氯仿的毒性及车间卫生标准研究

我国氯仿职业接触人群主要分布于有机玻璃粘合、有机物萃取和致冷剂合成作业。在无通风排毒设备条件下,作业点空气中氯仿浓度范围为4.27～147.91mg/m~3。调查表明,长期接触29.51mg/m~3可致接触者出现乏力、嗜唾、心悸等不适症状,肝脏蛋白合成功能受到一定影响;接触者消极性情感明显增强,注意力、记忆能力、感知能力和反应速度受到影响。雄性大鼠亚急性吸入592mg/m~3氯仿后肝脏发生可逆性功能变化。据此,提出氯仿的最高容许浓度建议值为20mg/m~3。‘     

职业性长期接触氯仿对接触者的健康损害

本文对61名接触氟仿工人和23名无明显毒物接触史的对照组工人进行了初步的职业流行病学调查研究。作业车间空气中氯仿浓度的几何均数分别为13.40和29.51mg/m~3。接触工人的健康检查结果表明,29.51 mg/m~3的浓度可引起接触者乏力、嗜睡等症状检出率增高及肝脏合成蛋白的能力降低,表现为血清前白蛋白、转铁蛋白含量异常率明显高于对照组(分别为46.8%vs13%,76.6%vs43.5%)。以血清BUN含量为指标,未发现肾脏功能受损。初步认为,若以30mg/m~3为长期慢性接触氟仿的阈浓度,取1.5～2.0的安全系数,氟仿的最高容许浓度应在15～20 mg/m~3。并建议对血清前白蛋白、转铁蛋白含量测定作为慢性中毒性肝病的应用价值进行进一步的研究。     

黑索金对作业工人神经行为功能的影响

选用神经行为学五项指标,记忆力、简单反应时、选择反应时、划销试验、积木图案,观察了60名黑索金作业工人(对照组32人)的神经行为功能。体检结果无明显差异(P>0.05),而接触组的记忆商及积木图案得分显著低于对照组(P<0.01),行为功能总分与症状积分以及接触指数间有明显的线性依存关系(R=0.5232,P<0.01),提示黑索金低浓度(X=0.407±0.382mg/m~3)长期接触对接触者的行为功能有一定的影响。     

职业接触甲醛对工人神经行为功能的影响

[目的]评价职业接触甲醛对暴露工人精神情绪和神经行为功能的影响。[方法]调查分析昆山市存在甲醛职业危害企业18家,采用WHO推荐的神经行为功能测试组合,对65名甲醛接触工人和70名对照组工人进行神经行为功能测试。[结果]18家企业甲醛平均浓度为0.43mg,mg/m~3,最高达3.11 mg/m~3,超标暴露点达29.1%。暴露组工人数字跨度、视觉保留、正确打点数和二次打点总和低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);紧张一焦虑、抑郁一沮丧升高,有力一好动项降低,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]长期职业性接触甲醛可导致工人明显精神情绪和神经行为改变,为暴露工人的早期损害提供了两个有意义的标志。     

元素汞对神经行为功能影响的性别差异

本文报导了汞对神经行为功能毒作用的性别差异。选择105名从事汞作业的工人为接触组,接触汞浓度为0.009～0.42mg/m~3,另以60名无毒物接触史的健康者为对照组。各组性别、年龄及文化程度接近。所有受检者均严格按世界卫生组织神经行为核心测试方法作行为功能检查。结果表明:1、在情绪方面,汞对男性较女性易引起愤怒感;而女性则易致紧张感。2、汞对反映运动速度和准确性的目标追踪Ⅱ的影响,男性较女性明显;而对反应时的影响,则女性较男性敏感。     

职业性汞接触对机体行为功能影响的研究

本文研究了元素汞对机体行为的影响。选某厂从事汞作业的105名工人为接触组,另以无职业危害因素接触史的60名健康者为对照组,其年龄、性别、文化程度构成和接触组相似。用汞个体采样管在工人14个作业点采样,连采2天;以平均时间加权平均浓度表示工人接触水平。按接触程度,将接触组分为中、低浓度二组。所有受检者均采用世界卫生组织神经行为核心方法作行为功能测试。 结果表明,空气汞浓度在0.009±0.006mg/m~3时,机体某些行为功能已发生明显变化;随接触水平增高,改变尤为显著,呈接触水平-效应关系。     

接触甲苯、二甲苯人群计算机神经行为测试结果分析

[目的 ]　通过使用计算机神经行为测试系统项目的测试 ,探讨甲苯、二甲苯对职业工人神经行为功能的影响。　 [方法 ]　采用中文版神经行为测试系统中 9个测试项目和 3套不同参数的方案对职业性接触甲苯、二甲苯的 58名工人和对照组 70名工人进行测试。同时对作业环境空气中混苯浓度和作业工人尿中马尿酸水平进行测试。　 [结果 ]　作业环境中甲苯浓度 0 .81～ 1 71 .2 2mg/m3,平均 51mg/m3。二甲苯为 4 .57～ 1 60mg/m3,平均 2 0 .4mg/m3。心算、目标追踪、连续识别记忆、视简单反应时和注意力调转项目接触组和对照组差异有显著性。　 [结论 ]　甲苯、二甲苯可引起职业接触工人心理运动能力、计算能力、记忆能力和协调能力的改变     

甲醛接触对工人肺功能的影响

对430名受试者进行了肺功能测定,主要为FEV_(1.0)、FVC和FEV_(1.0)/FVC。根据空气中甲醛浓度分为三组;Ⅰ组(空气中甲醛0.70±0.24mg/m~2)、Ⅱ组(1.45±1.30mg/m~3)、Ⅲ组(2.97±2.01mg/m~3),另以无毒物接触史者作对照组。多因素分析表明,接触甲醛高于1mg/m~3可致FEV_(1.0)和FEV_(1.0)/FVC下降,并与接触工龄相关。FEV_(1.0)/FVC异常率在Ⅲ组明显增加,提示接触浓度在3mg/m~3对肺功能有较明显影响。     

长期接触低浓度无机氟对健康的影响

从事化验分析,长期接触低于国家车间空气最高容许浓度(MAC为1mg/m~3)的无机氟(F浓度在0.3mg/m~3以下),对工人健康有何影响?为了对此问题进行探讨,故对某厂60名化验工进行了横断面调查,报告如下。     

职业性接触硫化氢对神经行为功能的影响

对47名硫化氢接触者进行了神经行为功能测试,提示长期接触较低浓度的硫化氢,对接触者的神经系统功能有一定的影响。     

Chronic neurobehavioural effects of toluene

Neurobehavioural tests were undertaken by 30 female workers exposed to toluene and matched controls with low occupational exposure to toluene. The environmental air levels (TWA) of toluene was 88 ppm for the exposed workers and 13 ppm for the controls. The toluene in blood concentrations for the exposed workers was 1.25 mg/l and for the controls 0.16 mg/l. Statistically significant differences between workers exposed to toluene and controls in neurobehavioural tests measuring manual dexterity (grooved peg board), visual scanning (trail making, visual reproduction, Benton visual retention, and digit symbol), and verbal memory (digit span) were observed. Further, the performance at each of these tests was related to time weighted average exposure concentrations of air toluene. The workers exposed to toluene had no clinical symptoms or signs. The question arises as to whether these impairments in neurobehavioural tests are reversible or whether they could be a forerunner of more severe damage.     

Chronic neurobehavioural effects of toluene.

Neurobehavioural tests were undertaken by 30 female workers exposed to toluene and matched controls with low occupational exposure to toluene. The environmental air levels (TWA) of toluene was 88 ppm for the exposed workers and 13 ppm for the controls. The toluene in blood concentrations for the exposed workers was 1.25 mg/l and for the controls 0.16 mg/l. Statistically significant differences between workers exposed to toluene and controls in neurobehavioural tests measuring manual dexterity (grooved peg board), visual scanning (trail making, visual reproduction, Benton visual retention, and digit symbol), and verbal memory (digit span) were observed. Further, the performance at each of these tests was related to time weighted average exposure concentrations of air toluene. The workers exposed to toluene had no clinical symptoms or signs. The question arises as to whether these impairments in neurobehavioural tests are reversible or whether they could be a forerunner of more severe damage.     

Influence of occupational exposure to organic solvent mixtures on contrast sensitivity in printers

Contrast sensitivity measurement accurately evaluates the sensitivity of all human visual channels, even in a more detailed manner than simple acuity measures can. This is a study of visual contrast sensitivity in a series of subjects occupationally exposed to organic solvents. Contrast sensitivity was measured for 42 printers and 28 age-stratified controls using the Vistech VCTS 6500 chart. The exposed workers distinguished between following three groups of printers: "low exposed," "middle exposed," and "high exposed." Abnormal contrast sensitivity results were recorded for the right eye in 38% of the printers and 11% of the controls and for the left eye in 38% of the printers and 7% of the controls. Especially, we found a reduced contrast sensitivity in all three groups exposed to solvents for both eyes. We conclude that contrast sensitivity is abnormal in workers exposed to organic solvents. The reduced contrast sensitivity in printers seems to be an indicator of visual defects induced in response to organic solvents exposure.     

Postural stability of workers exposed to lead.

OBJECTIVE--To detect, with a computerised postural sway measurement system, any significant deviation of postural sway parameters among lead workers compared with a control group. METHODS--Postural stability was investigated with a computerised postural sway measurement system in 60 workers exposed to lead with a duration of exposure of 84 (range 3-366) months and 60 controls. Sway parameter data were collected with an Advanced Mechanical Technology computerised biomechanics platform system. RESULTS--The mean current blood lead concentration was 36.0 (range 6.4 to 64.5) micrograms/dl for the exposed workers and 6.3 (range 3.1 to 10.9) micrograms/dl for the 14 controls. There was no significant difference between the groups for the postural sway parameters obtained when the eyes were open. Significant differences were found for Xs, Ys (SDs of the coordinates of the centre of pressure); Xm, Ym (mean deviation of the coordinates of the centre of pressure); Rm (average displacement of Xi, Yi, from Xo, Yo); L (length of sway path); Vel (mean velocity of the centre of pressure along its path); Ao (area included within the path of the centre of pressure); Ae (95% confidence elliptical area). The Romberg ratios (the relation between eyes closed and open) for the Vel, L, Ao and Ae of the exposed workers were also significantly different from the controls. CONCLUSION--The study showed that workers exposed to lead had significantly poorer postural stability than the controls. Lead may affect certain parts of the whole sensory neural axis resulting in postural instability when the visual input is cut off. Based on current blood lead concentrations, we were not able to obtain any significant association with the postural sway parameters.     

低浓度锰对作业工人神经行为功能的影响

本文对71名接触低浓度锰作业工人进行了神经行为功能测试。结果表明,接触组工人的情感、听记忆、手工操作敏捷度、视感知/记忆和运动稳定性等测验得分均明显低于对照组。提示长期接触低浓度锰可能对工人的神经行为功能产生损害。     

塑料作业女工的生殖健康危害调查

目的　探讨塑料行业中接触内分泌干扰物对作业女工生殖功能的影响。方法　以塑料厂作业女工 5 0 0人为观察组 ,非塑料作业女工 5 0 3人为对照组 ,用统一的生殖功能调查表进行流行病学调查。结果　在车间毒物浓度低于卫生标准的情况下 ,观察组女工的月经异常率高于对照组 ,差异具有显著性(P <0 0 5 ) ,其中以月经周期异常最为显著。经Logistic回归分析 ,作业接触内分泌干扰物为月经异常的影响因素 ,被引入方程。观察组先兆流产和早产发生率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。观察组子代低出生体重、出生缺陷和新生儿死亡发生率高于对照组 ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　塑料作业中接触内分泌干扰物可能对女工的月经功能有影响 ,有必要进一步深入探讨。     

2011年包头市320例射线接触人员染色体畸变情况分析

目的对射线接触人员进行细胞遗传学监测,为我市射线工作人员的健康监护提供科学依据。方法对包头市2011年旗、县、区级医院及相关单位部分进行放射治疗、从事X线工作、工业探伤、医用同位索的320名射线接触人员和60名非射线接触人员,采用微量全血培养法进行外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变检测。结果从事放射治疗、医用X线、工业探伤、医用同位素的工作人员染色体畸变率分别为0．357％、0．325％、0．318％、0．306％,均明显高于对照组（0．043％）,经统计学处理有统计学差异（P〈0．01）,其中放射工龄5～14年组高于其它3组（P〈0．05）,放射工龄25-36年低于其它3组（P〈0．05）。结论不同射线对接触人群的健康均具有一定的辐射损伤效应,应加强射线接触人员的辐射防护工作。     

电焊作业对工人神经行为功能的影响

对某机械厂９５名电焊作业工人的神经行为功能测试结果表明：接触组的情绪状态、反应时间、数字广度、手提敏捷度、视学记忆、数字译码和目标追踪－Ⅱ均发生显著变化，表明电焊烟尘对作业工人的心理状态、短时记忆力、注意力、模拟学习和思维能力、视觉感知和空间位置的判别、感知运动速度、手部快速运动的准确度以及眼手协调功能都有明显影响。在各工龄段比较时，控制了年龄混杂因互，发现接触组的神经行为功能随工龄增加而没有明显     

Neurologic abnormalities in workers of a 1-bromopropane factory

We reported recently that 1-bromopropane (1-BP; n-propylbromide, CAS Registry no. 106-94-5), an alternative to ozone-depleting solvents, is neurotoxic and exhibits reproductive toxicity in rats. The four most recent case reports suggested possible neurotoxicity of 1-BP in workers. The aim of the present study was to establish the neurologic effects of 1-BP in workers and examine the relationship with exposure levels. We surveyed 27 female workers in a 1-BP production factory and compared 23 of them with 23 age-matched workers in a beer factory as controls. The workers were interviewed and examined by neurologic, electrophysiologic, hematologic, biochemical, neurobehavioral, and postural sway tests. 1-BP exposure levels were estimated with passive samplers. Tests with a tuning fork showed diminished vibration sensation of the foot in 15 workers exposed to 1-BP but in none of the controls. 1-BP factory workers showed significantly longer distal latency in the tibial nerve than did the controls but no significant changes in motor nerve conduction velocity. Workers also displayed lower values in sensory nerve conduction velocity in the sural nerve, backward recalled digits, Benton visual memory test scores, pursuit aiming test scores, and five items of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test (tension, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and confusion) compared with controls matched for age and education. Workers hired after May 1999, who were exposed to 1-BP only (workers hired before 1999 could have also been exposed to 2-BP), showed similar changes in vibration sense, distal latency, Benton test scores, and depression and fatigue in the POMS test. Time-weighted average exposure levels in the workers were 0.34-49.19 ppm. Exposure to 1-BP could adversely affect peripheral nerves or/and the central nervous system.     

高频作业工人神经行为功能改变的观察

目的探讨神经行为功能检测在高频辐射职业危害中的应用价值。方法采用ＷＨＯ神经行为核心测试组合中４项神经行为功能测试方法，观察工业高频电磁场对作业工人神经行为的影响。结果高频作业工人各项指标得分均显著低于对照组，并与作业工人神经衰弱的检出结果有一定的关系。结论神经行为功能的改变为高频电磁场对人体不良影响的重要方面。