男性不育伴精索静脉曲张的治疗策略

男性不育伴精索静脉曲张的治疗选择困难,争议较大,在制定医疗决策中要考虑到患者的求治目的是生育,解决问题的办法不仅仅是手术,还应该包括药物和辅助生殖技术,而且3种治疗方法还可以彼此协同。在选择具体治疗方法的时候,要充分考虑到精索静脉与精液质量是否存在相关性,术后睾丸功能改善的概率有多大,药物治疗能否有效地控制病情,不育患者年龄是否过大等相关因素。     

精索静脉曲张致男性不育的研究进展

精索静脉曲张（VC）是青年男性泌尿科常见病，是导致男性不育的重要原因，目前对精索静脉曲张致男性不育的机制已进行了不少研究，但仍未完全阐明，VC可能通过睾丸微循环、血管活性物质、氧自由基、一氧化氮、缺氧、免疫及凋亡等多种途径共同作用致男性不育。近年来，细胞分子和遗传学方面的异常成为VC研究的热点，如细胞凋亡、氧化应激和NO等。现结合近几年的研究，就VC致男性不育的发病机制作一综述。     

精索静脉曲张与男性不育

精索静脉曲张(VC)是导致男性不育的最常见原因之一,手术是治疗VC的主要方法。近来,关于VC导致不育的病理机制研究较多,尤其是细胞分子机制的研究进展较快,主要包括生精细胞凋亡异常和氧化应激。同时,对于VC手术指征和各种术式优劣性的认识也渐趋统一。本文介绍VC导致不育的细胞分子机制及临床治疗决策的研究进展。     

男性不育患者精索静脉曲张的超声诊断研究

目的:探讨高频超声诊断男性不育患者精索静脉曲张(varicocele,VC)的检测指标及其VC导致睾丸体积改变情况。方法:采用高频超声方法对46例正常对照者的精索静脉及178例男性不育患者左侧曲张的精索静脉进行了检测。根据临床及超声检查结果将178例VC患者分为4组,其中亚临床型VC(SVC)组45例,临床型VCⅠ级(VCⅠ)组44例,Ⅱ级(VCⅡ)组48例,Ⅲ级(VCⅢ)组41例。结果:①对照组双侧平静呼吸时精索静脉最大内径(DR)、Valsalva试验时精索静脉最大内径(DV)、最大返流速度(Vmax)、返流持续时间(TR)及睾丸体积差别均无显著性(P>0.05);②VC组与对照组及各级VC组DR、DV、Vmax、TR比较的差别具有显著性(P<0.001);③各VC组左侧睾丸体积小于右侧(P<0.01),VCⅡ、VCⅢ组右侧睾丸体积小于对照组(P<0.05),VCⅢ组左侧睾丸体积小于SVC组(P<0.05)。结论:①高频超声可为男性不育VC患者提供精确的精索静脉内径、血流动力学及睾丸大小等客观指标,有助于男性不育病因的筛选;②单侧VC可引起双侧睾丸体积变小,尤以左侧为甚,亚临床型及临床型VC均可导致患侧睾丸体积缩小,且VC愈严重,睾丸体积愈小。     

显微外科精索静脉曲张切除术治疗男性不育

精索静脉曲张(VAC)是导致男性不育的常见原因。手术是治疗VAC的主要方法。传统手术方法包括Palo-mo手术、经腹股沟精索内静脉高位结扎术及腹腔镜手术术后睾丸鞘膜积液、睾丸动脉损伤等并发症的发生率及VAC复发率较高。近年来国际上兴起的显微外科精索静脉曲张切除术(MV)可有效的保护精索淋巴管及睾丸动脉,彻底结扎除输精管静脉外的所有精索静脉,使并发症及复发率大为降低。MV可显著改善VAC不育患者的精液质量,提高妊娠率;对严重少弱精子症或非梗阻性无精子症的患者的精液质量也有改善作用,目前已成为治疗VAC的"金标准"。     

精索静脉曲张所致男性不育的原因

0 引言 一般认为,精索静脉曲张系因精索静脉血回流受阻或瓣膜功能障碍,血液返流,精索静脉内血液淤滞,导致蔓状静脉丛发生不同程度的迂曲扩张。Ambroise Pare(1550)曾描述     

超声诊断精索静脉曲张与男性不育相关性研究

精索静脉曲张(VC)是男性不育的常见原因之一.彩色多普勒超声诊断VC是极其敏感而且可以量化的影像学检查手段.我院1999年5月～2002年11月通过多普勒超声对41例男性不育患者、35例一般男性人群检查有无VC,并结合精液检查进行评价分析,旨在探讨VC与男性不育的诊断价值,为其诊断、治疗提供依据.     

精索静脉曲张伴男性不育临床决策研究进展

精索静脉曲张（varicocele，VC）是一种生理性异常，约2％～22％的成人男性存在VC。VC常见于不育男性，可导致约25％的不育症患者精液异常。在所有病因明确的不育症中，VC是最常见的原因之一。尽管人们认为VC与精液质量下降及不育密切相关，但目前为止VC导致不育的具体机制尚未明确。     

精索静脉曲张男性不育患者Y染色体微缺失检测

目的:探讨精索静脉曲张(varicocele,VC)不育患者Y染色体微缺失特点及其与临床表型的关系,为评价VC不育患者是否行手术治疗或ICSI提供依据。方法:VC不育患者174例,分为3组,A组:无精子症47例;B组:严重少精子症57例;C组:轻度少精子症70例;设立正常生育的健康志愿者男性28例作为对照组(D组)。抽取外周血提取DNA,选取Y染色体上AZFa、AZFb、AZFc区共6个序列标签位点,应用多重PCR进行扩增;已生育女性26例作为阴性对照,分别运用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离,对照阅读扩增产物,判定有无缺失存在以及缺失类型。结果:174例男性不育患者中有22例检测到Y染色体微缺失,缺失率12.64%;A组11例存在微缺失,B组11例存在微缺失,C组未检测到微缺失。A组与C组、B组与C组比较,差异均有显著性。A组缺失病例中有6例为AZFc区缺失,1例为AZFa缺失,2例为AZFb区缺失,2例为AZFb、AZFc区共同缺失;B组缺失病例中有8例为AZFc缺失,2例为AZFb缺失,1例为AZFb、AZFc区共同缺失。结论:①精液异常VC不育与Y染色体微缺失有关;②VC不育患者特别是无精子症和严重少精子症患者,应该进行Y染色体微缺失的检测。     

精索静脉曲张手术结扎与血管栓塞治疗男性不育的疗效分析

本文为了对比精索静脉曲张手术结扎与血管栓塞器治疗男性不育的疗效。随机将４６例患者分成手术结扎组和血管栓塞组行对照分析。手术组２５例，血管栓塞组２１例，随访６个月至１年半。结果表明；两组病例的精子数目和精子活动率均有明显增加，而精子形态依然无变化，两种疗法比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。但海螺状或螺旋球形血管栓塞器（ＮＴ－海球栓）栓塞治疗的优点为缩短住院的时间，可在门诊进行，是目前治疗精索静脉曲张较理想的方法之一。     

A rare cause of infertility: intratesticular varicocele associated with ipsilateral extratesticular varicocele

Intratesticular varicocele is an uncommon condition with variable sonographic appearence and identified as dilated intratesticular veins lying from the mediastinum through testicular parenchyma. We present a case of a 20‐year‐old male, married and unable to conceive for 2 years. Routine scrotal sonography disclosed extratesticular varicocele which was associated with ipsilateral intratesticular varicocele. Colour Doppler ultrasonography should be the first choice modality of imaging to confirm the diagnosis. Detection of intratesticular varicocele is essential because it is one of the most common recoverable reasons of male infertility.     

Soluble Fibrinogen-like protein 2 plays a role in varicocele induced male infertility

Varicocele is the most common cause of male infertility. Several theories have been proposed to explain how varicocele induces infertility. The role of epididymis in male infertility is not fully well established. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 is one of serine proteases and is a potent coagulant in membranous form and immune-modulator in soluble form (sFGL-2) and expressed in the epididymis. There are no previous reports about its possible role in varicocele. This case-controlled study aimed to evaluate the seminal level of sFGL-2 in infertile men with varicocele and in men with idiopathic infertility. This study included 85 participants divided into three groups; 25 normal fertile men, 30 infertile men with varicocele and 30 infertile men of idiopathic cause. Clinical examination, Doppler ultrasound, semen analysis and measurement of seminal level of sFGL-2 were done to all participants. Seminal level of sFGL-2 was significantly elevated in infertile than normal fertile men. Seminal level of sFGL-2 showed negative correlations with sperm concentration, motility and normal morphology. Seminal level of sFGL-2 had a positive correlation with seminal liquefaction time. This study concluded that seminal level of sFGL-2 is increased in infertile men with idiopathic cause and with varicocele induced infertility and affects seminal liquefaction.     

精索静脉曲张所致不育的免疫学研究

目的研究精索静脉曲张(VC)所致不育与抗精子抗体(AsAb)的关系。方法240例男性不育患者分为VC组和对照组,行精液常规和AsAb检测。结果VC组AsAb阳性率为37.9%,对照组阳性率为25%,两组间有显著性差异(P<0.05);VC组中AsAb阳性率与临床分级密切相关(P<0.005),与精子密度亦明显相关(P<0.01)。结论免疫因素可能是导致VC不育的原因之一。     

The cost-effectiveness of treatment for varicocele related infertility

PURPOSE: We compared the cost-effectiveness of 4 treatment strategies for varicocele related infertility from the perspective of the health care payor and patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed by studying 4 treatment strategies, namely observation, surgical varicocelectomy followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF) if unsuccessful, gonadotropin stimulated intrauterine insemination (IUI) followed by IVF if unsuccessful, and immediate IVF. The main outcome measure was incremental cost per live delivery of any number of newborns. RESULTS: Immediate IVF cost more per live delivery and was less effective than varicocelectomy/IVF or IUI/IVF. When electing the latter 2 procedures, the preferred approach depended on the choice of perspective. From the health care payor viewpoint each additional birth that resulted from choosing varicocelectomy/IVF over observation cost $52,152, while each additional birth that occurred by electing IUI/IVF over varicocelectomy/IVF cost $561,423. From the patient perspective, while varicocelectomy/IVF resulted in improved outcomes over observation, a rational decision maker would always be willing to pay the slightly higher cost of IUI/IVF (incremental cost per live birth versus observation $27,371) for the added benefit in effectiveness if they were initially willing to invest in varicocelectomy/IVF (incremental cost per live birth versus observation $27,618). CONCLUSIONS: The optimal choice of treatment for varicocele related infertility depends strongly on the decision maker perspective. Regardless of perspective the most technologically advanced treatment, that is immediate IVF, is never favored. The findings of this study should be used to counsel infertile patients with varicocele that immediate IVF is not cost-effective.     

Proteomic signatures of infertile men with clinical varicocele and their validation studies reveal mitochondrial dysfunction leading to infertility

To study the major differences in the distribution of spermatozoa proteins in infertile men with varicocele by comparative proteomics and validation of their level of expression. The study-specific estimates for each varicocele outcome were combined to identify the proteins involved in varicocele-associated infertility in men irrespective of stage and laterality of their clinical varicocele. Expression levels of 5 key proteins (PKAR1A, AK7, CCT6B, HSPA2, and ODF2) involved in stress response and sperm function including molecular chaperones were validated by Western blotting. Ninety-nine proteins were differentially expressed in the varicocele group. Over 87% of the DEP involved in major energy metabolism and key sperm functions were underexpressed in the varicocele group. Key protein functions affected in the varicocele group were spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which were further validated by Western blotting, corroborating the proteomics analysis. Varicocele is essentially a state of energy deprivation, hypoxia, and hyperthermia due to impaired blood supply, which is corroborated by down-regulation of lipid metabolism, mitochondrial electron transport chain, and Krebs cycle enzymes. To corroborate the proteomic analysis, expression of the 5 identified proteins of interest was validated by Western blotting. This study contributes toward establishing a biomarker “fingerprint” to assess sperm quality on the basis of molecular parameters.     

转流术与断流术治疗精索静脉曲张症的疗效评价

目的　为评价精索静脉转流术与结扎术二种手术方法对治疗精索静脉曲张引起男性不育的疗效。方法　于术后一年中分别随访 82例病人 ,接受转流者 47例 ,结扎者 35例。结果　 (1)术后病人症状、精子质量均得到显著改善 ,但是 ,两组间无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。 (2 ) 15例有症状者术后缓解 ,47例转流受术者无一复发 ,35例结扎受术者 2例复发 ,占 5 .7%。两者精子质量改善者共 47例 ,占 5 8.5 3% ,妊娠及分娩 2 5例 ,占 30 .5 %。 (3)术后 3月 ,精子活力提高明显好于精子质量的其它参数 ,而在术后半月中 ,精子活力的提高转流者 2 7例 ,结扎者仅 7例。结论　精索内静脉转流术仍是部分精索静脉曲张不育症者治疗的较好手段     

低位显微外科与腹腔镜两种精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张性不育疗效比较

目的 比较低位显微外科与腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张性不育患者的疗效.方法 40例精索静脉曲张性不育患者,随机分为两组,低位显微外科精索静脉结扎术组(A组,20例)和腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术组(B组,20例),比较术前、术后第1、6、12月的精液质量,并且追踪术后2年内配偶临床妊娠结果.结果 两组术后精子密度、精子总数和(a+b)级精子数均较术前有显著提高(P<0.05),但组内术后第1、6、12月的精液质量各主要参数间对比,无统计学差异(P>0.05).组间术前、术后第1、6、12月精液质量各主要参数进行对比,无统计学差异(P>0.05).术后随访2年配偶临床妊娠A组为13例(65%),B组为12例(60%).结论 低位显微外科精索静脉结扎术对精索静脉曲张(VC)伴有男性不育患者是一种经济、简单、有效、便于推广的手术治疗方式.     

Y chromosome microdeletions and varicocele as aetiological factors of male infertility: A cross‐sectional study

The pathogenic mechanisms by which varicocele disrupt spermatogenesis are not clearly understood. Over 30% of male infertility cases resulting from spermatogenic problems are associated with genetic abnormalities, and Y chromosome microdeletions are the second most frequent genetic cause. Here, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of Y chromosome microdeletion in infertile men with varicocele. A cross‐sectional study comprising 51 infertile men with varicocele presenting spermatogenesis failures was performed. Y chromosome microdeletion research was made using polymerase chain reaction. Of the 51 men with infertility and varicocele, 35.3% (18/51) had nonobstructive azoospermia and 64.7% had severe oligozoospermia. Y chromosome microdeletion was found in two cases (3.9%): one patient had nonobstructive azoospermia and complete microdeletion of the AZFb and AZFc regions, and another patient had severe oligozoospermia and complete microdeletion of the AZFc region. Although in recent years, a genetic aetiology related to Y chromosome microdeletions has become a major cause of infertility in males with spermatogenesis failures, in this study, the varicocele was the clinical cause of seminal abnormalities that could lead to infertility, suggesting that both varicocele and Y chromosome microdeletion aetiologies can present, alone or combined, as factors of male infertility.     

精索静脉曲张患者精液质量及其不育患者手术前后精液变化的观察

目的观察精索静脉曲张（VC）患者的精液质量和精子形态学改变，以及VC不育患者手术前后精液的变化。方法121例VC患者精液按WHO标准常规分析并对精子形态学进行评价，23例健康男性精液检查结果作为对照。并对21例VC不育患者术前及术后的精液进行检测分析。结果121例VC患者的精子密度、（A＋B）级活动力精子（％）、活率、有效精子数、活动精子数、活力指数以及正常形态精子比例较对照组明显降低（P〈0．01）；畸形精子中小头、锥形头和无定形头精子数较对照组增多（P〈0．01）。21例VC不育患者手术后精子质量和精子形态学较术前明显改善。结论VC可以引起精液质量下降导致不育，精子形态学分析是判定VC患者精子受损的一个敏感指标，手术能有效地改善精液质量。     

Surgical techniques for the management of male infertility

Evaluation and surgical treatment of male infertility has evolved and expanded, now leading to more precise diagnoses and tailored treatments with diminished morbidity and greater success. Surgeries for male infertility are divided into four major categories: (i) diagnostic surgery; (ii) surgery to improve sperm production; (iii) surgery to improve sperm delivery; and (iv) surgery to retrieve sperm for use with in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF-ICSI). While today we are more successful than ever in treating male infertility, pregnancy is still not always achieved likely due to factors that remain poorly understood. Clinicians treating infertility should advocate for couple-based therapy, and require that both partners have a thorough evaluation and an informed discussion before undergoing specific surgical therapies.