Milk and milk products consumption in relationship to serum lipid levels: a community-based study of middle-aged and older population in Japan

The authors examined the association of milk and milk products consumption (MMPC) with serum lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDLC), LDL cholesterol (LDLC), and TC/HDLC ratio in a community-based sample. The study population comprised 461 men and 834 women aged 40-79 years who, in 2001, participated in an annual healthy examination and a lifestyle related survey Consumption frequency of 17 foods, including milk and milk products, was determined by a self-administered questionnaire. The participants were asked by "Do you drink cow's milk or eat milk products such as yoghurt and cheese everyday?", and two groups ("Yes" and "No") of MMPC were classified. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between MMPC and 5 serum lipid profile levels adjusted for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, and fat intake. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated inverse associations of MMPC with TC, HDLC, and LDLC, and that the "Yes" group had higher adjusted means of serum TC by 7.133 mg/100 ml (p < 0.001), HDLC by 1.844 mg/100 ml (p < 0.05), LDLC by 5.459 mg/100 ml (p < 0.001). We suggested that MMPC has an association with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels and that MMPC may have an unfavorable effect on hypercholesterolaemia in the Japanese population.     

Serum lipid levels in an Iranian population of children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Data from 3148 participants aged 3–19years (1447 males and 1701 females) in the cross-sectional phase of Tehran lipid and glucose study (February 1999–May 2000) were used to determine serum lipid levels [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] after 12–14 hours overnight fast. The values were analyzed by sex and age. Mean serum TC concentration was 170 mg/dl. TC was significantly greater in females than males (173 vs. 167 mg/dl, p < 0.05). The 90th and 95th percentiles for serum TC were 211 and 227 mg/dl, respectively. There was a significant decrease in mean TC in males during puberty. Thirty-one percent of population had TC values between 170 and 199 mg/dl and 16% had values of 200 mg/dl or greater. The mean TGs values were 103 for males and 108 mg/dl for females [non-significant (NS)]. The prevalence of high-risk values of TGs increased with age in males, reaching a peak at 17–19years. The mean HDL-C level was 45 mg/dl. Mean HDL-C was highest at 7–10years of age and decreased thereafter. The mean LDL-C was 102 in males and 107 mg/dl in females (NS). Twenty-two percent had LDL-C values between 110 and 129 mg/dl and 17% had values 130 mg/dl or greater. The results showed higher levels of TC, LDL-C and TGs and lower HDL-C in Tehranian children and adolescents than other studies. To design comprehensive public health programs to reduce serum lipid levels among Iranian children and adolescents, underlying factors for the high prevalence of dyslipoproteinemia should be sought.     

Influence of mitochondrial DNA 5178 C/A polymorphism on serum cholesterol changes: a short-term follow-up in middle-aged Japanese men

Objective

The mitochondrial DNA 5178 cytosine/adenine (Mt5178 C/A) polymorphism is reportedly associated with longevity in the Japanese population, and the Mt5178A genotype may exert anti-atherogenic effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were longitudinal differences in serum lipid levels between carriers of the Mt5178C genotype and those of the Mt5178A genotype and to assess the impact of these genotypes on serum cholesterol levels.

Methods

The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) were measured and the Mt5178 C/A genotypes determined in 110 Japanese men aged 41–66 (mean 52.3) years who had received medical checkups twice in the period 1999–2005. The longitudinal changes of TC, HDLC, and LDLC were calculated according to genotype.

Results

The serum levels of TC at baseline and follow-up were significantly different, whereas those of HDLC and LDLC were not. The changes in HDLC differed significantly between the two Mt5178 C/A genotype groups, with the changes in HDLC level being significantly greater in the Mt5178A genotype group than in the Mt5178C group (p = 0.015).

Conclusions

The Mt5178 C/A genotype may modify longitudinal changes in serum TC and HDLC levels in middle-aged Japanese men.     

Serum lipid levels in an Iranian adults population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Data from 6246 participants aged 20–64 years (2339 males and 3907 females) in the cross-sectional phase of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (February 1999–May 2000) were used to determine distribution of serum lipid levels after 12–14 hour overnight fast. Mean total cholesterol (TC) concentration was 210 mg/dl. TC was significantly greater in females than males, 213 and 206 mg/dl, respectively (p < 0.0001). Thirty-one percent of population had TC values between 200 and 239 and 24% had values of 240 mg/dl or greater. Mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was 129 and 135 mg/dl in males and females, respectively (p < 0.0001). Twenty-seven percent had LDL-C values between 130 and 159 and 23% had values 160 mg/dl or greater. The mean triglycerides (TGs) values were 190 and 162 mg/dl for males and females, respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was 39 in males and 45 mg/dl in females (p < 0.0001). The results showed higher levels of TC, LDL-C and TGs and slightly lower HDL-C in Tehranian adults than other studies in the industrialized countries.     

Distribution and cardiovascular risk correlates of serum triglycerides in young Japanese adults

To examine the distribution and cardiovascular risk correlates of serum triglycerides, a cross-sectional population study based on annual health examinations at the workplace was performed in 2199 young Japanese adults aged 23 to 37 years. Triglyceride levels showed significant sex (male > female) differences, and the percentages of those with high triglycerides (> or = 150 mg/dl) were 9.4% for males and 0.8% for females. In terms of conjoint trait of dyslipidemia, 86.1% of males displayed normal levels of both triglycerides (< 150 mg/dl) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (> or = 40 mg/dl), while 98.7% of females had normal values. Age- and sex-specific triglyceride levels above the 75th percentile (equivalent to 82-116 mg/dl for males and 56-63 mg/dl for females) increased the risk (odds ratio (OR)) for having obesity, hypertension, and hyperuricemia by 2.9 (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.0-4.3),1.7 (CI=1.1-2.9), and 3.0 (CI=1.6-5.9), respectively. The respective ORs for triglyceride levels above the 75th percentile and HDL cholesterol below the 25th percentile (equivalent to 45-49 mg/dl for males and 58-63 mg/dl for females), compared with triglyceride levels the 75th percentile or less and HDL cholesterol levels the 25th percentile or more, were 8.7 (CI=5.8-12.9), 2.2 (CI=1.5-3.3), and 6.0 (CI=3.2-11.5). Our results suggest a threshold effect of triglyceride levels considered as normal on enhanced cardiovascular risk in young Japanese adults, especially in those with low HDL cholesterol levels.     

Relations of serum apolipoprotein A-I, A-II and B levels to smoking, drinking and body mass]

To examine whether the serum apolipoprotein A-I level (Apo A-I), serum apolipoprotein A-II level (Apo A-II) and serum apolipoprotein B level (Apo B) are related to cigarette-smoking habits, drinking frequency and body mass index (BMI) independent of serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDLC, LDLC or VLDLC), we statistically analyzed the data on Apo A-I, Apo A-II, Apo B, HDLC, LDLC and VLDLC and the life style data obtained from health examinations of 256 male residents aged 40 to 49 mostly randomly selected from two Japanese areas, Ninohe, Iwate and Ishikawa, Okinawa. The results were as follows: (1) HDLC was strongly positively correlated with Apo A-I and Apo A-II, while Apo B was strongly correlated with LDLC and VLDLC. (2) According to univariate analyses, Apo A-I, Apo A-II, Apo B, HDLC, LDLC and VLDLC were not associated with smoking. On the other hand, drinking frequency was positively associated with Apo A-I, Apo A-II and HDLC. Apo A-I and HDLC were negatively correlated with BMI, whereas Apo B, LDLC and VLDLC were positively correlated with BMI. (3) According to the results of multi-dimensional analyses of covariance, Apo A-II was positively correlated with drinking frequency independent of Apo A-I and HDLC, especially among the individuals with increased HDLC. The same multivariate analysis showed that Apo B was positively associated with smoking independent of LDLC and VLDLC among the individuals without increased VLDLC. From these results, we conclude that Apo A-II may be effective as a biological marker for alcohol drinking independent of Apo A-I and HDLC, while cigarette smoking may affect Apo B through a certain direct mechanical effect. (4) Increased HDLC in obese individuals (BMI greater than or equal to 27) or non-drinkers was associated with remarkably increased Apo A-I, while decreased HDLC in thin individuals (BMI less than 21) was associated with remarkably decreased Apo A-II.     

Relationship between total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the effects of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and body mass index

Despite the fact that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is a part of total cholesterol (TC), the serum level of this portion has been reported to have no or only a weak relationship to the TC level. The present study assessed the relationship between HDLC and TC considering alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and body mass index (BMI) in 366 male workers classified into three groups by the habitual physical exercise. The results showed the different effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and BMI on the level of HDLC among these three groups, and alcohol consumption lowered the LDLC level only in the exercise group. The closest relationship between HDLC and TC was seen in the exercise group, even after taking other factors into account. The result suggests that the HDLC level must be evaluated relative to the level of TC. As an indicator of serum lipid patterns the validity of the ratio of HDLC to TC (HDLC/TC) was discussed.     

北京市城区人群血脂异常的分布和相关因素分析

目的 分析血脂异常在北京市人群中的分布情况，方法 横断面调查法调查北京市城区12391例成人血脂水平，分析低HDLC，高LDLC，高TC，高TG的年龄性别分布，与糖尿病，高血压，肥胖的关系，并用非条件多元Logistic回归分析与其相关的危险因素。结果 血脂异常在人群中有相当高的发生率，并呈低龄化的趋势，男性发生率增高的年龄段在30-40岁，女性在40-50岁之间，50岁以前，男性发生率高于女性；50岁后，女性的发生率显高于累性，血脂异常也常常与其他心血管危险因素合并存在，以与肥胖，高血压的聚集尤为突出，分析与血脂异常相关的因素发现，除高LDLC和高TC外，低HDLC和高TG均与肥胖，吸烟量呈正相关，而与体育运动呈负相关，结论 血脂异常的防治十分紧迫，人群防治措施可根据分布特点而实施，增加体育运动，减轻体重对降低血脂异常有十分重要的意义。     

肥胖儿童血Obestatin、Ghrelin与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的:探讨单纯性肥胖儿童外周血obestatin、ghrelin、ghrelin/obestatin(G/O)比值水平变化及与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系。方法:选取单纯肥胖组50例,正常对照组30例,采用放免法(RIA)测定其血清obestatin、ghrelin,采用全自动荧光免疫分析系统测定空腹血清胰岛素(FINS),采用生化法测定空腹血糖(FBG)、血脂,并计算HOMA-IR值。结果:单纯性肥胖组血清obestatin、ghrelin水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05),G/O比值无明显差异(P>0.05),HOMA-IR、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白均高于对照组(P<0.05)。线性偏相关分析obestatin与FINS、HOMA-IR负相关(P均<0.01),gh-relin与BMI、WHR、HDLC、HOMA-IR负相关(P均<0.05),G/O比值与WHR呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:obestatin、gh-relin水平的降低可能参与了肥胖、胰岛素抵抗的发生,它们可能具有防止肥胖和IR的作用。     

Adverse influences of alcohol, tobacco, and oral contraceptive use on cardiovascular risk factors during transition to adulthood

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease were measured in 990 young adults, aged 17-24 years, in a 1982-1983 survey of the biracial (black-white) community of Bogalusa, Louisiana. Even after controlling for age and obesity, several lifestyle factors (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptive use) were independently related (p less than 0.05) to levels of serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol fractions, and blood pressure. Oral contraceptive use was associated with increased levels of both serum triglycerides (20 mg/dl, blacks; 25 mg/dl, whites) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (19 mg/dl, whites), and decreased levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (-6 mg/dl, whites). Linear regression analyses also showed that cigarette smoking was associated with elevated levels of serum triglycerides (ranging from 15 to 26 mg/dl) and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol (ranging from -9 to -11 mg/dl) in white males and females. Although persons who smoked cigarettes were also likely to consume alcohol, alcohol intake in nonsmokers was positively associated with levels of serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in white males, and with blood pressure levels in black males. A statistically significant association between alcohol intake and HDL cholesterol levels (r = 0.24) was observed only in white females who did not smoke. These adverse influences of lifestyle factors on cardiovascular disease risk may provide a rational basis for intervention during adolescence and early adulthood.     

Case-control study of coronary heart disease risk factors in the elderly

We undertook a case-control study utilizing a large coronary arteriography database to determine if traditional cardiovascular risk factors are as predictive of the presence of angiographically-proven coronary artery disease (CAD) in elderly patients as in younger patients. Among the patients aged 65 years or more, there were 2120 cases and 193 controls, while for the patients aged 35-49 years there were 1493 cases and 707 controls. Odds ratios obtained from logistic regression indicated that age, male sex, diabetes, cigarette smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol and left ventricular hypertrophy were all significant risk factors for CAD in both age groups, although the odds ratios tended to be somewhat lower in the elderly. Logistic regression analysis for gender subgroups generally revealed similar findings when compared with the combined (males + females) age groups, although power was limited for the subgroup of elderly males which had few controls. We conclude that most of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors which have been described as correlated with the presence of CAD in younger populations are also correlated with angiographically-proven CAD in older patients.     

Insulin-mediated effects of alcohol intake on serum lipid levels in a general population: the Hisayama Study

To determine whether the beneficial effects of alcohol on lipid concentrations are mediated by insulin levels, we performed a cross-sectional analysis in 2103 nondiabetic men and women aged 40 to 79 years from a general Japanese population in Hisayama. The multivariate-adjusted sum of fasting and 2-hour postloading insulin levels and the insulin resistance index significantly decreased with elevating alcohol intake levels in men (P < 0.01 for the trend) but not in women. No dose-response relations between alcohol intake and glucose levels were observed. In both sexes, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) significantly increased with elevated alcohol intake (P < 0.01), whereas total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) were inversely correlated with alcohol intake (P < 0.01). In contrast, triglycerides (TGs) levels in men showed a J-shaped relation to alcohol dose, with moderate drinkers (10-29 g/d) having the lowest levels. Estimates using regression models indicated that for men, 10% of the alcohol-induced increase in HDLC and 2% of the alcohol-induced decrease in LDLC were insulin mediated. It was also estimated for male subjects that 36% of the reduction in TGs due to low to moderate alcohol intake was mediated by low levels of insulin and that this insulin-mediated pathway reduced the positive alcohol-TG relation by 13% in cases of moderate to heavy drinking. Our data suggest that regular alcohol consumption dose-dependently increased insulin sensitivity among male nondiabetics, but the insulin-mediated beneficial effects of alcohol on lipid concentrations were relatively small.     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者血浆胆固醇对妊娠的影响

目的：探讨妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症（ICP）患者血浆胆固醇与围生儿预后的关系。方法：选择ICP孕妇妊娠40例,妊娠分娩正常20例,测定母体血浆总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）浓度,并将其两组妊娠结局相比较。结果：ICP组血浆TC、LDL-C值明显升高,HDL-C降低,其妊娠结局早产、羊水粪染、新生儿窒息及产后出血等百分比较对照组明显升高。结论：ICP患者血浆胆固醇浓度检测应列为常规,且妊娠期适量限制胆固醇膳食。     

Iron stores and coronary artery disease: a clinical application of a method to incorporate measurement error of the exposure in a logistic regression model

Rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) increase sharply after menopause. We examined the hypotheses that high iron stores, as measured by plasma ferritin levels, are a risk factor for CAD and that the increase in iron stores after menopause is at least in part responsible for the rise in CAD in women. We also investigated measurement error of plasma ferritin using a Bayesian conditional independence model and incorporated it into the estimation of the odds ratio (OR) for males. Cases had >/=1 coronary artery stenosis >/=70%. Controls had no visible coronary lesions on angiography. The median plasma ferritin level was 48 mg/L (interquartile range: 28 to 86) among 244 cases and 45 mg/l (24 to 85) among 140 controls. The multivariate analyses among females, males, and females and males combined did not support an association between plasma ferritin levels and CAD (OR for one unit change in log ferritin 1.01, 95% CI 0.71-1.44, OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.66-1.37 and OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.21, respectively). Accounting for the measurement error of ferritin in males slightly improved the precision of the estimate of the OR but did not unmask an association (OR: 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.30). We conclude that high ferritin levels before or after menopause are not associated with CAD. Measurement error might be considered in situations where a one-time measurement is assumed to be representative of long-term exposure.     

Dietary palmitic and oleic acids exert similar effects on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein profiles in normocholesterolemic men and women.

To compare the effects of dietary palmitic acid (16:0) vs oleic acid (18:1) on serum lipids, lipoproteins, and plasma eicosanoids, 33 normocholesterolemic subjects (20 males, 13 females; ages 22-41 years) were challenged with a coconut oil-rich diet for 4 weeks. Subsequently they were assigned to either a palm olein-rich or olive oil-rich diet followed by a dietary crossover during two consecutive 6-week periods. Each test oil served as the sole cooking oil and contributed 23% of dietary energy or two-thirds of the total daily fat intake. Dietary myristic acid (14:0) and lauric acid (12:0) from coconut oil significantly raised all the serum lipid and lipoprotein parameters measured. Subsequent one-to-one exchange of 7% energy between 16:0 (palm olein diet) and 18:1 (olive oil diet) resulted in identical serum total cholesterol (192, 193 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (130, 131 mg/dl), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (41, 42 mg/dl), and triglyceride (TG) (108, 106 mg/dl) concentrations. Effects attributed to gender included higher HDL in females and higher TG in males associated with the tendency for higher LDL and LDL/HDL ratios in men. However, both sexes were equally responsive to changes in dietary fat saturation. The results indicate that in healthy, normocholesterolemic humans, dietary 16:0 can be exchanged for 18:1 within the range of these fatty acids normally present in typical diets without affecting the serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentration or distribution. In addition, replacement of 12:0 + 14:0 by 16:0 + 18:1, but especially 16:0 or some component of palm olein, appeared to have a beneficial impact on an important index of thrombogenesis, i.e., the thromboxane/prostacyclin ratio in plasma.     

Lipid profile among school children in Campinas, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the lipid profile and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among schoolchildren aged 7 to 14 years in Campinas, S?o Paulo State, Brazil. METHODS: Plasma cholesterol levels, fractions, ratios and triglycerides were determined according to age and gender in a total of 1,600 schoolchildren. Hypercholesterolemia was considered borderline for 170 mg/dl/=200 mg/dl. RESULTS: Schoolchildren presented a cholesterol mean of 160 mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol mean of 49 mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol mean of 96 mg/dl, VLDL-cholesterol mean of 16 mg/dl, triglycerides mean of 79 mg/dl, cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol mean of 3.5 and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol mean of 2.1. In general, females had higher cholesterol and triglycerides values than males. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 35.0%: 15.6% was borderline high, 9.8% moderate and 9.5% severe. Females presented higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia than males. CONCLUSIONS: The results pointed to the emergence of hypercholesterolemia as a public health problem in Brazil.     

Socioeconomic status and the prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors

South Asian countries have a high prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in line with their economic development. India, in particular, has a high burden of CHD. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of CHD risk factors in a semiurban population of Andhra Pradesh, India, in different socioeconomic status (SES) groups. Information was collected on socioeconomic status, physical activity, cigarette smoking, body mass, blood pressure (BP) and serum lipid profiles among a healthy sample of 440 men and 210 women with an age range of 20-70 years. Mean levels of serum cholesterol (SC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and skinfold ratio were found to be higher among women, whereas triglycerides (TG), systolic BP and diastolic BP were higher in men. No statistically significant differences in body mass index (BMI) or pulse rate were observed between the sexes. In men, a significant positive rank correlation (rho = P < 0.05) was observed between SES and SC, TG, systolic and diastolic BP, pulse rate and BMI, but in women, the same trend was found only with SC, TG, skinfold ratio and age. The prevalence (age standardized to the world population of Segi, 95% CI) of obesity was 14.37% (11.06-17.68), hypertension 13.13% (9.11-17.15), hypercholesterolemia 18.56% (13.88-23.24), hypertriglyceridemia 45.98% (36.47-55.49) and low HDLC 31.01% (24.25-37.77). In both sexes, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and sedentary life style increased among higher SES groups (P < 0.05). Also, an increase in the level of social class was positively associated with mean levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides in both men and women. The results demonstrate that higher SES groups have greater prevalence of CHD risk factors than lower SES groups. Preventive measures are required to reduce the risk factors among higher SES groups.     

Dietary soy and soy isoflavones have gender-specific effects on plasma lipids and isoflavones in golden Syrian f(1)b hybrid hamsters

The specific components of soy responsible for its beneficial effects on plasma lipids are unknown. Golden Syrian F(1)B Hybrid hamsters (75 male, 74 female) were evaluated for the effect of dietary soy and soy isoflavones on plasma lipids. They were fed the following diets for 16 wk: casein/lactalbumin (C/L), soy protein with isoflavones [Soy(+)], soy protein with isoflavones removed [Soy(-)], Soy(-) plus isoflavone extract (IF), and C/L + IF. At necropsy, plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDLC), LDL + VLDL cholesterol (LDL + VLDLC), isoflavones, and uterine and accessory gland weights were measured. Male hamsters fed the three soy-containing diets had lower LDL + VLDLC concentrations than those fed the two C/L diets (P < 0.01), and those fed Soy(-) + IF did not differ from those fed Soy(+). In females, diet did not affect plasma LDL + VLDLC concentration. Females fed Soy(+) or Soy(-) had higher HDLC (P < 0.05) than those fed C/L. HDLC was not affected by diet in males. Due to higher equol production (P < 0.01), males had greater plasma isoflavone concentrations (P < 0.01) than females. There was a positive association between plasma total isoflavones and LDL + VLDLC (r = 0.65, P < 0.05) in females. These data suggest gender differences in plasma lipid and isoflavone responses to soy- based diets in Syrian F(1)B Hybrid hamsters, which offer an opportunity to explore effects of sex hormones on isoflavone metabolism and the effects of isoflavones on lipid metabolism.     

国际生命科学学会中国肥胖问题工作组推荐体重指数分类标准的血脂谱验证

目的 探讨儿童青少年超重及肥胖与血脂谱的关系,验证国际生命科学学会中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)推荐的《中国儿童青少年超重和肥胖体重指数(BMI)值分类标准》。方法 随机抽取北京市6所中小学校2293名10～18岁健康中小学生作为观察对象,其中男生1124人,女生1169人,采取空腹血分离血清测定总胆固醇(TC)、总甘油三酯(TG)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),同时测量观察对象的身高及体重。结果 按照WGOC推荐的标准将人群分为BMI正常组(BMI<85百分位数)、超重组(BMI为85～95百分位数)及肥胖组(BMI≥95百分位数)。随着超重程度的增加,大多数男生及女生的TC及TG水平均呈现明显的增加趋势,HDL-C呈现降低趋势;且组间差异有极显著性(P<0.01)或显著性(P<0.05),个别组间差异虽然没有显著性,但也是处在边缘水平。结论 研究中观察到多数年龄组BMI与血脂生化指标间存在着显著的剂量效应反应关系,说明WGOC推荐的BMI分类标准存在着一定的合理性,是早期预防中国成年期人群疾病的重要标准。     

Apolipoprotein B-gene DNA polymorphisms (XbaI and EcoRI), serum lipids, and apolipoproteins in healthy Chinese.

The frequency of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the apolipoprotein B (apo B) gene, detected by XbaI and EcoRI, and their influence on serum lipids and apolipoproteins were studied in healthy Chinese of both sexes in Singapore. A total of 221 subjects (150 males, 71 females) were investigated for the XbaI and 159 subjects for the EcoRI polymorphisms, while serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels were available for 196 subjects. The frequency of the X2 allele was found to be significantly lower in the Chinese than that reported in Caucasians from the United Kingdom (0.09 vs. 0.51, P less than 0.001). The haplotype frequencies were also significantly different between the Chinese and Caucasians with a higher frequency of X1R1 in the former compared to the latter (0.85 vs. 0.34, P less than 0.0001). The distribution of RFLP genotypes at both of the restriction sites was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all groups. The influence of the apo B RFLPs on serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels (apo AI, AII, and B) was studied by both residual and multiple regression analyses considering age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and genotypes as independent variables in all possible combinations. No association was observed between the apo B genotypes and serum lipids or apolipoprotein levels except for high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), apo AI and AII, with the X2 being associated with significantly lower levels of HDLC as well as apo AI and AII, the effect being stronger in males. These data raise the possibility that the mechanism of reported association between apo B polymorphism and coronary artery disease may be through effects on HDLC.