急诊危重患者侵入性操作消毒的护理

目的研究制定急诊危重患者因侵入性操作而发生感染的消毒护理措施。方法采用回顾性调查统计的方法，对我院2012年3～12月急诊危重并接受侵入操作的患者746例进行分析，同时结合本院实际情况，试图探讨并初步建立本病患者侵入性操作的消毒防控流程。结果在423例患者中，104例医院感染，感染率为24．59％；在所有侵入性操作发生感染的患者中，居前三位的分别是：下呼吸道感染、泌尿系感染、肠道方面的感染；而所有感染的患者中，侵入性操作列前三位的分别是：气管插管术、留置导尿术、插管洗胃术；急诊危重患者的抗菌药物使用率为59．12％，其中使用频率最多是头孢菌素类药物，其次为大环内酯类。结论急诊危重患者实施侵入性操作时，重点要针对侵入性操作种类情况，尤其是加强各种插管留置和无菌操作过程的消毒护理，减少医院感染的发病率，提高医院急危重患者侵入性操作水平。     

对颅脑外伤病人医院感染的调查研究

目的 :探讨预防颅脑外伤病人医院感染的措施。方法 :采用前瞻性调查方法 ,对 169例颅脑外伤病人进行观察 ,并记录病人的一般资料、病情及治疗情况。结果 :医院感染发生率 17.2 % ,高于神经外科医院感染的平均水平 ;感染组病死率高于无感染组 (P <0 .0 1) ;医院感染的发生与颅脑损伤的严重程度、住ICU、侵入性操作的实施及抗生素的不合理应用有关。结论 :颅脑外伤病人是神经外科医院感染的重点监控对象 ,预防控制应针对危险因素 ,加强环境及物品的消毒灭菌 ,重视护理及抗生素的合理应用     

47例重型颅脑外伤急诊术后院内感染患者分析

院内感染是影响重度颅脑外伤患者生存的一个重要因素，现将我院１９９２～１９９８年７６例重型颅脑外伤急诊手术患者临床资料总结报告如下。１　病例与方法１．１　病例：重型颅脑外伤急诊手术患者７６例中男５９例，女１７例；年龄１６～７２岁。ＧＣＳ计分３～８分，≤８分为危重型。诊断均经颅脑ＣＴ证实。１．２　感染率的调查：各类感染依据美国疾病控制中心的诊断标准确定：①医院获得性肺炎；②泌尿系感染；③外科伤口感染；④败血症；⑤其他感染。２　结　果２．１　重型颅脑外伤院内感染的总感染率：７６例中感染总数４７例，总感…     

重型颅脑损伤患者肺部感染危险因素分析及对策

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤患易并发肺部感染的主要危险因素，以便采取针对性措施，降低肺部感染发生率及死亡率。方法 对我院住院治疗GCS计分3－8分的重型颅脑损伤患进行分析。结果 本组肺部感染率为48．3％，GCS计分3－5分发生率显高于计分为6－8分（P＜0．01），合并胸肺部伤显高于无合并胸肺部损伤（P＜0．01）。结论 重型颅脑损伤患并发肺部感染率高和颅脑损伤严重程度，疾病的自身特点及不合理的药物治疗，合并胸肺部损伤等因素相关，应重视肺部感染的预防和治疗，积极治疗原发病及合并伤，加强营养支持，合理使用药物。     

脑血管意外患者医院感染分析与护理对策

对临床６５例脑血管意外患者并发医院感染进行调查分析，呼吸道感染占６４－４７％，与长期卧床、侵袭性操作、不合理使用广谱抗生素与糖皮质激素相关。规范各项侵袭性操作，正确、合理使用抗生素和糖皮质激素，提高机体抵抗力，加强病房管理、基础护理是降低医院感染率的重要措施。脑血管意外患者医院感染分析与护理对策$浙江省仙居县人民医院!317300@吴雪仙     

重型颅脑外伤病人应用快捷护理路径急救的效果研究

[目的]探讨重型颅脑外伤病人在急诊室抢救阶段和神经外科重症监护阶段，应用快捷护理路径的临床效果。[方法]采用非同期队列对照研究，门诊急救阶段收集2005年12月-2006年6月在门诊抢救的重型颅脑外伤病人32倒为对照组，按常规进行抢救，2006年7月-2007年1月在门诊抢救的重型颅脑外伤病人34例为试验组，按快捷护理路径进行抢救：神经外科重症监护住院阶段是以上两组病人经门诊抢救后存活病人转至神经外科住院或急诊手术后转至神经外科治疗病人，对照组按护理常规进行护理，试验组按快捷护理路径进行护理，对两组病人不同阶段的抢救时间及费用、住院时间及费用、并发症发生情况等指标进行比较。[结果]①两组病人在门诊急救阶段和神经外科重症监护住院阶段年龄、性别、格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）、伤情评分（ISS）差异均无统计学意义；②两组病人急诊抢救时间及急诊抢救费用、平均住院时间差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；③两组病人重症监护住院7d时GCS评分、平均住院费用差异无统计学意义；④两组病人肺部感染及尿路感染并发症发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。[结论]重型颅脑外伤病人在急救中应用快捷护理路径后，急诊抢救阶段抢救时间明显缩短，抢救费用降低；在神经外科重症监护室住院期间肺部感染和尿路感染发生率明显降低。     

脑出血手术病人医院感染的临床分析与护理干预

[目的]降低脑出血手术病人医院感染的发生率.[方法]回顾性分析51例脑出血手术病人医院感染危险因素与护理过程.[结果]本组脑出血手术病人医院感染率15.69%,例次感染率为21.57%,主要为下呼吸道感染.医院感染危险因素有年龄、住院时间、意识障碍、侵入性操作、抗生素应用等.[结论]严格执行病房管理制度与无菌操作技术、细致严密的护理措施、合理使用抗生素能减少脑出血手术病人的医院感染率.     

重症监护病房医院感染调查分析及预防

目的：了解我院重症监护病房（ICU）患者的医院感染状况，探讨ICU医院内感染的相关因素。方法：将2000年ICU中发生的院内感染38人次进行分析。结果：ICU院内感染率为15．8％，病种以颅脑外伤、脑梗塞患者感染为高，病原菌以真菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌为主。结论：要降低ICU院内感染率，必须加强对感染相关因素的控制和预防，医务人员要勤洗手，减少侵入性操作及缩短放置时间，合理使用抗生素。     

神经外科重症监护室下呼吸道感染调查与护理

目的：探讨神经外科重症监护室患者发生下呼吸道感染的特点和防治的护理对策。方法：对河北省邢台市第三医院2008-01/2008-08神经外科重症监护室收治的患者进行下呼吸道感染情况的调查。结果：神经外科重症监护室患者下呼吸道感染率分别为颅脑外伤35.7%、脑血管病28.6%、肿瘤10.0%、其他11.3%。结论：极早加强神经外科重症监护患者下呼吸道感染的防止,采取有效的护理措施,才能把感染率控制到最低水平。     

神经内科患者医院感染相关因素分析及护理措施探讨

目的调查分析神经内科患者医院感染发生的相关因素,制定有效的护理措施,减少医院感染的发生。方法选取2012年1月-2014年1月神经内科110例院内感染患者为研究对象,进行回顾性分析。结果110例院内感染患者中脑出血比例占41．82％,高于其他原发病患者;年龄〉70岁感染率占67．27％,高于其他年龄组;住院时间〉30d感染率占55．45％;在侵入性操作中,气管插管患者占19．09％,气管切开患者占11．82％,留置导尿管患者占36．6％,留置胃管患者占30．00％,行中心静脉穿刺患者占32．73％;发生下呼吸道感染者占42．73％,高于其他部位。结论高龄患者、住院时间长及行侵入性操作可能为神经内科患者发生医院感染的主要危险因素。加强病房管理和基础护理管理、减少侵入性操作和缩短侵入性操作时间、合理应用抗生素是控制医院感染的有效护理措施。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.