三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的特点：7例分析

目的 总结三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的病例特点及诊断思路。方法 回顾分析三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者7例。收集首发症状、病程、既往史、骨及关节平片、骨密度、骨SPECT、血常规、血钙、血磷、碱性磷酸酶、甲状旁腺素（PTH）、甲状旁腺超声或甲状旁腺CT、甲状旁腺锝99显像和甲状旁腺病理等资料。结果 骨骼疼痛为首发症状6例,其中1例伴多饮,骨折1例。既往患胆囊结石或泌尿系结石4例,骨及关节平片和骨密度提示骨质疏松4例,其中2例发生骨折。7例患者血钙和PTH水平均升高,6例血磷降低,6例碱性磷酸酶升高。彩超或CT提示甲状旁腺增生5例,锝99显像提示甲状旁腺增生伴高功能结节3例。手术后甲状旁腺病理提示甲状旁腺腺瘤5例,甲状旁腺腺癌1例,1例未手术。手术后6例患者血钙降低,补钙10～15d后恢复正常,PTH恢复正常。结论有骨痛、骨质疏松、骨折等症状,既往有结石病史,同时伴有高血钙、高PTH水平者应考虑继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的可能。明确诊断依靠病理结果。     

甲状旁腺激素测定对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊断意义(附9例临床病理报告)

对经手术和病理证实的9例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(PHPT)患者,进行血钙和甲状旁腺激素(PTH)等测定,血钙为2.17～3.6mmol/L(正常值为2～2.6mmol/L),PTH为165.5～1266.7mmol/L(正常值为20～90ng/L)。血钙间歇性升高4例,持续性升高5例,PTH各为<500ng/L和>500ng/L。病程<2年和>2年者,PTH各为<300ng/L和>300ng/L。瘤重<2g者,PTH均<500ng/L,而>2g者大多>500ng/L。提示PTH与血钙、病程和瘤重有关。如将PTH和血钙结合分析,可提高PHPT的诊断率。     

全甲状腺切除术后低钙血症的临床分析

目的研究全甲状腺切除术后低钙血症的临床分析。方法对我院2009年6月至2010年10月进行的54例全甲状腺切除术患者进行回顾性分析。结果术中探查保留甲状旁腺情况及手术前和术后3 d血钙的变化,甲状腺术后第2 d血钙降低最明显;甲状旁腺保留情况与术后2 d PTH变化的关系,术后2 d PTH值均增高;术后低钙血症的患者PTH值明显降低（P〈0.01）,术前无明显改变（P〉0.05）。结论本组资料显示术中仔细辨认甲状旁腺,通过细致、合理的手术操作是可以避免或减少永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生的;低钙血症患者PTH均有明显降低,PTH降低虽然不能预示血钙一定降低,但是如果PTH降低,则出现低血钙的可能性较大。     

甲状旁腺腺瘤9例临床特点及延误诊断分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤患者的临床特点和延误诊断的原因。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年6月华中科技大学同济医学院协和医院收治的经手术确诊的9例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者的资料。结果9例中男性4例,女性5例。误诊时间8个月至11年。9例患者均有骨骼系统临床表现,同时兼有泌尿系统、消化系统表现者各有7例和6例。所有患者均有低血磷和血碱性磷酸酶升高,8例有高血钙和高尿钙。7例患者血清甲状旁腺素(PTH)明显升高。99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99mTc-MIBI)甲状旁腺显像是最佳定位检查。结论完整的病史,细致的体检和实验室检查对于甲状旁腺腺瘤的诊断十分重要。     

甲状旁腺腺瘤9例临床特点及延误诊断分析

目的 探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤患者的临床特点和延误诊断的原因。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年6月华中科技大学同济医学院协和医院收治的经手术确诊的9例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者的资料。结果 9例中男性4例，女性5例。误诊时间8个月至11年。9例患者均有骨骼系统临床表现，同时兼有泌尿系统、消化系统表现者各有7例和6例。所有患者均有低血磷和血碱性磷酸酶升高，8例有高血钙和高尿钙。7例患者血清甲状旁腺素（PTH）明显升高。^99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈（^99mTc-MIBI）甲状旁腺显像是最佳定位检查。结论 完整的病史，细致的体检和实验室检查对于甲状旁腺腺瘤的诊断十分重要。     

透析患者甲状旁腺机能亢进与左心室肥厚的关系

目的　了解透析患者甲状旁腺机能亢进与左心室肥厚 (L VH)的相关关系。方法　分别测量我院 46例腹膜透析 (CAPD)患者、73例血液透析 (HD)患者、18例透析前慢性肾衰竭患者及 16例健康人的超声心动图 ,以了解左心室肥厚的发生率 ,并分别检查血甲状旁腺素 (i PTH)、钙、磷水平 ,分析血钙、磷、i PTH与 L VH之间的关系。结果　CAPD组、HD组、肾衰竭组的 i PTH较对照组明显增高 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,以肾衰竭组升高明显 ,并且与 L VH呈显著正相关 (r=0 .70 5 ,P<0 .0 0 1)。 CAPD组、HD组的血钙值、血磷值与对照组无明显差别 ,而慢性肾衰竭组则血钙明显低下、血磷明显升高。结论　尿毒症患者普遍存在甲状旁腺机能亢进 ,是导致透析患者心血管疾病发病率增高的原因之一     

青少年女性:骨痛-胸廓畸形-身高变矮

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症在青少年中罕见。本文报道1例16岁女性,因"双足跟、双膝痛及双髋疼痛1年"人院,伴有胸廓畸形、身高变矮。辅助检查提示高钙血症、高甲状旁腺激素血症,血碱性磷酸酶显著升高,高尿钙排泄,维生素D缺乏。影像学检查提示骨质稀疏,有手指骨骨膜下吸收,胸腰椎多个椎体楔变。经B超及MIBI显像定位左下甲状旁腺占位。手术切除后病理检查结果为"甲状旁腺腺瘤"。术后PTH恢复正常,高钙血症得到纠正。     

甲状旁腺功能减退症9例误诊分析

目的提高对甲状旁腺功能减退症（HP）的临床认识和诊治水平,减少误诊和漏诊。方法回顾性分析我院内科收治的9例甲状旁腺功能减退症患者的误诊情况、临床表现、血电解质变化、甲状旁腺激素（PTH）水平及头颅CT变化。结果9例患者误诊为原发性癫痫6例、癔症2例、神经官能症1例,临床表现均有手足抽搐。9例患者均有低钙血症、高磷血症及甲状旁腺激素减低。头颅CT均有颅内多发性钙化灶,对钙剂治疗反应良好。结论甲状旁腺功能减退症多有癫痫样发作及精神症状,常被误诊为原发性癫痫、癔症等。对有手足抽搐和癫痫样发作的病例,应常规做血钙、磷、唧、头颅CT等检查,以尽早确诊。尽快纠正低钙血症。     

低钙腹透液对持续性腹膜透析患者高钙血症的影响

目的 观察低钙腹透液（PD4,钙离子浓度为1.25 mmol/L）对高钙血症持续性腹膜透析（CAPD）患者钙磷代谢的影响.方法 45例使用标准钙腹透液（PD2,钙离子浓度为1.75 mmol/L）后出现高钙血症的CAPD改用PD4透析,监测患者治疗前后血钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺激素（PTH）的变化,同时分析影响血钙水平变化的相关因素.结果 完成6个月观察的41例患者2个月后即出现血钙、磷水平明显降低,PTH较前明显升高（P＜0.05）.血钙下降幅度与患者的年龄呈负相关,而与透析剂量和超滤量呈正相关（P＜0.05）.结论 PD4可有效调节CAPD患者的高钙血症,缓解低转运性骨病的发生和发展.     

老年甲状旁腺肿瘤临床分析及围手术期处理

目的探讨老年甲状旁腺肿瘤临床特点及围手术期处理。方法对我院2005年5月~2007年7月11例手术治疗的老年甲状旁腺占位病例进行总结分析。结果11例患者病程15天至20年不等,其中4例因骨、关节疼痛或病理性骨折首诊于骨科,2例因肾结石而首诊于泌尿外科,3例为体检时无意中发现甲状旁腺占位,1例因四肢乏力、关节疼痛长期按痛风治疗,1例怀疑骨转移瘤首诊于血液科。11例患者均行手术治疗并行术中冰冻病理检查及甲状旁腺激素(PTH)检测,术中证实9例为甲状旁腺腺瘤,1例为三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(tertiary hyperparathyroidism),1例为无功能甲状旁腺囊肿。术后9例患者出现不同程度低钙血症,其中8例患者于术后1个月内血PTH、血钙值恢复至正常范围。结论对于有骨关节痛、四肢无力、病理性骨折、泌尿系结石、骨质疏松等症状的老年患者,应想到甲状旁腺肿瘤的可能。手术探查、快速冰冻病理检查及PTH检测可防止漏误诊。老年患者因常合并多个系统病变,增加了围手术期诊治难度。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.