of receiving certain fluoride preventive procedures during childhood. Children from two communities were surveyed using a modified Decayed, Missing and Filled Tooth Surface Index (D₁ D₂ MFS). Questionnaires on the use of various fluoride preventive practices and residence histories during childhood were collected. Completed questionnaires were returned and exams were performed on 1131 children. Crude caries prevalence scores for the different fluoride exposure groups were tested for differences in dental age and the level of educational attainment of parents and/or guardians. No significant group differences were found. The 110 children with lifelong exposure only to fluoridated water had 35%, or 0.88 (S.D. = 2.91), fewer decayed or filled tooth surfaces per child (P(0.07) than children with no reported exposure to systemic fluorides. For the 122 children who had taken fluoride supplements for 4 yr or more, 0.67 fewer decayed and filled tooth surfaces (26% reduction) were observed per child when compared to children with no exposure to fluoridated water or supplements. For children who used fluoride supplements for less than 4 yr, no significant benefits were observed. Approximately 75% of the caries prevalence for control and fluoride-exposed groups was on pit and fissured surfaces. Reductions by surface type showed savings on both smooth and pit and fissured surfaces.