降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化CREB的上调作用

目的:探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化CREB(p- CREB)表达的影响。方法:制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型实验组并给予CGRP,应用免疫组织化学、Western印迹和图像分析方法检测大鼠海马CA1区CREB和p-CREB表达。结果:缺血再灌注组CA1区CREB表达较假手术组减少,CGRP组CA1区的CREB表达高于缺血再灌注组。缺血再灌注组CA1区p-CREB表达高于假手术组,CGRP组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组。结论:CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的。     

氯化血红素预处理对全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

目的 研究氯化血红素对大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注后海马神经元的保护作用。方法 84只雄性Wistar大鼠采用4血管闭塞法制造大鼠全脑缺血模型,观察不同剂量氯化血红素对大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注后海马CA1区神经元形态学的影响,并应用流式细胞仪检测海马神经元凋亡率。结果 氯化血红素预处理组与缺血/再灌组相比海马神经元凋亡率下降,海马CA1区锥体细胞组织学分级明显降低,神经元密度明显升高(p<0.05)。而氯化血红素治疗组与缺血/再灌组相比无统计学意义(p>0.05)。结论 氯化血红素预处理对大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注后海马CA1区锥体神经元具有明显的保护作用。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质内CREB mRNA表达的影响

探讨外源性神经生长因子(nervegrowthfactor,NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质内的cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cyclicAMPresponseelementbindingprotein,CREB)mRNA表达的影响。用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,运用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质内CREBmRNA的表达。结果显示:缺血再灌注组缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREBmRNA阳性反应产物平均光密度(OD)比假手术组减少(P<0.05),NGF组CA1区和顶叶皮质内的CREBmRNA阳性产物平均光密度高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。本研究结果提示NGF可以上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质缺血神经元CREBmRNA的表达,NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过激活CREB的转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB表达的上调作用

目的探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化的CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响。方法用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学、W estern B loting和图像分析方法检测大鼠海马CA1区CREB和磷酸化CREB表达。结果假手术组海马CA1区CREB有明显表达,缺血再灌注组CA1区表达较假手术组减少,NGF组CA1区的CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。假手术组海马CA1区p-CREB表达很少,缺血再灌注组p-CREB表达多于假手术组,NGF组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。结论NGF上调海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,对缺血神经元起保护作用,CREB和p-CREB参与NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用机制。     

降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马tau磷酸化影响

目的探讨降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响。方法应用免疫组织化学SABC法、Western Blotting和图像分析方法检测局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化程度和总tau蛋白表达、以及CGRP对缺血神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响。结果缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化水平和总tau表达水平明显增高,CGRP治疗后tau蛋白磷酸化水平和总tau表达水平明显低于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。结论CGRP明显减轻局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化程度和总tau表达水平,可能对缺血神经元起保护作用。     

神经生长因子及降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)及降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)mRNA表达的影响。方法:用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA的表达。结果:缺血再灌注组右侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质神经元CREB mRNA表达比假手术组减少,NGF组及CGRP组的CREB mRNA表达均高于缺血再灌注组,NGF与CGRP联合应用时CREB mRNA的表达分别高于NGF组和CGRP组。结论:NGF及CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA的表达,NGF与CGRP联合应用则作用更强,NGF和CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过激活CREB基因转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现。     

降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑cAMP反应元件结合蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)mRNA表达的影响.方法 用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA表达.结果 假手术组右侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA有明显表达,缺血再灌注组右侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA阳性产物吸光度值减少,CGRP组缺血侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA表达的吸光度值比缺血再灌注组增高(P＜0.05).结论 CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA的表达,CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过激活CREB的转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现.     

黄芩茎叶总黄酮预处理对缺血再灌注脑梗死体积和脂质过氧化损伤的影响

目的: 观察黄芩茎叶总黄酮(SSTF)预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用,并探讨其机制.方法: SD大鼠随机分成5组,即假手术组(sham),缺血再灌注组(I/R), SSTF预处理组(SSTF组,于手术前1周分别给予SSTF 50、 100、 200mg·kg-1·d-1).灌胃给药1周后采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,造模成功后24h观察其神经行为学评分、脑梗死体积,检测脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,丙二醛(MDA)含量. 结果: SSTF预处理可改善术后大鼠的神经行为,减少脑梗死体积;与I/R组比较,SSTF组可不同程度地降低缺血再灌注引起的脑组织MDA含量增加,提高SOD活力. 结论: SSTF预处理可抵制脂质过氧化反应,减轻自由基损害,对缺血再灌注损伤脑组织具有保护作用.     

CGRP和NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马p53蛋白表达的影响

为了探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)和神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马p53蛋白表达的影响,用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞模型,应用免疫组化和显微图像分析方法检测脑缺血再灌注后大鼠海马CA1区p53蛋白的表达。结果如下:假手术组海马CA1区未见p53阳性细胞,而脑缺血再灌注组阳性细胞明显增多。分别注射CGRP或NGF后海马CA1区p53阳性细胞平均灰度值均明显高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05),二者联合应用时平均灰度值较单独应用高(P<0.05)。以上结果提示:CGRP和NGF下调缺血神经元p53蛋白的表达,二者合用作用更强,可能对缺血神经元的恢复有促进作用。     

CGRP及NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马cAMP反应元件结合蛋白磷酸化的影响

目的探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)及神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响。方法用线栓法阻塞大鼠右侧大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、Western blotting和图像分析方法检测大鼠手术侧海马CA1区CREB和p-CREB表达。结果缺血再灌注组海马CA1区CREB表达较假手术组减少,p-CREB表达高于假手术组(P<0.05);CGRP组和NGF组CA1区的CREB和p-CREB表达均高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05);CGRP与NGF联合应用时CREB和p-CREB表达分别高于CGRP组和NGF组(P<0.05)。结论CGRP及NGF上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,CGRP与NGF联合应用则作用更强,CGRP及NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的,CGRP与NGF对缺血神经元的保护有协同作用。     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Aspects of the problem of direct introduction of Standards of International Organizations

Editorial note. This article is published as part of a discussion. Particular issues of the article are disputable. First of all, this concerns the so-called “folder” method of introduction of international standards for medical devices to domestic medical practice (i.e., by direct translation of the standards and their publication as standardizing documents). Nevertheless, at least one of the problems, the problem of coordination between domestic state standards for medical devices and international recommendations of ISO and IEC, is undoubtedly of topical importance. Advancement of new health service legislation which is to be approved by law-makers will definitely introduce corrections into the present situation. The Editorial Board of Meditsinskaya Tekhnika believes this article will lessen these problems and to be welcomed by readers.