成人HIV／AIDS CD^4＋细胞数与病毒载量之间关系分析

目的分析成人HIV/AIDS患者CD4~+细胞数与病毒载量(VL)之间的关系。方法对1990年—2001年在本院就诊的200例HIV/AIDS患者进行跟踪分析。结果 CD4~+≥200/μl时,血浆VL(log10)为4.17±0.79;CD4~+<200/μl时,血浆VL(log10)为5.01±0.72,VL水平明显高于CD~+≥200/μl组(P<0.01)。其中CD4~+>350/μl时,血浆VL(log10)为3.95±0.82;CD4~+200～350/μl时.血浆VL(log10)为4.43±0.63;CD4~+100～200/μl时,血浆VL(log10)为4.85±0.68;CD4~+<100/μl时,血浆VL(log10)为5.16±0.68。结论 HIV/AIDS患者CD4~+细胞数与病毒复制有非常密切的关系,外周血CD4~+细胞数与血浆VL的变化呈负相关关系。当血浆VL(log10)>5.01±0.72时,应考虑患者已进入艾滋病期。     

中药(XQ-9302)治疗HIV感染者/AIDS患者CD4细胞计数和病毒载量变化的评价

目的　探讨中药 (XQ 930 2 )对艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者 /艾滋病 (AIDS)患者的治疗作用。方法　测定XQ 930 2治疗 2 1例HIV感染者 /AIDS患者的CD4细胞计数和病毒载量 ,并与仅进行对症治疗的HIV感染者 /AIDS患者对照组比较。结果　经XQ 930 2治疗后 ,4 2 9%HIV感染者 /AIDS患者的CD4细胞计数上升 >5 1% ,为显效 ;33 3%患者的CD4细胞计数升高 11%～ 5 0 % ,为有效 ,总有效率为 76 2 % ;CD4细胞计数上升 <10 %为无效 ,无效率为 2 3 8%。 5 2 4 %HIV感染者 /AIDS患者的病毒载量下降≥ 1log ,呈显效 ;38 1%的HIV感染者 /AIDS患者病毒载量无变化或下降 <1log ,为有效 ;仅 9 5 %HIV感染者 /AIDS患者病毒载量上升 ,为无效。所有HIV感染者 /AIDS患者的临床症状均获改善。对照组HIV感染者 /AIDS患者病毒载量呈稳定及上升状态 ,临床症状均未获改善 ,呈无效。结论　XQ 930 2对HIV感染者 /AIDS患者的CD4细胞计数上升以及病毒载量下降有效 ,且能改善临床症状。     

HIV感染者/AIDS患者与肿瘤病人T淋巴细胞亚群数量的比较

目的　探讨艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者和艾滋病 (AIDS)患者与肿瘤病人CD+4和CD+8T淋巴细胞 (TH 和TS 细胞 )数量的变化并进行比较。方法　用流式细胞仪检测 78例HIV感染者 /AIDS患者和 37例肿瘤病人外周血中TH 和TS 细胞的数量以及计算TH/TS 的比值 ,组间比较采用双侧t检验。结果　HIV感染者 /AIDS患者TH细胞显著减少 ,且下降的幅度大 ,TH<5 0 0 / μl的占 83 3% ,其中 <2 0 0 / μl的占 5 6 4 % ,TH/TS 平均为 0 2 9;肿瘤病人TH 细胞计数也明显降低 ,TH<5 0 0 / μl的占 70 3% ,其中 <2 0 0 / μl的占 18 9% ,TH/TS 平均为 1 2 6。同一水平CD+4T细胞计数所对应的CD+8T细胞数量 ,HIV感染者 /AIDS患者高于肿瘤病人 ;两组病人TS 数量都随TH 数量的升高而增加。HIV感染者 /AIDS患者TH 细胞计数 <肿瘤病人 ,TS 细胞计数 >肿瘤病人 ,HIV感染者 /AIDS患者TH/TS 比值倒置 ,而肿瘤病人TH/TS 比值 >1。结论　HIV感染者 /AIDS患者和肿瘤病人存在不同程度的细胞免疫功能损害 ,T淋巴细胞亚群的检测可作为两者免疫诊断和免疫功能监测的指标之一 ,对于病人的治疗和预后有一定的意义     

佳息患联合施多宁治疗HIV感染者/AIDS患者6个月效果及耐药性初步观察

目的探讨规范化应用蛋白酶抑制剂茚地那韦(Indinavir,佳息患)联合非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂依非韦仑(Efavirenz,施多宁)治疗艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS患者的疗效和耐药情况。方法用施多宁联合佳息患对10例HIV感染者/AIDS患者进行为期6个月的治疗,于治疗前,治疗第1、3、6个月随访,监测病毒学和免疫学参数[病毒载量(VL)、CD4+细胞绝对计数、CD4+和CD8+免疫活化标志HLA-DR、CD3+8],药物毒副作用,基因型耐药变异情况,临床表现和依从性。结果10例HIV感染者/AIDS患者治疗前平均VL为5.17log拷贝/ml(3.58×105拷贝/ml),治疗6个月后平均下降3.25log拷贝/ml(P<0.001),其中9例达到检测不出的水平(<400拷贝/ml)。CD4+T细胞绝对计数平均上升178个/μl(P<0.001)。CD3+8HLA-DR+CD4+细胞平均百分比和CD3+8HLA-DR+CD8+细胞平均百分比分别降低了14.9%(P<0.01)和22.9%(P<0.001)。病人临床症状缓解且耐受性良好,无严重不良反应发生。10例患者在治疗前和治疗6个月后均未出现原发耐药变异。结论佳息患联合施多宁规范化治疗不同感染阶段的中国HIV感染者/AIDS患者6个月,可有效抑制HIV-1复制,促进机体免疫重建,改善临床症状,提高生活质量,副作用在可接受范围内,无原发耐药变异发生。     

HIV抗体阳性者短期内发展至AIDS的危险

为了探明影响艾滋病病毒 (HIV)抗体阳性者的病情发展到艾滋病 (AIDS)的因素 ,英国学者利用未开展高效抗逆转录病毒联合治疗 (HAART)之前的数据 ,对 32 2 6名HIV感染者发展至AIDS的危险进行评估。在病毒载量 (VL)和CD4细胞计数已知的情况下 ,1年间随访 5 12 6人 ,已发现有 2 19人发展至AIDS。本研究提出CD4细胞计数、VL和 3～ 6个月患者发展至AIDS存在相关关系如下 :CD4 细胞计数 VL(拷贝 /ml)3～ 6个月发展至AIDS的危险 (% )<2 0 0 / μl1 <1 0 0 0 0 4 92 1 0 0 0～ 2 99991 2 73 30 0 0 0～ 99990 1 7 74 ≥ 1 0 0 …     

重庆市HIV/AIDS病人首次病毒载量和CD_4~+T淋巴细胞检测结果及相关性

目的探讨重庆市艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)外周血病毒载量(VL)和CD+4T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)计数相关性。方法采用BD流式细胞仪和LightCycler PCR仪检测585例HIV/AIDS病人同期外周血CD4细胞及VL,分析其相关性。结果 48例VL低于试剂盒检测下限,537例能被定量检测。VL与CD4细胞总体呈显著负相关(r=-0.57,P0.01),不同CD4细胞区间VL值有显著性差异(χ2=134.29,P0.01),在CD4细胞≤200区间VL与CD4细胞呈显著负相关(r=-0.34,P0.01),CD4细胞在201~400区间二者无相关(r=-0.16,P=0.09),CD4细胞400区间二者呈负相关(r=-0.28,P=0.04)。结论 HIV/AIDS病人CD4细胞与VL在CD4细胞不同区间相关性表现各异,同时检测CD4细胞及VL有助于掌控病人病情变化和调整救治措施。     

武汉市≥50岁HIV/AIDS病人抗病毒治疗效果分析

目的了解武汉市≥50岁艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)抗病毒治疗(ART)效果及其相关因素。方法对武汉市≥50岁HIV/AIDS病人基线时一般人口学资料、HIV感染途径、目前抗病毒治疗方案、基线和最近一次CD4+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)与病毒载量(VL)的检测结果以及当次随访时的服药依从性数据进行整理分析,多元Logistic回归分析相关因素。结果共纳入HIV/AIDS病人778人,男635人(81.6%),女143人(18.4%)。年龄范围50～84岁,中位数57岁(53～64岁)。基线和最近一次VL检测中,VL20拷贝/mL的分别有2人(0.3%)、606人(77.9%)。基线和最近一次随访中,CD4细胞≥200个/μL的分别有425人(54.6%)、646人(83.0%)。无漏服药以及较少的漏服药次数者病毒学完全抑制率较高,基线时HIV/AIDS病人CD4细胞≥200个/μL者免疫学效果较好,抗病毒治疗时间较长者病毒抑制效果和免疫学效果均较好(P0.05)。结论武汉市≥50岁HIV/AIDS病人抗病毒治疗效果较好,抗病毒治疗时间、服药依从性和基线CD4细胞水平与抗病毒治疗效果有关。     

HIV/AIDS病人血脂及C-反应蛋白的研究

目的研究艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)血脂及C-反应蛋白(CRP)的水平,以探讨HIV/AIDS病人体内这些因子是否与CD4+T细胞数及高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)相关。方法选取2005年1月至2009年12月,在上海市公共卫生临床中心就诊的HIV/AIDS病人348例,流式细胞仪检测CD4+T细胞数,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血脂含量,免疫分析仪测定血清CRP含量。统计分析血脂及CRP与CD4+T细胞数及HAART的关系。结果入选的348例HIV/AIDS病人CD4+T细胞数为47(14~165)个/μl,72例(20.7%)已经开始HAART,HAART时间为6(1-15.75)个月。HAART治疗组与未治疗组病人相比具有较高浓度的总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和载脂蛋白(Apo)A1,P值分别为:0.0288、0.0004、0.0052。272例(78.2%)CD4+T细胞数≤200/μl病人与76例(21.8%)>200个/μl的病人相比,具有较低浓度的总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、载脂蛋白(Apo)A1高浓度CRP,P值分别为:0.0015、0.0000、0.0000、0.0156。多重线性回归分析将年龄、性别、吸烟因素调整后,表明HAART治疗同HDL(β=0.1476,P=0.004)、Apo-A1(β=0.1341,P=0.007)具有独立相关关系,CD4+T细胞数的变化同总胆固醇、HDL、LDL、Apo-A1、Apo-B具有独立相关关系。结论 HIV/AIDS病人CD4+T细胞数及开始HAART治疗同血脂及CRP浓度密切相关,HAART治疗有利于提高HDL、Apo-A1的水平。     

HIV合并结核潜伏感染患者CD_4~+细胞免疫功能影响的研究

目的观察HIV合并结核潜伏感染患者CD+4细胞免疫功能影响。方法选取136例HIV感染者,分别进行PPD和ELISPOT检测确定HIV合并结核潜伏感染者,随后通过流式细胞术检测治疗前后患者CD+4细胞的变化。结果 PPD试验对结核菌抗原阳性反应为3.4%;ELISPOT检测阳性率为20.6%,高于PPD皮试阳性率。流式结果显示HIV感染患者CD+4细胞数小于50/μl共有25例,51-200/μl有64例,大于200/μl有47例,各组ELISPOT检测阳性率分别为4%,28.1%和14.9%。9例HIV合并结核潜伏感染患者治疗9个月后,ELISPOT检测斑点中位数减少61.6%。结论 HIV合并结核潜伏感染者CD+4细胞明显降低,且普遍低于200/μl。     

利用混合效应线性模型分析甘肃省HIV/AIDS病人HAART后CD_4~+T淋巴细胞的变化

目的了解甘肃省接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)的艾滋病(AIDS)病人CD+4T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)的变化趋势,分析不同性别、年龄、感染途径治疗人群的治疗效果是否存在差异。方法利用SPSS 19.0描述艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)CD4细胞在治疗后5年内不同时间点上的分布情况,使用混合效应线性模型拟合CD4细胞计数与性别、年龄、感染途径等因素之间的关系。结果选取103例HIV/AIDS病人,男性占67.96%,女性占32.04%;治疗开始年龄以21~50岁为主,占86.41%;感染途径以性接触传播为主,占68.93%。开始治疗前病人CD4细胞中位数为156个/μL,治疗1、2、3、4、5年后,CD4细胞中位数分别为290个/μL、309个/μL、344个/μL、347个/μL、525个/μL。CD4细胞计数与治疗时间和开始治疗时CD4细胞水平正相关;性别和治疗开始年龄没有显著性差异;经男男性行为和血液途径感染的艾滋病病人治疗效果存在统计学差异(P0.05)。结论甘肃省接受HAART治疗的艾滋病病人在5年内CD4细胞计数有上升趋势,男男性行为感染者的治疗效果较经血液感染者好。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.