The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire in patients with leukemia

Aims and objectives. To assess reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Background. Pain is one of the most frequent and significant problems encountered by nurses practice across the world. The Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire was widely translated and used to assess the pain experience of several types of patients because it combines the properties of the standard McGill Pain Questionnaire but takes substantially less time to administer. Design. The study used psychometric testing to establish reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Methods. A convenience sample of 160 patients with leukaemia in Turkey was used to collect data regarding pain evaluation. The original version of the Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire, adapted into Turkish, was tested for internal consistency, content validity, construct validity and concurrent validity. Results. Internal consistency was found adequate at both assessments with Cronbach’s α 0·88 for test and 0·91 for retest. For reliability of the total, sensory, affective and evaluative total pain intensity, high intraclass correlations were demonstrated (0·85, 0·84, 0·82 and 0·70, respectively). Correlation of total, sensory and affective score with the numerical rating scale was tested for construct validity demonstrating r = 0·61 (p < 0·01) for test and r = 0·68 (p < 0·01) for retest. Correlation with blood pressure values for concurrent validity was found to be r = 0·78 (p < 0·001) for test and r = 0·73 (p < 0·001) for retest. Conclusion. Turkish version of the Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire has shown statistically acceptable levels of reliability and validity for pain evaluation in patients with leukaemia. Relevance to clinical practice. This study provided evidence that the Turkish version of the Short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing pain. This scale can be used to assess nursing interventions aimed at decreasing pain and efficacy of the treatment.     

Test-retest reliability of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire: assessment of intraclass correlation coefficients and limits of agreement in patients with osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVES: No previous study has adequately demonstrated the test-retest reliability of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, yet it is increasingly being used as a measure of pain. This study evaluates the test-retest reliability in patients with osteoarthritis. METHODS: A prospective, observational cohort study was undertaken using serial evaluation of 57 patients at 2 time points. A sample of patients awaiting primary hip or knee joint replacement surgery were recruited in clinic or via mail (mean age 64.8 years). Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaires were delivered by mail 5 days apart, and a supplementary questionnaire was completed on the second occasion to explore if the patients' pain report had remained stable. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient was used as an estimate of reliability. For the total, sensory, affective, and average pain scores, high intra-class correlations were demonstrated (0.96, 0.95, 0.88, and 0.89, respectively). The current pain component demonstrated a lower intraclass correlation of 0.75. The coefficient of repeatability was calculated as an estimation of the minimum metrically detectable change. The coefficients of repeatability for the total, sensory, affective, average, and current pain components were 5.2, 4.5, 2.8, 1.4 cm, and 1.4, respectively. DISCUSSION: Problems of adequate completion of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire were highlighted in this sample, and supervision via telephone contact was required. Patients recruited in clinic who had practiced completing the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire demonstrated fewer errors than those recruited by mail. The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire was demonstrated to be a highly reliable measure of pain. These results should not be generalized to a more elderly population, as increasing age was correlated with greater variability of the sensory component scores.     

Predictive factors for the outcome of multidisciplinary treatments in chronic low back pain at the first multidisciplinary pain center of Japan

[Purpose] Multidisciplinary treatments are recommended for treatment of chronic low back pain. The aim of this study was to show the associations among multidisciplinary treatment outcomes, pretreatment psychological factors, self-reported pain levels, and history of pain in chronic low back pain patients. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 221 chronic low back pain patients were chosen for the study. The pretreatment scores for the 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pain Disability Assessment Scale, pain drawings, and history of pain were collected. The patients were divided into two treatment outcome groups a year later: a good outcome group and a poor outcome group. [Results] One-hundred eighteen patients were allocated to the good outcome group. The scores for the Visual Analogue Scale, Pain Disability Assessment Scale, and affective subscale of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire and number of nonorganic pain drawings in the good outcome group were significantly lower than those in the poor outcome group. Duration of pain in the good outcome group was significantly shorter than in the poor outcome group. [Conclusion] These findings help better predict the efficacy of multidisciplinary treatments in chronic low back pain patients.Key words: Chronic pain, Low back pain, Multidisciplinary treatments     

The Dartmouth Pain Questionnaire: an adjunct to the McGill Pain Questionnaire

The Dartmouth Pain Questionnaire is presented as an adjunct to the McGill Pain Questionnaire. It adds assessment of 4 objective measurements (pain complaints, somatic interventions, impaired functioning, and remaining positive aspects of function) and 1 subjective measure (changes in self-esteem since onset of pain). The entire device fits on one piece of paper and patients easily learn to self-administer it. Standardization results show acceptable levels of reliability and validity.     

The Headache Scale: an Examination of its Reliability and Validity

SYNOPSIS
360 Migraine and tension headache sufferers attending a specialist headache clinic completed theHeadache Scale (HS), the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Pain Behaviour Checklist. Mood andpersonality were also assessed. The test-retest reliability of the HS over a one week period was examinedand found to be adequate. Cluster analysis of the HS adjectives resulted in 5 clusters labelled tight, sharp,dull (sensory), discomfort and autonomic (affective). When the severity of headaches was partialled out, asensory and an affective cluster corresponding to the two major components of subjective pain experiencewere obtained. The concurrent validity of the HS was further demonstrated by its having an identicalpattern of association as the MPQ to the Pain Behaviour Checklist, the Wakefield Depression Inventory andthe Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Scores of the classical and common migraineurs and tensionheadache sufferers on the HS were quantitatively but not qualitatively different. Situations in which the HSmay be used instead of the MPQ are outlined and suggestions for further examination of the validity of theHS are made.     

Assessing persistent pain and its relation to affective distress, depressive symptoms, and pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic wounds: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine pain experience among patients with chronic wounds, assess the utility of pain assessment scales for chronic wound-related pain, and determine the relation of wound-related pain to wound stage, affective distress, depressive symptoms, and pain catastrophizing. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study of patients with a mix of chronic wounds (n = 69) recruited for a study evaluating a telemedicine system for assessing chronic wounds, 19 men (12 with spinal cord injury) with wound-related pain were identified. Questionnaires included the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the catastrophizing scale of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. RESULTS: The McGill Pain Questionnaire was more sensitive to pain experience than a single rating of pain intensity. Wound stage was positively related to severity of pain. Pain catastrophizing was positively related to pain intensity and higher levels of affective distress and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Pain associated with chronic wounds is a significant clinical challenge for both patients and health practitioners.     

Reliability and responsiveness of measures of pain in people with osteoarthritis of the knee: a psychometric evaluation

Purpose: To examine the fit between data from the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2) and the Rasch model, and to explore the reliability and internal responsiveness of measures of pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Participants with knee osteoarthritis completed the SF-MPQ-2, Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain questionnaire (ICOAP) and painDETECT. Participants were sent the same questionnaires 3 and 6 months later. Results: Fit to the Rasch model was not achieved for the SF-MPQ-2 Total scale. The Continuous subscale yielded adequate fit statistics after splitting item 10 on uniform DIF for gender, and removing item 9. The Intermittent subscale fit the Rasch model after rescoring items. The Neuropathic subscale had relatively good fit to the model. Test–retest reliability was satisfactory for most scales using both original and Rasch scoring ranging from fair to substantial. Effect sizes ranged from 0.13 to 1.79 indicating good internal responsiveness for most scales. Conclusions: These findings support the use of ICOAP subscales as reliable and responsive measure of pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. The MPQ-SF-2 subscales found to be acceptable alternatives.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The McGill Pain Questionnaire short version 2 is not a unidimensional scale in people with knee osteoarthritis, whereas three of the subscales are unidimensional.

• The McGill Pain Questionnaire short version 2 Affective subscale does not have good measurement properties for people with knee osteoarthritis.

• The McGill Pain Questionnaire short version 2 and the Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain scales can be used to assess change over time.

• The painDETECT performs better as a screening measure than as an outcome measure.

     

分娩疼痛感知量表的汉化及信效度研究

目的 汉化分娩疼痛感知量表,并对其进行信效度检验.方法 严格遵循Brislin汉化原则,对分娩疼痛感知量表进行翻译、回译和文化调适,形成中文版量表.采用便利抽样法选取440例经阴道自然分娩的初产妇为研究对象,对其产后2h内的疼痛感知进行调查,通过相关分析法和临界比值法进行项目分析,通过召开专家讨论会评定内容效度,采用探...     

The percentage improvement in Pain Scale as a measure of physiotherapy treatment effects

Change in pain is a useful outcome to determine the effectiveness of physiotherapy with many musculoskeletal conditions but is difficult to measure due to the subjective, multidimensional nature of pain and the time taken for measurement. The purpose of this study was to look at the validity and reliability of a quick, easy to administer verbal percentage change in pain rating scale. Thirty-eight subjects had a Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SFMPQ) administered both prior to initial assessment and at their last treatment session. They were also asked to rate their change expressed as a percentage. Good correlations were shown between the percentage change in pain score and all components of the SFMPQ except the affective component. Inter-rater reliability was also very high. In conclusion, the Percentage Improvement in Pain Scale (PIPS) has been shown to be a reliable and valid outcome measure compared to the SFMPQ. The PIPS provides a quick and reliable alternative to the SFMPQ.     

Dimensions of catastrophic thinking associated with pain experience and disability in patients with neuropathic pain conditions

The objective of the present study was to examine the relative contributions of different dimensions of catastrophic thinking (i.e. rumination, magnification, helplessness) to the pain experience and disability associated with neuropathic pain. Eighty patients with diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, post-surgical or post-traumatic neuropathic pain who had volunteered for participation in a clinical trial formed the basis of the present analyses. Spontaneous pain was assessed with the sensory and affective subscales of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pinprick hyperalgesia and dynamic tactile allodynia were used as measures of evoked pain. Consistent with previous research, individuals who scored higher on a measure of catastrophic thinking (Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PCS) also rated their pain as more intense, and rated themselves to be more disabled due to their pain. Follow up analyses revealed that the PCS was significantly correlated with the affective subscale of the MPQ but not with the sensory subscale. The helplessness subscale of the PCS was the only dimension of catastrophizing to contribute significant unique variance to the prediction of pain. The PCS was not significantly correlated with measures of evoked pain. Catastrophizing predicted pain-related disability over and above the variance accounted for by pain severity. The findings are discussed in terms of mechanisms linking catastrophic thinking to pain experience. Treatment implications are addressed.     

Pain assessment in the cognitively impaired and unimpaired elderly.

The purpose of this study was to determine the self-report pain rating scale(s) that can be used to quantify pain in elderly persons across cognitive functioning levels. Randomly selected elderly subjects (N = 100) completed the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire to categorize their level of cognitive impairment: intact (n = 36), mild (n = 9), moderate (n = 15), and severe (n = 40). Pain was measured with the Memorial Pain Assessment Card verbal subscale, FACES, COOP pain subscale, a numeric rating scale, and the Present Pain Intensity subscale of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Receiver operator characteristic curves indicated that participants categorized with moderate to no cognitive impairment were able to complete 1 or more of the pain assessment tools. Of the severely impaired, 30% were able to complete 1 or more pain assessment tools. Intraclass correlations showed a high degree of consistency among all pairs of tools (intraclass correlation > 0.74). We conclude that most elderly, with normal to moderately impaired cognitive functioning, as well as some severely impaired elderly, are capable of using self-report tools to rate their pain.