后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤临床观察

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除的安全性和实用性.方法 回顾分析我院2005年8月～2009年8月后腹腔镜下手术切除的20例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料.结果 20例手术均成功.无相关并发症发生.手术时间65～140min(平均90min),出血量30-200ml(平均75ml),瘤体直径2.5～6.4cm(平均4.5cm).病理均提示嗜铬细胞瘤.结论 术前准备充分,术中细致操作,后腹腔镜下对肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除是安全有效的,腹腔镜手术可成为治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的首选方法.     

肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤32例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性及临床价值。方法对32例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者采用腹腔镜经后腹腔途径手术治疗。结果本组32例肿瘤均完整切除,术后经病理检查确诊为肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤。手术时间45—200min,平均100min。术中出血量30～400ml,平均125ml,无需要输血者。术后住院3—10d,平均5d。切除肿瘤平均直径35（20～60）min。引流管术后1—2d拔除,术后并发血肿2例。随访3个月～2年,患者血压均恢复正常,肿瘤局部无复发。结论腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤不增加手术的危险性,而且创伤小,患者恢复快,可作为治疗肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的方法之一。     

经腹腔入路腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术治疗大肾上腺肿瘤71例报告

目的目前腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术已基本取代了开放性肾上腺切除术。本文讨论经腹腔入路腹腔镜下大肾上腺肿瘤(直径大于5.5 cm)切除手术的安全性及可靠性。方法对2003年2月至2010年12月在郑州大学第一附属医院行腹腔入路的腹腔镜肾上腺切除病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,共有71例,其中原发性醛固酮腺瘤25例,柯兴氏腺瘤17例,嗜铬细胞瘤11例,无功能腺瘤8例,其它病变10例。对肾上腺病变类型、腹腔镜手术的时间、出血量、并发症和预后进行总结阐述腹腔镜手术对大肾上腺肿瘤治疗的安全性及可靠性。结果 71例大肾上腺肿瘤患者手术均获得成功,70例(98.6%)经腹腔镜手术获得成功,1例(1.4%)术中转为开放手术获得成功。手术时间65～210 min,平均110 min;术中出血量40～1500 ml,平均120 ml。膈肌损伤1例,右肾上腺中央静脉损伤1例。术后平均住院时间6d。结论腹腔入路腹腔镜下肾上腺手术是治疗大肾上腺肿瘤(直径大于5.5 cm)的理想方法。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的探讨经后腹腔镜入路手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的适应证、手术方法及手术安全性。方法采用后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者11例。结果经后腹腔镜入路治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者11例,10例为单纯腹腔镜下完成,肿瘤最大直径1．5—6．0cm。其中1例因瘤体过大（直径7．5cm）行手助腹腔镜手术（HALS）完成。无中转开放。手术时间35～120min,出血量10—100ml,术后住院时间5—8d。结果对于腹腔镜手术经验丰富者,后腹腔镜手术具有手术危险性小、时间短、出血少、创伤小、恢复快等优点。有望成为治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的首选方法。     

腹腔镜在肾上腺肿瘤切除术中的应用(附21例分析)

目的 探讨经腹腔入路腹腔镜手术切除肾上腺肿瘤的方法和临床价值。方法 1998年3月至2004年2月，共对21例肾上腺肿瘤患者施行了经腹腔入路腹腔镜手术，切除患者肾上腺及其肿瘤。左侧13例，右侧8例。其中无功能腺瘤1例，原发性醛固酮增多症9例，皮质醇增多症7例，嗜铬细胞瘤4例。结果 21例手术均获成功，术后第一天下床活动，术后平均住院天数5．7天，平均手术时闻130min，术后随访3个月～3年，无严重近期、远期并发症。结论 经腹腔入路腹腔镜手术切除肾上腺肿瘤具有手术创伤小、安全、术后恢复快、住院时闻短、并发症少、患者容易接受等优点，是肾上腺手术的首选方法。术者操作娴熟，熟悉腹腔镜下解剖标志是手术成功的关键。     

经腹腔及腹膜后入路腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术的分析

目的 比较经腹腔与腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的不同特点,探讨腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的入路选择.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月～2010年8月腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术75例的资料,其中经腹腔入路15例,经腹膜后入路60例;分析两组入路手术的中转开放手术率、手术时间、出血量等指标.结果 15例经腹腔入路均成功行腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术,60例经后腹腔入路中2例中转开放手术,余58例手术均成功.经腹腔入路手术时间85～135 min,出血量30～150 ml,术后住院6～10 d.经腹膜后入路手术时间45～160 min,出血量20～180 ml,术后住院5～12 d.随访1～32月.未发现肿瘤复发转移.结论 腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术效果确切、创伤小、恢复快,是肾上腺手术的首选术式.对体积较大、位于肾脏前内方的肿瘤应采用经腹腔入路.     

后腹腔镜与开放手术切除肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的比较

目的比较后腹腔镜与开放手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床疗效、手术安全性及其优势。方法回顾分析我院开展的10例后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术与12例开放肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的临床资料,比较两种手术情况(手术创伤相关指标、术中血压波动、疗效等)。结果所有手术均获成功,术中、术后未出现明显并发症,后腹腔镜组、开放手术组手术时间分别为(80±26)min,(105±42)min;出血量两组分别为(52±15)ml,(160±48)ml;术后肠道功能恢复时间两组分别为(1.4±0.5)d,(2.3±0.6)d;术后住院时间两组分别为(5.2±1.5)d,(7.4±1.6)d,后腹腔镜组明显优于开放手术组。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术与开放手术相比并不增加手术的危险性,有与开放手术相同的疗效,出血少、创伤小、恢复快,是治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全有效的方法。     

后腹腔镜治疗腹膜后异位嗜铬细胞瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜技术在治疗腹膜后异位嗜铬细胞瘤中的有效性和安全性。方法采用后腹腔镜技术治疗腹膜后异位嗜铬细胞瘤19例。结果 19例患者,主动脉旁8例,膈下与肾上极3例,肾门5例,肾下级至髂窝以上3例,完成后腹腔镜18例,1例中转开放手术。肿瘤直径1.5⁹.0 cm,平均(4.5±2.0)cm,手术时间459.0 cm,平均(4.5±2.0)cm,手术时间45¹40 min,平均100 min,术中出血30140 min,平均100 min,术中出血30¹50 m L,平均60 m L,住院时间3150 m L,平均60 m L,住院时间3⁷ d,平均5.7 d,术后病理示17例为良性嗜铬细胞瘤,2例为恶性嗜铬细胞瘤,所有患者均未输血,无严重手术并发症。术后患者随访67 d,平均5.7 d,术后病理示17例为良性嗜铬细胞瘤,2例为恶性嗜铬细胞瘤,所有患者均未输血,无严重手术并发症。术后患者随访6²5个月,1例恶性嗜铬细胞瘤复发。结论采用腹膜后腹腔镜技术治疗腹膜后异位嗜铬细胞瘤性病变,具有创伤小、出血少,住院时间短等优势,可以作为治疗腹膜后异位嗜铬细胞瘤的有效方法。     

腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤疗效观察

目的：探讨后腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的优缺点及治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析我院经后腹腔镜手术治疗的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术18例的临床资料。术前将红细胞比容控制在5%以下,心率90次/分,血压在正常范围后,连续监测3d血压无明显波动后在全身麻醉下行后腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术。结果：17例手术成功,1例中转开放手术;手术时间（150±20）min,术中出血量（100±28）mL;术后住院时间5～9d,术中术后未发生重大并发症,肿瘤局部无复发。结论：后腹腔镜手术是治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效的方法之一。     

后腹腔镜与开放性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术的疗效比较

目的评价后腹腔镜肾上腺手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的效果。方法对行后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术患者28例(后腹腔镜组)与同期开放性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术患者15例(开放手术组)的临床效果进行比较。结果后腹腔镜组在平均手术时间、平均失血量、术后止痛剂用量、术后下床活动时间及术后住院天数均显著优于开放手术组,无1例需要输血和发现严重并发症。术后平均随访11个月,全部病例均达以治疗的目的 ,无远期手术并发症发生。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术显著优于开放手术,是一种安全有效的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.