氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛的临床观察

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛的有效性和不良反应。方法择期骨科手术患者100例,随机分为两组：对照组术毕静脉注射芬太尼0．1mg为负荷量,后接PCIA泵,泵内药物芬太尼1．2mg＋氟哌利多5mg,100ml／48h;试验组术毕静注氟比洛芬酯50mg为负荷量后接PCIA泵,泵内药物氟比洛芬酯50mg＋氟哌利多5mg＋芬太尼0．5mg,100ml／48h。记录术后24h内镇痛评分（VAS）、镇静评分（SS）及不良反应。结果两组镇静效果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,对照组不良反应发生率高于试验组（P〈0．05）,镇静评分（SS）低于试验组。结论氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛效果良好,且减少芬太尼用量,不良反应发生率低,可提高镇痛质量。     

地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯或芬太尼用于开胸手术术后镇痛的比较

目的 比较地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯或芬太尼用于开胸手术患者术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果.方法 择期行开胸手术患者120例,随机均分为三组,术后均行PCIA,镇痛药配方分别为地佐辛30 mg+芬太尼0.5 mg(A组),地佐辛30 mg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(B组),芬太尼0.5mg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(C组),均加入托烷司琼6mg,且用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,初始负荷剂量2 ml,背景剂量2ml/h,单次PCA剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15 min.观察并记录患者术后2、4、8、24、48h的VAS疼痛评分、Prince-Henry疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分,以及术后24 h内PCA按压次数和不良反应.结果 术后2、4h,A组VAS疼痛评分、Prince-Henry疼痛评分和术后24 h内PCA按压次数明显高于B、C组(P＜0.05).术后2h,A组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于B、C组,术后4、8、24 h高于B、C组(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯可以安全有效地用于开胸手术术后镇痛,而地佐辛复合芬太尼在术后最初数小时内镇痛效果欠佳,不良反应偏高.     

术后皮下与静脉芬太尼镇痛的临床比较

目的 比较术后芬太尼皮下自控镇痛（PCSA）与静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的效果及安全性。方法 60例ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级腹部术后患者随机均分为PCSA和PCIA两组。两组镇痛液配制方法相同：芬太尼2mg,用生理盐水稀释到200ml。PCA设置：负荷量5ml,持续量2ml／h,单次量2m1,锁定时间45min,维持48h。术后24、48、60h行视觉模拟评分（VAS）和Ramsay镇静评分（RSS）,记录芬太尼用药总量、PCA按压次数及不良反应发生情况。结果 两组芬太尼用药总量、PCA按压次数和VAS差异无统计学意义。PCSA组术后60h的RSS比PCIA组高（P〈0．05）,PCIA组不良反应发生率明显高于PCSA组（P〈0．05）。结论 PCSA与PCIA均能起到满意的术后镇痛效果。PCSA具有操作简便,不良反应发生率较低等特点。     

氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于胸科手术后镇痛

目的 观察氟比洛芬酯超前镇痛及复合芬太尼用于胸科手术后的镇痛效果.方法 择期行食管癌或贲门癌手术患者75例,随机均分为A、B、C三组.A组于手术结束前30 min静脉给予氟比洛芬酯100 mg,B组于手术开始时及手术结束前30 min静脉分别给予氟比洛芬酯50 mg,两组PCIA配方均为氟比洛芬酯150 mg加芬太尼0.5～0.6 mg;C组于手术结束前30 min静脉给予氟比洛芬酯100 mg,PCIA配方为芬太尼0.8～1.0 mg.记录术后0、4、8、24 h疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)、镇静评分及不良反应,记录术后24 h PCIA按压次数及芬太尼使用量.结果 三组患者术后各时点SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、安静和活动时的VAS评分、镇静评分、术后24 h PCIA按压次数差异均无统计学意义.A、B组术后24 h芬太尼用量明显少于C组(P<0.01).A、B组术后24 h出现恶心、呕吐、嗜睡的患者例数少于C组(P<0.01).结论 氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于胸科手术后PCIA镇痛效果好,能减少术后芬太尼的用量,降低芬太尼所致不良反应的发生率.     

氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼用于开胸术后静脉镇痛的研究

目的比较开胸术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼与单纯芬太尼的镇痛效果与不良反应。方法选择开胸手术术后行PCIA患者60例,随机均分为两组。芬太尼组术后镇痛给予芬太尼1·25mg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml;氟芬组关胸前给予氟比洛芬酯50mg,术后镇痛给予芬太尼0·5mg 氟比洛芬酯200mg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml。两组PCIA泵的设置,维持量2ml/h,单次负荷剂量0·5ml,锁定时间15min。观察两组术后24、48h的镇痛、镇静评分和不良反应发生率,并于镇痛治疗前后采用Sonoclot凝血与血小板功能分析仪评定两组患者的凝血功能。结果两组术后镇痛及镇静评分差异无显著意义。氟芬组药物不良反应发生率低于芬太尼组。两组间镇痛治疗后凝血功能变化差异无显著意义。结论氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼用于开胸术后PCIA的镇痛效果与单纯芬太尼相似,但不良反应明显降低,对凝血与血小板功能无明显影响。     

不同方式氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼术后镇痛效果的比较:前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲、对照、平行分组研究

目的 比较不同方式氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于术后镇痛的效果.方法 本研究为前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲、对照、平行分组研究.选择2010年1月至2010年10月择期行骨科、胸外科、肝胆外科等大中型手术的病人,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄14 ～ 91岁,体重35 ～ 95 kg,采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组,A组:术毕即刻静脉注射氟比洛芬酯100 mg,然后芬太尼1.0 mg用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,进行PCIA;B组:氟比洛芬酯200 mg+芬太尼0.6 mg用生理盐水配稀释至100 ml,进行PCIA;C组:术毕即刻静脉注射氟比洛芬酯100 mg,氟比洛芬酯200 mg+芬太尼0.6 mg用生理盐水稀释至100 ml进行PCIA.3组背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCA量2 ml,锁定时间10 min.分别于术毕、术后4、8和24 h时记录静态和动态VAS评分和镇静评分.术后24 h内记录镇痛有效、过度镇静、恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、头晕、嗜睡和呼吸抑制的发生情况.术后24和48 h时随机选择一个中心B组镇痛泵内容物,取样后进行微生物培养试验.结果 共完成2596例,其中A组875例、B组946例、C组775例.与A组比较,B组术毕、术后4、8和24h时静态和动态VAS评分和各时点镇静评分均降低,C组术毕、术后4、8h时静态和动态VAS评分均降低,术后4、8h时镇静评分升高,2组镇痛有效率均升高,B组过度镇静发生率降低,C组过度镇静发生率升高,2组术后恶心和呕吐的发生率降低,C组术后头晕发生率降低(P＜0.05);与B组比较,C组各时点静态和动态VAS评分、镇痛有效率、恶心、呕吐以及瘙痒发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术毕、术后4、8h时镇静评分升高,过度镇静发生率升高,头晕发生率降低(P＜0.05).术后24、48 h时泵内容物标本细菌和真菌培养均为阴性.结论 对于大中型手术病人,氟比洛芬200 mg复合芬太尼0.6 mg PCIA(背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCA量2 ml,锁定时间10 min)术后镇痛的效果更佳,且不良反应发生几率低.     

癌性疼痛病人静脉吗啡日消耗量与芬太尼透皮贴剂的转换关系

目的 研究癌性疼痛病人静脉吗啡日消耗量与芬太尼透皮贴剂之间的转换比例。方法晚期癌痛病人13例,先采用吗啡病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)48 h,随后逐渐转换为芬太尼透皮贴剂镇痛。根据病人疼痛评分及吗啡日消耗量调整芬太尼贴剂的剂量,直至转换成功。记录治疗前、后每天疼痛严重程度(VAS评分):持续痛VAS、爆发痛VAS,缓解爆发痛所需的吗啡用量、PCIA吗啡日消耗量、芬太尼透皮贴剂剂量,生命体征和副作用。结果 静脉对应吗啡日消耗量(mg/d)与芬太尼贴剂转换剂量(μg/h)之间的直线回归方程为:Y=1.3603X 6.5088。治疗期间病人持续痛强度VAS评分与爆发痛强度VAS评分比治疗前明显降低(P<0.01)。芬太尼贴剂治疗期间静脉吗啡日消耗量呈逐渐下降趋势,与治疗前相比明显减少(P<0.01)。未发现严重副作用。结论 静脉吗啡日消耗量(mg/d)与芬太尼贴剂(mg/d)的转换比例是31:1。吗啡PCIA有助于芬太尼贴剂镇痛的快速滴定,并可以有效治疗癌症病人的爆发性疼痛,即PCIA可以在芬太尼贴剂剂量滴定期间补救性镇痛,在芬太尼贴剂镇痛转换成功后用于控制爆发性疼痛。     

羟考酮或芬太尼联合氟比洛芬酯用于开胸术后静脉镇痛的效果

目的观察和比较开胸手术患者使用羟考酮联合氟比洛芬酯与芬太尼联合氟比洛芬酯镇痛的有效性。方法选择择期开胸手术患者80例,男53例,女24例,年龄40~65岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,随机分为两组。于手术结束前15min分别静注羟考酮0.1mg/kg(O组)或芬太尼1μg/kg(F组),术后均行PCIA,镇痛泵配方为羟考酮0.8mg/kg(O组)或芬太尼8μg/kg(F组)+氟比洛芬酯4mg/kg+昂丹司琼8mg+生理盐水至150ml。记录术后2、6、12、24、36、48h的静止和咳嗽状态VAS疼痛评分和Ramsay镇静评分;记录术后48h内PCIA有效及无效按压次数、镇痛药追加例数和不良反应情况。结果术后2~48h静息和咳嗽时O组VAS疼痛评分明显低于F组(P0.01或P0.05)。两组不同时点Ramsay镇静评分差异无统计学意义。O组PCIA有效按压次数、无效按压次数和镇痛药追加例数明显少于F组(P0.05)。O组恶心、呕吐等不良反应发生率明显低于F组(P0.05)。结论羟考酮联合氟比洛芬酯可有效地缓解开胸术后疼痛,等药剂量药物镇痛效果似强于芬太尼联合氟比洛芬酯,且不良反应更少。     

氟比洛芬酯复合枸橼酸芬太尼对隆乳术后镇痛效果的评估

目的研究比较使用氟比洛芬酯复合枸橼酸芬太尼和单纯使用枸橼酸芬太尼，对隆乳术后患者静脉内自控镇痛（PCIA）的疗效。方法隆乳手术患者60例，随机分为氟比洛芬酯复合枸橼酸芬太尼组（FA组）和单纯使用枸橼酸芬太尼（FEN）组，每组30例。观察疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、PCA按压次数、芬太尼用量、Ramsay镇静评分、恶心呕吐评分、生命体征、不良反应等指标。结果与FEN组比较，FA组患者生命体征较平稳，不良反应减少；FEN组镇痛VAS低于FA组（P〈0．051。结论氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于隆乳术后镇痛能提高PCIA镇痛效果和安全性。     

布托啡诺与芬太尼联合用于术后病人自控静脉镇痛

目的比较布托啡诺、芬太尼、布托啡诺联合芬太尼用于术后病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的临床效果。方法90例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级的腹部或下肢手术的全麻病人,随机均分为布托啡诺组(B组)、芬太尼组(F组)、布托啡诺联合芬太尼组(BF组),术毕按三种方案实行PCIA。在PCIA开始后4、8、12、24、48h观察并记录镇痛、镇静效果、病人自控镇痛(PCA)给药次数、监测数据及不良反应情况。结果三组PCIA方案均能达到良好的镇痛和镇静目的,但12h内B组的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)高于F和BF组(P<0.01),4h内F组、4~8h之间B组需要更多的PCA给药次数。BF组不仅镇痛、镇静效果满意,恶心、呕吐和头晕的发生率也较低。结论布托啡诺与芬太尼联合应用是一种较理想的术后镇痛方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.