胸腹二野淋巴结清扫结合术后辅助化疗治疗食管癌

目的探讨如何提高食管癌手术根治性、减少术后复发以改善食管癌治疗长期疗效。方法104例胸段食管鳞癌病人，56例按传统术式行食管切除＋肿大淋巴结摘除术，48例行系统性胸腹二野淋巴结清扫术。3例手术死亡（2．9％），余101例病人中29例术后接受顺铂＋氟脲嘧啶辅助化疗，其中15例为传统术式病例，14例为二野清扫病例。结果胸腹二野清扫手术时间虽然较传统术式延长，但手术出血量、术后并发症及病死率未见增高。二野清扫组清扫淋巴结组数（10．5组对3．2组，P〈0．001）及转移淋巴结检出组数（1．1组对0．6组，P=0．038）均显著多于传统术式组。通过淋巴结清扫发现，双侧喉返神经旁（16．8％）、食管旁（22．9％）和胃左动脉旁（16．8％）淋巴结为胸段食管癌常见转移部位，10．4％病例存在跳跃性淋巴结转移，上纵隔（20．8％）与中下纵隔（31．3％）及上腹部（25．0％）3个区域间淋巴结转移频度差异无统计学意义。二野清扫组25．0％病例因扫除了传统术式可能遗漏的转移淋巴结使手术根治性提高，另有12．5％病例手术病理分期因此由pN0上升至pN1。术后辅助化疗病人中86．2％完成2个以上疗程，平均化疗3．1个疗程，无严重毒副作用或死亡。淋巴结清扫组5年生存率显著高于传统术式组（36．4％对24．9％，P=0．049），术后化疗组显著高于未化疗组（44．8％对20．7％，P=0．023），接受淋巴结清扫及术后化疗者5年生存率最高（46．2％），显著高于单纯进行传统手术且未行化疗的病例（19．4％，P=0．018）。结论系统的胸腹二野淋巴结清扫有助于提高食管癌手术根治性和病理分期准确性，淋巴结清扫与术后辅助化疗相结合的优化治疗方法有助于提高胸段食管鳞癌的长期疗效。     

食管胃交界部腺癌与胸下段食管鳞癌外科治疗结果的比较分析

目的比较食管胃交界部腺癌（AEG）与胸下段食管鳞癌（LESC）生物学行为和临床特点．探索各自合理的手术方式。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2012年4月间上海交通大学附属胸科医院收治的111例AEG和126例LESC患者的临床资料．比较两组病例手术切除率、淋巴结转移情况及术后并发症发生率的差异。结果AEG组和LESC组患者的手术切除率分别为94．6％（105／111）和97．6％（123／126）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。AEG组患者纵隔淋巴结转移率明显低于LESC组f6．3％（7／111）比32．5％（41／126）,P〈0．011,腹腔淋巴结转移率则明显高于LESC组[57．7％（64／111）比34．1％（43／126）,P〈0．01]。SiewertⅠ型和SiewertⅡ型AEG纵隔淋巴结转移率分别为12．5％（4／32）和4．7％（3／64）．而15例siewertⅢ型AEG患者则未发现纵隔淋巴结转移。AEG单纯经腹手术者,中下纵隔淋巴结转移检出率显著低于经胸手术者[0／22比7．9％（7／89）,P〈0．05]：LESC经右胸行二野或三野淋巴结清扫者,上纵隔淋巴结转移检出率明显高于经左胸单一切口者[17．9％（12／67）比0／59,P〈0．01]。两组患者术后并发症发生率分别为23．4％（26／111）和27．0％（34／126）。差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论AEG和LESC具有不同淋巴结转移规律,应采用不同的手术方式进行治疗。SiewertⅠ型和Ⅱ型AEG需重视中下纵隔淋巴结的清扫。     

胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律探究

目的探讨胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素,以指导淋巴结清扫方式。方法回顾分析漳州市医院2010年4月至2012年7月手术治疗的328例胸段食管鳞癌的临床病理资料,探讨淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素。结果全组328例共清扫淋巴结9937枚,平均30．3枚／例。共437枚、153例有淋巴结转移,转移率46．65％;其中喉返神经旁淋巴结转移18．30％,10．46％喉返神经旁淋巴结为唯一转移部位。胸段食管癌淋巴结转移与肿瘤部位、长度、分化程度及浸润深度明显相关。胸上段食管癌淋巴结转移方向主要向上纵隔及下颈部;胸中段食管癌颈、胸、腹均可发生淋巴结转移;胸下段食管癌主要向腹腔、中下纵隔转移。结论食管上段鳞癌,颈部淋巴结转移率高,应行三野淋巴结清扫;下段食管癌清扫重点在腹腔、中下纵隔;中段鳞癌应提倡进行个体化清扫和适度清扫;分化程度差,浸润程度深的病例应适当扩大清扫范围。胸段食管癌喉返神经旁淋巴结转移率高,均应行喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫。     

经不同手术径路治疗胸中下段食管鳞癌的比较研究

目的比较经左胸与右胸手术径路治疗胸中下段食管鳞癌的疗效,探讨合理的胸中下段食管鳞癌手术径路。方法回顾性分析2004年1月到2007年12月间上海交通大学附属胸科医院行手术治疗的120例食管中下段鳞癌患者的临床资料．其中左胸径路和右胸径路各60例．比较两组患者手术切除率、淋巴结清扫情况、术后并发症发生率、复发情况以及生存率。结果左胸径路组和右胸径路组患者手术切除率分别为91．7％（55／60）和95．0％（57／60）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。左胸径路组平均每例淋巴结清扫数和转移淋巴结数分别为4．60枚和0．57枚,显著低于右胸径路组的8．32枚和1．33枚（均P〈0.01）。两组术后并发症发生率分别为26．7％（16／60）和31．7％（19／60）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组术后局部复发率分别为43．3％（26／60）和23．3％（14／60）．差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）：但远处转移率的差异无统计学意义[68.3％（41／60）比56．7％（34／60）,P〉0.05]。左胸径路组术后5年生存率为21．7％,明显低于右胸径路组（36．7％,P〈0.05）。结论右胸径路与左胸径路对胸中下段食管鳞癌的手术切除率相似．但右胸径路更易于进行系统性的纵隔淋巴结清扫．有助于减少局部复发、提高长期生存。     

食管癌淋巴结转移特点及其危险因素

目的 探讨食管癌淋巴结转移情况及其危险因素,为外科手术行淋巴结清扫提供参考。方法回顾总结2006年1月至2010年12月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胸外科行三野淋巴结清扫食管癌根治术308例患者的临床资料．分析淋巴结的转移规律及特点。结果308例患者平均清扫淋巴结（35．6±14．5）枚,197例（64％）患者出现淋巴结转移。Logistic单因素分析结果显示,脉管（淋巴管及血管）侵犯（P=0．019）及肿瘤浸润深度（P〈0．001）是发生淋巴结转移的危险因素。各站淋巴结中,胸部气管旁淋巴结转移率最高（25．0％）。上段食管癌腹部淋巴结转移率显著低于中段或下段食管癌（P=0．001）,而各段食管癌颈胸部淋巴结转移率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。颈胸部和颈胸腹部淋巴结转移率分别为14．6％和11．0％,而颈腹部和胸腹部则分别为3．6％和4．9％。脉管侵犯（P〈0．001）和胸部气管旁淋巴结转移（P=0．014）是食管癌发生颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素。结论食管癌淋巴结转移具有上、下双向和跳跃性的特点．胸部气管旁淋巴结转移可作为行颈部淋巴结清扫的指征。     

侧俯卧位全腔镜食管癌手术淋巴结清扫的临床分析

目的总结侧俯卧位全腔镜食管癌切除术清扫胸腹二野淋巴结的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2009年9月-2011年2月82例全腔镜食管癌切除术与78例常规颈、胸、腹三切口食管癌切除术的临床资料。比较2组手术的胸腹部各区域淋巴结清扫数目、淋巴结转移度、生存率及术后并发症发生率。结果2组均顺利完成手术,2组清扫左右喉返神经旁淋巴结数目分别为（4．1±3．4）枚及（1．1±1．7）枚,上纵隔淋巴结数目分别为（6．8±5．O）枚及（4．9±4．0）枚,腔镜组均多于开放组（P〈0．05）。腔镜组3年生存率（65．4％）与开放组（62．3％）相似（10g—rank检验,X2=0．022,P=0．886）。结论侧俯卧位全腔镜食管癌切除淋巴结清扫疗效肯定,尤其是清扫上纵隔及左右喉返神经旁淋巴结方面,更为有效及彻底。     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其对淋巴结清扫方式的影响

目的探讨胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其对淋巴结清扫方式的影响。方法对接受三野淋巴结清扫的230例食管鳞癌病人的肿瘤部位、临床病理指标与淋巴结转移的关系进行分析。结果每例病人的淋巴结切除11～71枚，平均（25．3±11．4）枚。其中133例病人存在区域淋巴结转移。颈、胸和腹三区淋巴结转移率，上胸段食管癌为41．6％、19．44％和8．3％，中胸段食管癌为33．3％、34．7％和14％，下胸段食管癌为36．4％、34．1％和43．2％。上、中、下胸段食管癌颈部或胸腔淋巴结转移率差异无统计学意义，下胸段食管癌腹腔淋巴结转移率显著高于上胸段或中胸段食管癌。Logistic回归模型显示肿瘤浸润深度和淋巴管血管浸润情况是影响淋巴结转移的有意义因素。结论对各胸段食管癌均应清扫颈、胸部淋巴结，上、中胸段食管癌腹部淋巴结清扫的意义尚需进一步研究。病人的肿瘤浸润深度及有无淋巴血管浸润与淋巴结是否转移密切相关。     

同期双侧颈淋巴结清扫治疗高分化及髓样甲状腺癌

目的 探讨同期双侧颈淋巴结清扫治疗高分化及髓样甲状腺癌的适应证、原发灶的根治范围和颈淋巴结清扫术式的选择。方法 回顾我院收治的22例双侧颈淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状、滤泡状及髓样癌的病例资料,10例行一侧叶切除加对侧叶近全切除根治原发癌,同时行一侧传统颈清扫加对侧改良清扫（下称传统清扫组）;12例行全甲状腺切除根治并行同期双侧颈淋巴结改良清扫（下称改良清扫组）。结果 单侧癌9例,双侧癌13例,20例原发癌为多中心性。双侧改良清扫组颜面水肿率显著低于传统清扫组（16．7％vs100％,P〈0．01）,渗出量[（300．4±40．65）ml vs（406．8±39．85）ml]、术后住院时间[（8．3±1．16）d vs（12．5±1．58）d]也低于传统清扫组（P〈0．01）。结论 发生双侧颈淋巴结转移的高分化甲状腺癌及髓样癌,应行全甲状腺切除及双侧颈淋巴结清扫,同期双侧的改良颈淋巴结清扫不但术后恢复快、生活质量高,而且远期疗效肯定,值得推广和应用。     

胸腔镜与开放食管癌根治术中纵隔淋巴结清扫情况的比较

目的：比较胸腔镜食管癌根治术与开放手术的纵隔淋巴结清扫情况,探讨胸腔镜手术的根治性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2011年6月间四川省肿瘤医院胸外科经左颈右胸上腹食管癌根治术治疗304例患者的临床资料。其中199例行传统开放三切口食管癌根治术（开放组）,105例行胸腹腔镜三切口食管癌根治术（腔镜组）,比较两组患者术中淋巴结清扫情况及围手术期并发症发生情况。结果腔镜组清扫纵隔淋巴结数目为（10．1±5．5）枚,明显少于开放组的（13．3±7．5）枚（P＜0．01）;但匹配术后病理分期后,各期腔镜组和开放组的胸内淋巴结清扫数目差异并无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。开放组和腔镜组左喉返神经旁淋巴结平均清扫数分别为（2．7±0．2）枚和（1．4±0．2）枚,下段食管旁分别为（1．0±0．1）枚和（0．6±0．1）枚,病灶旁分别为（1．7±0．2）枚和（0．7±0．1）枚,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0．01）;其他区域两组淋巴结清扫数目差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。腔镜组围手术期并发症发生率为28．6％（30/105）,低于开放组的41．2％（82/199）（P＜0．05）,但喉返神经麻痹发生率[12．4％（13/105）]明显高于开放组[2．5％（5/199）,P＜0．01）。结论胸腔镜食管癌根治术安全可行。但在行胸腔镜纵隔淋巴结清扫时,应加强对喉返神经旁、下段食管旁和病灶旁淋巴结的清扫,并注意喉返神经的保护。     

结肠代食管术联合颈胸腹三区域淋巴结清扫治疗食管癌临床疗效分析

目的探讨结肠代食管术联合颈胸腹三区域淋巴结清扫治疗食管癌的价值。方法对120例有结肠代食管术指征的食管癌患者行结肠代食管术,术中加行颈、胸、腹三区域淋巴结清扫（A组）。并与同期行常规食管癌根治术（右胸、腹两切口）的110例患者进行比较（B组）。结果A组手术切除率明显高于B组（98.3%VS 91.8%）,而切端阳性率低于B组（5.0%VS 12.7%）（P〈0.05）。A组并发症率为36.7%,高于B组的24.5%（P〈0.05）。A组共清扫淋巴结2 151枚,平均17.9枚/例,淋巴结转移9.6%;B组清扫淋巴结920枚,平均8.4枚/例,淋巴结转移率8.2%。A组1,3,5年生存率分别为86.4%、69.1%和39.1%,B组分别为83.2%、43.0%和26.2%;A组3,5年生存率均高于B组（P〈0.05）。结论结肠代食管术联合颈胸腹三区域淋巴结清扫术治疗食管癌淋巴结清除率高,可明显延长患者生存期。     

Pattern of lymph node metastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus who underwent three-field lymphadenectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lymph nodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus might be involved with metastases at cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal sites. The range of lymph node dissection is still controversial. The pattern of lymph node metastasis and factors that are correlated with lymph node metastasis affect the surgical procedure of lymph node dissection. The purpose of the present study was to explore the pattern of lymph node metastasis and factors that are correlated with lymph node metastasis in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent three-field lymphadenectomy. METHODS: Lymph node metastases in 230 patients who underwent radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy were analyzed. The metastatic sites of lymph nodes were correlated with tumor location by chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to analyze clinicopathological factors related to lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Lymph node metastases were found in 133 of the 230 patients (57.8%). The average number of resected lymph nodes was 25.3 +/- 11.4 (range 11-71). The proportions of lymph node metastases were 41.6, 19.44, and 8.3% in neck, thoracic mediastinum, and abdominal cavity, respectively, for patients with upper thoracic esophageal carcinomas, 33.3, 34.7, and 14%, respectively, in those with middle thoracic esophageal carcinomas, and 36.4, 34.1, and 43.2%, respectively, for patients with lower thoracic esophageal carcinomas. We did not observe any significant difference in lymph node metastatic rates among upper, middle, and lower thoracic carcinomas for cervical or thoracic nodes. The difference in lymph node metastatic rates for nodes in the abdominal cavity was significant among upper, middle, and lower thoracic carcinomas. The lower thoracic esophageal cancers were more likely to metastasize to the abdominal cavity than tumors at other thoracic sites. A logistic regression model showed that depth of tumor invasion and lymphatic vessel invasion were factors influencing lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data, cervical and mediastinal node dissection should be performed independent of the tumor location. Abdominal node dissection should be conducted more vigorously for lower thoracic esophageal cancers than for cancers at other locations. Patients with deeper tumor invasion or lymphatic vessel invasion were more likely to develop lymph node metastases.     

胸段食管癌颈部及上纵隔淋巴结转移

探讨胸段食管癌颈部及上纵隔淋结转移规律。方法采用颈,胸,腹三切口施行胸段食管癌手术６１６例,同时施行三区域淋巴洁清扫。结果：中及上纵隔淋巴结转移率和转移度分别为５７．１％和２１．５％。结论胸段食管癌必须重颈部及上纵隔淋巴结清扫。     

Clinical implications of cervical lymph node metastasis patterns in thoracic esophageal cancer.

OBJECTIVE. The authors attempt to clarify the clinical implications of cervical lymph node metastases from thoracic esophageal cancers. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA. Cervical lymph node metastases from thoracic esophageal cancer have been considered to be incompatible with curative resection. However, recent studies have demonstrated that cure is achievable in patients with such metastases. METHODS. Patterns of esophageal cancer metastasis to the cervical nodes and long-term results after tumor resection were investigated in 23 patients undergoing bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy for treatment of thoracic esophageal cancer. RESULTS. The number of positive nodes per patient was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in lower esophageal cancers (median: 15) than in upper or mid esophageal cancers (median: 2.5). Simultaneous metastases to three nodal regions (the neck, mediastinum, and abdomen) were significantly more common (p < 0.001) in lower esophageal tumors (88.9%) than in upper and mid esophageal lesions (7.1%). Although the overall 5-year survival rate was 16.5%, long-term survival was achieved only in patients with upper or mid esophageal cancer.     

选择性三野淋巴结清扫术治疗胸段食管鳞癌的临床研究

目的分析行选择性三野淋巴结清扫术对胸段食管鳞癌患者的预后影响。 方法2009年6月至2012年9月,四川省肿瘤医院对127例胸段食管癌患者根据肿瘤的位置、外侵程度、术前颈部超声检查结果,进行选择性三野淋巴结清扫。全组共127例患者,其中上段49例;中段67例;下段11例;Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期26例,Ⅲ期99例。 结果127例患者共清扫淋巴结4963枚,平均每例清扫淋巴结39.3枚;手术时间(325.6±9.3)min,出血量(316.0±18.7)ml。术后76例患者发生并发症,发生率为59.8%(76/127)病死率为1.6%(2/127)。选择性三野淋巴结清扫术后喉返神经旁淋巴结转移率40.2%(51/127);颈部淋巴结转移率55.9%(71/127),其中,胸中下段食管鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移与喉返神经转移显著相关(χ²＝0.005,P＝0.006)。全组中位生存时间(35.0±1.9)个月,3年生存率51.8%。其中Ⅱ期中位生存时间(42.1±3.4)个月,3年生存率74.5%;Ⅲ期生存时间(32.3±2.0)个月,3年生存率44.8%,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝3.940,P＝0.047)。颈部淋巴结阳性患者的中位生存时间(26.2±2.1)个月,3年生存率34.9%;阴性患者中位生存时间(41.5±2.3)个月,3年生存率67.6%,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝15.283,P<0.001)。 结论选择性三野淋巴结清扫术是一种安全可行、可提高颈部淋巴结清扫率,同时又能筛选出潜在获益患者、延长生存的手术方式。     

Abdominal Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Mid Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background  There are few reports about abdominal lymph node metastasis of mid thoracic esophageal carcinoma. This study was designed to explore the pattern of abdominal lymph node metastasis in patients with mid thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and to evaluate the prognostic factors. Methods  The complete data of 368 patients with mid thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, who underwent modified Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy from January 1998 to January 2003, were reviewed. Survival rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify risk prognostic factors. Results  Abdominal lymph node metastasis occurred in 58 (15.8%) patients: 34.5% (20/58) of them were stage T1 and T2. Skipping abdominal node metastasis was recognized in 13.8% (8/58) patients: all were stage T1 and T2. The overall 5-year survival rate of patients with abdominal lymph node metastasis (10.3%) was lower than that of those with thoracic node metastasis (18.3%). The prognosis of patients with distant abdominal lymph node metastasis was poor, and no one could survive more than 5 years. Cox regression analysis showed that five or more positive nodes and distant abdominal node metastasis were independent risk factors of patients with abdominal lymph node metastasis. Conclusions  Abdominal lymph node metastasis in patients with mid thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma occurred frequently, and the surgery favorable for extensive abdominal lymph node dissection should be selected. The prognosis of patients with abdominal lymph node metastasis was poor, especially those with more positive nodes and distant abdominal node metastasis.     

Assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis in esophageal carcinoma using ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in esophageal carcinoma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Ultrasound (US) examination is useful for diagnosing lymph node metastasis. However, few reports have examined its role in the decision to perform cervical lymph node dissection in esophageal carcinoma. METHODS: Ultrasound examination was performed to evaluate cervical lymph node metastasis in 519 patients with esophageal carcinoma. The patients were divided into 5 groups according to treatment received: group 1, 153 patients who underwent curative resection of primary tumor by right thoracotomy and complete bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy; group 2, 112 patients who underwent curative resection of primary tumor by right thoracotomy but without cervical lymphadenectomy; group 3, 78 patients who underwent esophagectomy by left thoracotomy or blunt dissection with or without removal of cervical lymph nodes; group 4, 76 patients with palliative resection without cervical lymphadenectomy; and group 5, 100 patients without any surgical treatment. US diagnosis was compared with histologic findings or cervical lymph node recurrence. RESULTS: Lymph node metastasis was detected in 30.8% of patients (160/519). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of US diagnosis in group 1 were 74.5%, 94.1%, and 87.6%, respectively. Cervical lymph node recurrence was seen in 7 patients (4.6%) in group 1, in 4 patients (3.6%) in group 2, and 3 patients (3.8%) in group 3. Although the incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis as determined by US examination was high in groups 4 and 5, almost none of the patients died of cervical lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound examination plays a useful role in the decision to perform cervical lymph node dissection in patients with esophageal carcinoma, particularly in those with potentially curative dissection.     

颈部超声评价胸段食管癌颈部淋巴结转移

目的　探讨提高胸段食管癌颈部淋巴结转移诊断正确率的方法。　方法　 42例胸段食管鳞癌患者 ,术前行双侧颈部超声检查 ,转移淋巴结判定标准包括淋巴结的大小 (长径≥ 1 0mm)和形态 (短径 /长径 >0 5)。　结果　术前超声发现颈部淋巴结肿大 (短径≥ 5mm) 1 6例 ,触诊可扪及 5例。其中根据超声检查结果 9例判定为转移淋巴结 (cM1 LN) ,触诊可扪及 4例。本组 5例无法行肿瘤根治性切除者行非手术治疗 ;37例手术切除肿瘤的患者中 ,术后病理证实 6例颈部淋巴结转移(pM1 LN) ,其中 4例肿瘤侵犯食管外膜 (pT3)、2例术中发现肿瘤外侵 (pT4 ) ,并且均同时伴纵隔淋巴结转移 ,其中 4例还伴有腹腔淋巴结转移 ;1 1例pT1 、pT2 患者中无一例发现颈部淋巴结转移 (P =0 0 2 0 )。根据病理及临床治疗结果 ,超声判定颈部淋巴结转移的准确率显著高于触诊 (40 / 4 2 ,95 %比34/ 4 2 ,81 % ,P =0 0 4 3) ,敏感性亦明显高于触诊 (82 %比 36 % ,P =0 0 81 )。全组病例中 ,有 5例 (5/ 39,1 3 % )因颈部超声检查结果而改变治疗方式。　结论　超声检查判断颈部淋巴结转移的敏感性及准确率明显高于体检触诊 ,有助于提高食管癌术前分期的准确性